Rich Braman
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292 KiB
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{"config":{"lang":["en"],"separator":"[\\s\\-]+","pipeline":["stopWordFilter"],"fields":{"title":{"boost":1000.0},"text":{"boost":1.0},"tags":{"boost":1000000.0}}},"docs":[{"location":"","title":"GTBOP Webinar Archives","text":"<p>Getting the Best of Pests \u2014 Processed webinar archives for the UGA Center for Urban Agriculture.</p> <p>This site hosts the complete pipeline output for processed GTBOP webinar sessions: corrected transcripts, archive summaries, platform-optimized versions, Moodle course activities, prose transcripts, and collaborative writing resources.</p>","tags":["Home"]},{"location":"#series","title":"Series","text":"<ul> <li> <p>:material-leaf:{ .lg .middle } Green & Commercial</p> <p>Ornamental, turf, and landscape pest management for commercial and private pesticide applicators (Category 24/27).</p> <p>:octicons-arrow-right-24: Browse sessions</p> </li> <li> <p>:material-home-city:{ .lg .middle } Structural Pest Control</p> <p>Industrial, institutional, and structural pest management for licensed pest control operators (Category 35).</p> <p>:octicons-arrow-right-24: Browse sessions</p> </li> <li> <p>:material-pencil:{ .lg .middle } Writing Projects</p> <p>Collaborative writing resources derived from webinar content \u2014 bulletin outlines, reference compendia, and source guides.</p> <p>:octicons-arrow-right-24: Browse projects</p> </li> </ul>","tags":["Home"]},{"location":"#about-the-pipeline","title":"About the Pipeline","text":"<p>Each webinar is processed through a six-stage pipeline:</p> <ol> <li>Transcript Correction \u2014 Raw Whisper SRT corrected for technical terminology, speaker names, and domain vocabulary</li> <li>Archive Package \u2014 Narrative summary, YouTube timestamps, and Q&A pairs</li> <li>Platform Optimization \u2014 YouTube, website, and extension agent versions</li> <li>Moodle Activities \u2014 Quiz questions, matching exercises, and review prompts for certificate courses</li> <li>Prose Transcript \u2014 Corrected SRT converted to readable, structured markdown</li> <li>Writing Resources \u2014 Content reorganized into publication-ready toolkits</li> </ol> <p>All content derives from the corrected transcript as the authoritative source document. No external information is introduced at any stage.</p> <p>UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Webinar Series</p>","tags":["Home"]},{"location":"tags/","title":"Tags","text":"<p>Browse all archived sessions and resources by tag.</p>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:arboriculture","title":"Arboriculture","text":"<ul> <li> Dr. Ryan Klein \u2014 Best Management Practices for Urban Trees </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:entomology","title":"Entomology","text":"<ul> <li> Dr. Ignazio Graziosi \u2014 Tree Pests of the Southeast </li> <li> Dr. Michael Scharf \u2014 Principles of Insecticide Classification and Mode of Action </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:graziosi","title":"Graziosi","text":"<ul> <li> Dr. Ignazio Graziosi \u2014 Tree Pests of the Southeast </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:green--commercial","title":"Green & Commercial","text":"<ul> <li> Dr. Ignazio Graziosi \u2014 Tree Pests of the Southeast </li> <li> Dr. Ryan Klein \u2014 Best Management Practices for Urban Trees </li> <li> Green & Commercial Series </li> <li> Weed Control in Turf \u2014 A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:home","title":"Home","text":"<ul> <li> Home </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:insecticides","title":"Insecticides","text":"<ul> <li> Dr. Michael Scharf \u2014 Principles of Insecticide Classification and Mode of Action </li> <li> Insecticide Basics Bulletin \u2014 Writing Toolkit </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:klein","title":"Klein","text":"<ul> <li> Dr. Ryan Klein \u2014 Best Management Practices for Urban Trees </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:mccullough","title":"McCullough","text":"<ul> <li> Weed Control in Turf \u2014 A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:scharf","title":"Scharf","text":"<ul> <li> Dr. Michael Scharf \u2014 Principles of Insecticide Classification and Mode of Action </li> <li> Insecticide Basics Bulletin \u2014 Writing Toolkit </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:structural","title":"Structural","text":"<ul> <li> Dr. Michael Scharf \u2014 Principles of Insecticide Classification and Mode of Action </li> <li> Structural Pest Control Series </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:suiter","title":"Suiter","text":"<ul> <li> Insecticide Basics Bulletin \u2014 Writing Toolkit </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:weed-science","title":"Weed Science","text":"<ul> <li> Weed Control in Turf \u2014 A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:writing-projects","title":"Writing Projects","text":"<ul> <li> Insecticide Basics Bulletin \u2014 Writing Toolkit </li> <li> Writing Projects </li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/","title":"Green & Commercial Series","text":"<p>Webinar archives for commercial and private pesticide applicators in the ornamental, turf, and landscape industries. Content serves Category 24 (Ornamental and Turf) and Category 27 (Right-of-Way) continuing education.</p>","tags":["Green & Commercial"]},{"location":"green-commercial/#processed-sessions","title":"Processed Sessions","text":"Date Speaker Topic Stages Nov 17, 2017 Dr. Patrick McCullough Weed Control in Turf 1\u20135 Jan 15, 2026 Dr. Ignazio Graziosi Tree Pests 1\u20135 Jan 15, 2026 Dr. Ryan Klein Urban Tree BMPs 1\u20135 <p>UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Green & Commercial Series</p>","tags":["Green & Commercial"]},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/","title":"Weed Control in Turf \u2014 A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates","text":"<p>Webinar Date: November 17, 2017 (pre-recorded November 10, 2017) Speaker: Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia Moderator: N/A (pre-recorded presentation) Series: Green & Commercial Duration: 1:10:00 CEU Categories: Category 24 (Ornamental and Turf Pest Control)</p>","tags":["Green & Commercial","Weed Science","McCullough"]},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/#deliverables","title":"Deliverables","text":"Deliverable Stage Description Archive Summary 2 Narrative summary, YouTube timestamps, Q&A Prose Transcript 5 Full presentation in readable prose Transcript Corrections 1 Correction log and verification YouTube Version 3 Character-limited YouTube description Website Version 3 Full web publication version Extension Agent Version 3 CEU-focused asynchronous version Quiz 4 Multiple choice assessment Matching 4 Term-to-definition exercises Review Prompts 4 Timestamp-linked review tasks Corrected SRT 1 Download corrected subtitle file","tags":["Green & Commercial","Weed Science","McCullough"]},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/#session-overview","title":"Session Overview","text":"<p>Dr. Patrick McCullough delivers a comprehensive review of turfgrass weed management fundamentals paired with updates on herbicide resistance issues and new product introductions for the 2018 season. The presentation covers weed identification principles, the importance of cultural practices such as mowing height and irrigation management, and the science behind pre-emergent herbicide timing and activation. McCullough presents field and greenhouse data on widespread Poa annua resistance to dinitroaniline and sulfonylurea herbicides across Georgia, demonstrating how combining modes of action can restore control. The session concludes with previews of new products including halauxifen-based herbicides (RELZAR, Game On, Switchblade), Vexis, Solero, Dismiss NXT, and Coastal.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives Source: Corrected SRT \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt (649 blocks)</p>","tags":["Green & Commercial","Weed Science","McCullough"]},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/archive-summary/","title":"GTBOP Webinar Archive Summary","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/archive-summary/#weed-control-in-turf-a-review-of-the-basics-and-recent-updates","title":"Weed Control in Turf \u2014 A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates","text":"<p>Webinar Date: November 17, 2017 (pre-recorded November 10, 2017) Speaker: Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia Moderator: N/A (pre-recorded presentation) Duration: 1:10:00 Series: Green & Commercial CEU Categories: Category 24 (Ornamental and Turf Pest Control)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/archive-summary/#narrative-summary","title":"NARRATIVE SUMMARY","text":"<p>Dr. Patrick McCullough, weed scientist at the University of Georgia, delivers a comprehensive review of turfgrass weed management fundamentals paired with updates on herbicide resistance issues and new product introductions for the 2018 season. The presentation covers the full scope of practical weed science knowledge that turfgrass managers need for effective control programs.</p> <p>McCullough begins with weed identification principles, recommending two key reference books \u2014 the Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds and UGA's Weeds of Southern Turfgrass \u2014 and walking through diagnostic characteristics including seed heads, ligules, flowers, leaf arrangement, pubescence, and leaf markings. He illustrates these with specific examples such as distinguishing bahiagrass from dallisgrass by seed head structure, differentiating crabgrass species by hair patterns, and separating white clover from spotted burr clover by leaf markings. Understanding weed lifecycles \u2014 winter annuals, summer annuals, simple perennials, and complex perennials \u2014 is essential because each group requires different management strategies and timing.</p> <p>Cultural practices receive substantial attention. McCullough presents research showing that raising tall fescue mowing height from one to four inches reduced crabgrass cover from 95% to essentially zero, and a three-year Florida study demonstrating that daily irrigation increased dollarweed cover five- to six-fold compared to as-needed watering. He emphasizes planting certified seed to avoid introducing weed species, citing an NTEP trial where seedlot contamination introduced broadleaf dock into a single plot.</p> <p>The core of the presentation covers pre-emergent herbicide science \u2014 how these products bind in the upper soil profile, inhibit cell division in germinating seedlings, and require timely activation through irrigation or rainfall. McCullough details application timing by Georgia region, residual activity differences among products, and the advantages of split applications for extending seasonal control.</p> <p>Herbicide resistance emerges as a major theme. McCullough presents field and greenhouse data showing widespread Poa annua (Poa annua) resistance to dinitroaniline and sulfonylurea herbicides across Georgia golf courses, sod farms, and lawns, along with halosulfuron-resistant sedge (Cyperus compressus) populations. He demonstrates how combining modes of action \u2014 such as pairing a sulfonylurea with simazine \u2014 controlled resistant biotypes at all three golf course test sites. The presentation concludes with updates on new 2018 products: RELZAR, Game On, and Switchblade (all containing the new active ingredient halauxifen from Dow); Vexis (pyrimisulfan + penoxsulam); Solero (mesosulfuron from Nufarm); Dismiss NXT (sulfentrazone + carfentrazone from FMC); and Coastal (simazine + imazaquin + prodiamine from Sipcam).</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/archive-summary/#youtube-timestamps","title":"YOUTUBE TIMESTAMPS","text":"<p>0:00 Introduction 0:46 Weed Identification Books and Resources 2:00 Weed Categories: Grassy, Broadleaf, and Grass-Like 2:43 Identification by Seed Heads 3:57 Comparing Bahiagrass and Dallisgrass 5:13 Poa annua Seed Head Identification 5:34 Using Ligules for Grassy Weed Identification 6:50 Broadleaf Weed Flowers and Day Flower Species 7:52 Leaf Arrangement and Hair Characteristics 9:34 Leaf Markings: White Clover vs. Spotted Burr Clover 10:16 Weed Lifecycles: Winter and Summer Annuals 12:05 Perennial Weeds: Simple and Complex 16:02 Scouting, Early Detection, and Cultural Practices 17:08 Mowing Height Effects on Crabgrass Competition 20:07 Irrigation Influence on Weed Populations 22:05 Seed Quality and Seedlot Contamination 24:07 How Pre-Emergent Herbicides Work 27:00 Pre-Emergent Product Overview and Formulations 29:00 Pre-Emergent Targets and Limitations 29:38 Herbicide Activation: Sprayable vs. Granular 31:07 Spring Application Timing by Georgia Region 32:52 Residual Activity and Product Selection 34:48 Fall Pre-Emergent Timing for Winter Annuals 35:11 Split Applications for Extended Control 36:21 Fall Products for Poa annua Management 37:31 Herbicide Resistance: Overview and Mechanisms 41:01 Poa annua Resistance in Georgia 43:34 Fall Post-Emergent Timing and Sulfonylurea Programs 48:55 Poa annua Control Programs by Turfgrass Species 51:38 Sedge Resistance to Sulfonylureas 53:44 Other Herbicide-Resistant Weed Species 55:01 New for 2018: Halauxifen Products (RELZAR, Game On, Switchblade) 1:01:22 New for 2018: Vexis (Pyrimisulfan + Penoxsulam) 1:05:31 Solero (Mesosulfuron) from Nufarm 1:06:27 Dismiss NXT (Sulfentrazone + Carfentrazone) 1:08:19 Coastal: Three-Way Pre + Post Combination from Sipcam 1:09:53 Conclusion</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/archive-summary/#questions-answers","title":"QUESTIONS & ANSWERS","text":"<p>Q: What are the three main categories used to classify weeds in turfgrass? A: Weeds are classified as grassy weeds (monocots), broadleaf weeds (dicots), and grass-like weeds. The grass-like category is a miscellaneous grouping that includes sedges, wild garlic, wild onion, and plants like Star of Bethlehem that don't fit neatly into the other two categories.</p> <p>Q: Why is it important to distinguish bahiagrass from dallisgrass when planning herbicide treatments? A: Although both are warm-season perennial Paspalum species with similar seed head spikes, they have very different selective control options. Bahiagrass can be effectively controlled with metsulfuron and various warm-season species herbicides, while dallisgrass requires very specific application programs. Misidentifying one for the other could lead to ineffective treatments.</p> <p>Q: How does mowing height affect crabgrass populations in tall fescue? A: Research conducted in North Carolina showed that raising the mowing height of tall fescue from one inch to four inches reduced crabgrass cover from 95% to essentially 0%. The taller fescue was able to shade out crabgrass and prevent its establishment through increased competition.</p> <p>Q: How do pre-emergent herbicides work, and do they prevent weed seed germination? A: Pre-emergent herbicides do not prevent germination. They bind to the upper half inch of the soil profile and are absorbed by the roots and shoots of germinating seedlings. Most pre-emergent herbicides inhibit cell division, so seedlings that take in the herbicide fail to establish a healthy root system and die. Well-established turfgrass with roots penetrating below the treated zone is generally not affected.</p> <p>Q: Why are split applications of pre-emergent herbicides recommended over single applications? A: Splitting a pre-emergent application \u2014 for example, applying half a pound of prodiamine per acre in March and the other half in late May or June \u2014 provides a fresh supply of herbicide to the soil and extends residual control beyond what a single full-rate application achieves. This approach improves control of late-season flushes of crabgrass and other annual weeds.</p> <p>Q: What is herbicide resistance, and how does it develop in weed populations? A: Herbicide resistance develops through selection pressure. A naturally occurring resistant biotype \u2014 perhaps one in a thousand or one in a million plants \u2014 survives treatment because of an altered target site where the herbicide cannot bind properly. When the same herbicide is applied repeatedly over multiple years, susceptible plants are killed while the resistant biotype reproduces and spreads, eventually shifting the population toward resistance. This is not a change caused by the herbicide, but a selection of pre-existing genetic traits.</p> <p>Q: What herbicide resistance problems is Georgia currently experiencing with Poa annua? A: Georgia is seeing widespread Poa annua resistance to dinitroaniline pre-emergent herbicides (pendimethalin, prodiamine) with cross-resistance to Dimension (dithiopyr). Sulfonylurea post-emergent resistance is also prevalent. McCullough's greenhouse testing showed a resistant biotype survived rates up to 300 times the labeled rate of Monument, demonstrating classic target-site resistance. These resistance issues are increasing on lawns, golf courses, sod farms, and other turfgrass areas throughout the state.</p> <p>Q: What resistance management strategy does McCullough recommend for Poa annua control in bermudagrass and zoysiagrass? A: McCullough recommends combining two modes of action \u2014 a sulfonylurea herbicide (such as Revolver, Monument, Katana, or Tribute Total) with a triazine herbicide (simazine) at a quart per acre. In field trials across three golf courses with different resistance profiles, this tank mixture provided complete Poa control at all locations, even where individual products had failed. Simazine adds a second mode of action for approximately $5 per acre.</p> <p>Q: What is halauxifen, and what new products will contain it? A: Halauxifen is a new synthetic auxin (Group 4) active ingredient from Dow with very rapid broadleaf weed activity \u2014 typically five to seven days to visible response. Three products containing halauxifen were set for 2018 release: RELZAR (halauxifen + florasulam) for all major turfgrass species; Game On (halauxifen + 2,4-D choline + fluroxypyr) primarily for cool-season grasses and bermudagrass; and Switchblade (halauxifen + dicamba + fluroxypyr) for warm- and cool-season grasses including centipedegrass and St. Augustinegrass. All three showed promising activity on doveweed.</p> <p>Q: How does Dismiss NXT differ from standard Dismiss? A: Dismiss NXT combines sulfentrazone (the active ingredient in Dismiss) with carfentrazone (the active ingredient in Quicksilver). The primary advantage is speed of control \u2014 Dismiss NXT provides rapid knockdown of sedges and kyllinga, with visible results within seven days. However, McCullough's research did not show a significant difference in long-term control levels compared to straight Dismiss. The rapid visual response can be valuable for client satisfaction.</p> <p>Q: What is the Coastal combination product, and why is it significant? A: Coastal is a three-way combination from Sipcam containing simazine, imazaquin, and prodiamine. It provides both post-emergent activity (simazine and imazaquin controlling broadleaf weeds, sedges, and Poa annua with two different modes of action) and pre-emergent residual control (prodiamine for grassy weeds). McCullough sees this type of multi-chemistry combination product as a model for future turfgrass herbicide development, particularly for managing resistant weed populations.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/archive-summary/#additional-resources","title":"ADDITIONAL RESOURCES","text":"<ul> <li>GeorgiaWeather.net \u2014 Weather station network for tracking local soil temperatures to time pre-emergent applications (referenced by speaker)</li> <li>Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds \u2014 Published by GCSAA, available through Amazon and other retailers</li> <li>Weeds of Southern Turfgrass \u2014 UGA publication, available through the Athens bookstore and online retailers</li> </ul> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt (649 blocks)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/","title":"SRT Transcript Correction Summary","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#file-weed-control-in-turf-a-review-of-the-basics-and-recent-updates","title":"File: Weed Control in Turf \u2014 A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates","text":"<p>Date Corrected: March 12, 2026 Webinar Date: November 17, 2017 (pre-recorded November 10, 2017) Series: Green & Commercial Topic: Weed Science / Turfgrass Speaker: Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia Moderator: None (pre-recorded presentation, no live Q&A)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#source-verification","title":"SOURCE VERIFICATION","text":"<ul> <li>Original blocks: 649</li> <li>Corrected blocks: 649 \u2713 MATCH CONFIRMED</li> <li>Time range: 00:00:11,300 to 01:10:22,200</li> <li>Runtime: ~70 minutes</li> <li>File reading: COMPLETE \u2713</li> <li>Coverage proof:</li> <li>Early [~02:50]: Seed head identification characteristics; dallisgrass alternating spikes vs crowfootgrass spikes joining at base</li> <li>Middle [~38:00]: Herbicide resistance through selection pressure; one resistant biotype in year one spreading to dominant population by year five</li> <li>Late [~1:05:30]: Solero (mesosulfuron) from Nufarm for sedge control; comparable to Monument and Certainty</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#correction-assessment","title":"Correction Assessment","text":"<p>This transcript required unusually heavy correction. Whisper struggled systematically with herbicide active ingredient names, product trade names, and weed science terminology throughout the 70-minute presentation. The most extreme case was the new active ingredient \"halauxifen,\" which Whisper rendered at least five different ways across the transcript. The term \"sulfonylurea\" was garbled in nearly every instance. Several Whisper substitution errors were semantically plausible but wrong (\"pre-inversion\" for \"pre-emergent,\" \"paint mix\" for \"tank mix,\" \"wheat\" for \"weed\").</p> <p>Approximately 150 lines required correction across 649 subtitle blocks.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#corrections-applied","title":"Corrections Applied","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#chemicalactive-ingredient-names-dominant-error-category","title":"Chemical/Active Ingredient Names (Dominant Error Category)","text":"<ul> <li>\"phyloxephen\" / \"Chaloxifen\" / \"hyloxipin\" / \"heloxifen\" \u2192 \"halauxifen\" (Blocks 506, 509, 513, 535, 539, 556, 558)</li> <li>\"sulfentrizone\" / \"Sulfentrosone\" / \"Sulfendazone\" \u2192 \"sulfentrazone\" (Blocks 451, 478, 484, 489, 613, 614)</li> <li>\"Carpentersone\" \u2192 \"carfentrazone\" (Blocks 615, 616)</li> <li>\"sulfamilurea\" / \"sulfamilia urea\" / \"sulfamilia\" \u2192 \"sulfonylurea\" (Blocks 412, 447, 448, 449, 467, 468, 471, 484)</li> <li>\"hallow-sulfuron\" / \"how low sulfur on\" \u2192 \"halosulfuron\" (Blocks 477, 609)</li> <li>\"Mazisulfuron\" \u2192 \"mesosulfuron\" (Block 603)</li> <li>\"metzulfuron\" \u2192 \"metsulfuron\" (Block 42)</li> <li>\"phleroxapyr\" / \"cloroxypyr\" \u2192 \"fluroxypyr\" (Blocks 536, 558)</li> <li>\"Florazolam\" \u2192 \"florasulam\" (Block 515)</li> <li>\"pendimethylene\" / \"pentamethylin\" / \"pendimethylin\" / \"penimethylene\" \u2192 \"pendimethalin\" (Blocks 300, 329, 369, 373)</li> <li>\"panoxyslum\" \u2192 \"penoxsulam\" (Block 562)</li> <li>\"imazoquin\" / \"imazoquine\" \u2192 \"imazaquin\" (Blocks 630, 631)</li> <li>\"isoxifen\" \u2192 \"isoxaben\" (Block 254)</li> <li>\"oxidiazone\" \u2192 \"oxadiazon\" (Block 301)</li> <li>\"Remsulfuron\" / \"rib sulfur on\" \u2192 \"rimsulfuron\" (Blocks 449, 461)</li> <li>\"dinitroanulins\" / \"dinitroanlin\" / \"dinitroanilins\" \u2192 \"dinitroanilines\" / \"dinitroaniline\" (Blocks 332, 371, 410, 471)</li> <li>\"phryzine\" \u2192 \"triazine\" (Block 410)</li> <li>\"In Dazaflam\" \u2192 \"indaziflam\" (Block 331)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#producttrade-names","title":"Product/Trade Names","text":"<ul> <li>\"Spectacle\" / \"spectacle\" \u2192 \"Specticle\" (Blocks 330, 430, 458)</li> <li>\"sedge hammer\" \u2192 \"SedgeHammer\" (Block 481, 609)</li> <li>\"Newfarm\" \u2192 \"Nufarm\" (Blocks 603, 604)</li> <li>\"Valen\" \u2192 \"Valent\" (Block 604)</li> <li>\"Vexus\" / \"vexus\" / \"nexus\" \u2192 \"Vexis\" (Blocks 562, 577, 579, 587, 589)</li> <li>\"Dismis\" / \"dismissed\" \u2192 \"Dismiss\" (Blocks 478, 617, 624)</li> <li>\"Dismiss NXP\" \u2192 \"Dismiss NXT\" (Blocks 623, 624)</li> <li>\"transit\" \u2192 \"TranXit\" (Block 450)</li> <li>\"freeham\" \u2192 \"Freehand\" (Block 491)</li> <li>\"GAMON\" \u2192 \"Game On\" (Blocks 550, 551)</li> <li>\"Sidgeron 2%\" \u2192 \"siduron,\" (Block 299) \u2014 see Flagged for Verification</li> <li>\"Basagrin\" / \"vasagrin\" \u2192 \"Basagran\" (Blocks 479, 486)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#grass-species-names-compound-standardization","title":"Grass Species Names (Compound Standardization)","text":"<ul> <li>\"Dallas grass\" \u2192 \"dallisgrass\" (Blocks 31, 39, 43, 46)</li> <li>\"bahia grass\" / \"bahay grass\" \u2192 \"bahiagrass\" (Blocks 42, 45)</li> <li>\"turf grass\" / \"Turf grass\" \u2192 \"turfgrass\" (Throughout \u2014 ~30+ instances)</li> <li>\"Bermuda grass\" / \"bermuda grass\" / \"Bermuda brass\" \u2192 \"bermudagrass\" (Blocks 122, 133, 138, 139, 442, 467, 541, 547)</li> <li>\"centipede grass\" / \"Centipede grass\" \u2192 \"centipedegrass\" (Blocks 134\u2013135, 175, 448, 460, 462, 522, 559)</li> <li>\"zoysia grass\" / \"Zoysia grass\" \u2192 \"zoysiagrass\" (Blocks 135, 442, 467, 522)</li> <li>\"barnyard grass\" \u2192 \"barnyardgrass\" (Blocks 58, 59)</li> <li>\"crowfoot grass\" \u2192 \"crowfootgrass\" (Block 32)</li> <li>\"St. Augustine grass\" \u2192 \"St. Augustinegrass\" (Blocks 529, 539, 559)</li> <li>\"nut sedge\" \u2192 \"nutsedge\" (Blocks 481, 489)</li> <li>\"dove weed\" / \"Dove weed\" \u2192 \"doveweed\" (Blocks 105, 530, 550, 554)</li> <li>\"dollar weed\" / \"Dollar weed\" \u2192 \"dollarweed\" (Blocks 181, 184)</li> <li>\"lawn burr weed\" / \"lawn burrow weed\" \u2192 \"lawn burweed\" (Blocks 585, 586)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#weed-species-scientific-names","title":"Weed Species / Scientific Names","text":"<ul> <li>\"Cyperis compressus\" \u2192 \"Cyperus compressus\" (Block 475)</li> <li>\"past palum\" \u2192 \"Paspalum\" (Blocks 37\u201338)</li> <li>\"Poa annula\" / \"Pola Angula\" / \"Poet Annua\" / \"Poa Annual\" / \"POA annual\" / \"po-annual\" \u2192 \"Poa annua\" (Blocks 326, 373, 435, 448, 502, 633)</li> <li>\"POA\" (standalone) \u2192 \"Poa\" (Blocks 425, 429, 430, 431, 435, 437, 443, 472)</li> <li>\"polo\" / \"pook\" \u2192 \"Poa\" (Blocks 432, 441, 463, 466, 467, 473)</li> <li>\"Kalinga\" / \"colingus\" \u2192 \"kyllinga\" (Blocks 489, 605, 617, 619, 620, 621)</li> <li>\"common Lestadiza\" \u2192 \"common lespedeza\" (Block 531)</li> <li>\"parsley pert\" \u2192 \"parsley-piert\" (Block 579)</li> <li>\"spittercress\" \u2192 \"bittercress\" (Block 94)</li> <li>\"hopped clovers\" \u2192 \"hop clovers\" (Block 94)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#whisper-substitution-errors","title":"Whisper Substitution Errors","text":"<ul> <li>\"pre-inversion\" / \"pre-imversion\" \u2192 \"pre-emergent\" (Blocks 111, 212, 266)</li> <li>\"post-immersion\" / \"post-imversion\" \u2192 \"post-emergent\" (Block 392, 567)</li> <li>\"wheat seed\" / \"wheat\" \u2192 \"weed\" / \"weed species\" (Blocks 36, 86, 209)</li> <li>\"paint mix\" / \"paint mixture\" \u2192 \"tank mix\" / \"tank mixture\" (Blocks 465, 479)</li> <li>\"action greening\" / \"active greening\" \u2192 \"active ingredient\" (Blocks 454, 473)</li> <li>\"Long Care\" \u2192 \"lawn care\" (Blocks 308, 330)</li> <li>\"munigrass\" \u2192 \"bermudagrass\" (Block 549)</li> <li>\"NTEF\" \u2192 \"NTEP\" (Block 196)</li> <li>\"disease is\" \u2192 \"This is\" (Block 74)</li> <li>\"Falls is\" \u2192 \"Fall is\" (Block 392)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#institutions-and-locations","title":"Institutions and Locations","text":"<ul> <li>\"georgiawether.net\" \u2192 \"georgiaweather.net\" (Blocks 288, 292)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#flagged-for-verification","title":"Flagged for Verification","text":"<ul> <li>Block 42\u201343: [VERIFY: \"metsulfuron and various / species\" \u2014 the phrase breaks awkwardly across blocks. Speaker may have said \"metsulfuron and various other products\" or similar; audio check recommended]</li> <li>Block 74: [VERIFY: \"disease is\" corrected to \"This is\" \u2014 confident correction but audio confirmation preferred since Whisper garbled the word boundary]</li> <li>Block 299: [VERIFY: \"Sidgeron 2%\" corrected to \"siduron,\" \u2014 likely the speaker said \"siduron 2G\" (2% granular formulation); the \"2%\" may have been \"2G\" in the audio]</li> <li>Block 439: [NOTE: Timestamp overlap \u2014 Block 439 (48:06\u201348:22) overlaps with Block 440 (48:08\u201348:14). Block 439 contains brief filler text \"So, we're going to have to do that.\" This appears to be a Whisper alignment artifact. Timestamps preserved per protocol.]</li> <li>Block 513 / RELZAR: [VERIFY: Trade name \"RELZAR\" \u2014 Whisper rendering appears consistent across multiple mentions; may be correct as-is. Confirm against audio or Dow/Corteva product records for the halauxifen + florasulam turf combination released in 2018]</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#srt-format-compliance","title":"SRT Format Compliance","text":"<p>\u2705 All timestamps preserved exactly as original \u2705 All sequence numbers maintained (1\u2013649) \u2705 Blank lines between segments preserved \u2705 Maximum 2 lines per subtitle segment maintained \u2705 No segments merged or split \u2705 Block count: 649 original = 649 corrected \u2713</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#new-correction-patterns-for-common-corrections-reference","title":"New Correction Patterns for Common Corrections Reference","text":"<p>The following Whisper error patterns were new to this transcript and should be added to the project reference:</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#chemicalsproducts-green-commercial-new","title":"Chemicals/Products \u2014 Green & Commercial (New)","text":"Whisper Output Correct Form phyloxephen / Chaloxifen / hyloxipin / heloxifen halauxifen phleroxapyr / cloroxypyr fluroxypyr Florazolam florasulam Mazisulfuron mesosulfuron pendimethylene / pentamethylin / penimethylene pendimethalin panoxyslum penoxsulam imazoquin / imazoquine imazaquin isoxifen isoxaben oxidiazone oxadiazon Remsulfuron / rib sulfur on rimsulfuron Sidgeron siduron phryzine triazine In Dazaflam indaziflam Vexus / nexus Vexis transit (product name) TranXit GAMON Game On Basagrin / vasagrin Basagran freeham Freehand Valen Valent how low sulfur on halosulfuron Cinezine simazine"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#weed-species-new","title":"Weed Species (New)","text":"Whisper Output Correct Form Kalinga / colingus kyllinga Cyperis Cyperus common Lestadiza common lespedeza parsley pert parsley-piert spittercress bittercress lawn burr weed / lawn burrow weed lawn burweed hopped clovers hop clovers past palum Paspalum"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#whisper-substitution-errors-new","title":"Whisper Substitution Errors (New)","text":"Whisper Output Correct Form Context action greening / active greening active ingredient product rate descriptions munigrass bermudagrass mid-sentence species reference NTEF NTEP National Turfgrass Evaluation Program <p>Total Corrections: ~200+ individual corrections across 150 affected lines Processing: Complete file (649 subtitle blocks, 2596 lines)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/downloads/","title":"Downloads \u2014 McCullough, Weed Control in Turf","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/downloads/#corrected-srt-file","title":"Corrected SRT File","text":"<p>Download Corrected SRT</p> Detail Value Filename <code>GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt</code> Blocks 649 Time range 00:00:00 \u2013 01:10:00 <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/processing-log/","title":"GTBOP Processing Log: Weed Control in Turf \u2014 Dr. Patrick McCullough","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/processing-log/#conversation-snapshot-march-16-2026","title":"Conversation Snapshot \u2014 March 16, 2026","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/processing-log/#webinar-details","title":"Webinar Details","text":"Field Details Title Weed Control in Turf: A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates Speaker Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia Moderator N/A (pre-recorded presentation) Webinar Date November 17, 2017 (pre-recorded November 10, 2017) Series Green & Commercial Duration 1:10:00 Topic Area Weed Science / Turfgrass CEU Categories Category 24 (Ornamental and Turf Pest Control)"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/processing-log/#pipeline-stages-completed","title":"Pipeline Stages Completed","text":"Stage Deliverable Filename Status 1 Corrected SRT <code>GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt</code> \u2713 Complete 1 Correction Summary <code>GTBOP_Corrections_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md</code> \u2713 Complete 2 Archive Package <code>GTBOP_Archive_Summary_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md</code> \u2713 Complete 3 YouTube Description <code>GTBOP_YouTube_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md</code> \u2713 Complete 3 Website Version <code>GTBOP_Website_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md</code> \u2713 Complete 3 Extension Agent Version <code>GTBOP_ExtAgent_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md</code> \u2713 Complete 4 Moodle Quiz <code>GTBOP_Quiz_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md</code> \u2713 Complete 4 Moodle Matching <code>GTBOP_Matching_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md</code> \u2713 Complete 4 Moodle Review Activities <code>GTBOP_Review_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md</code> \u2713 Complete 5 Prose Transcript <code>GTBOP_ProseTranscript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md</code> \u2713 Complete 6 Writing Resources \u2014 Not requested"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/processing-log/#stage-1-transcript-correction","title":"Stage 1: Transcript Correction","text":"<p>Source file: 649 subtitle blocks, 2,596 lines. File read in full using six sequential chunks with overlapping boundaries per Bedrock Protocol. Coverage proof confirmed from early (seed head identification), middle (herbicide resistance selection pressure), and late (Solero product from Nufarm) sections before processing began.</p> <p>Transcript quality assessment: This transcript required unusually heavy correction \u2014 approximately 200+ individual corrections across 150 affected lines. Whisper struggled systematically with herbicide chemistry vocabulary throughout the 70-minute presentation. The dominant error category was chemical and active ingredient names, which accounted for the bulk of corrections. McCullough's rapid, confident delivery of complex chemical nomenclature consistently overwhelmed Whisper's recognition.</p> <p>Dominant error patterns:</p> <p>The most extreme case was the new active ingredient \"halauxifen,\" which Whisper rendered five completely different ways across the transcript: \"phyloxephen,\" \"Chaloxifen,\" \"hyloxipin,\" \"heloxifen,\" and variants. The term \"sulfonylurea\" was garbled in nearly every instance as \"sulfamilurea,\" \"sulfamilia urea,\" or similar. Sulfentrazone appeared as \"sulfentrizone,\" \"Sulfentrosone,\" and \"Sulfendazone.\" Carfentrazone became \"Carpentersone.\" Halosulfuron was rendered as \"hallow-sulfuron\" and \"how low sulfur on.\"</p> <p>Beyond chemistry, Whisper produced several semantically plausible but incorrect substitutions: \"pre-inversion\" and \"pre-imversion\" for \"pre-emergent,\" \"post-immersion\" for \"post-emergent,\" \"paint mix\" for \"tank mix,\" \"action greening\" and \"active greening\" for \"active ingredient,\" \"wheat\" for \"weed,\" and \"Long Care\" for \"lawn care.\" These are particularly dangerous because they could pass casual review.</p> <p>Grass species standardization was needed throughout (Dallas grass \u2192 dallisgrass, bahia grass \u2192 bahiagrass, turf grass \u2192 turfgrass, Bermuda grass \u2192 bermudagrass, etc.). Weed species names required correction including \"Kalinga\" \u2192 kyllinga, \"Cyperis\" \u2192 Cyperus, \"spittercress\" \u2192 bittercress, and \"common Lestadiza\" \u2192 common lespedeza.</p> <p>Audio verification round: Five items were flagged for audio verification. The user confirmed corrections for all five:</p> <ul> <li>Block 42-43: Confirmed \"metsulfuron and various warm season species\" (Whisper had split the phrase awkwardly across blocks)</li> <li>Block 74: Confirmed \"disease is\" was a clipped continuation of \"species\" from the prior block</li> <li>Block 299: Confirmed \"Siduron, Tupersan,\" \u2014 Whisper had rendered this as \"Sidgeron 2%\"</li> <li>Block 439: Confirmed as a Whisper alignment artifact (timestamp overlap with filler text); timestamps preserved per protocol</li> <li>Block 513/RELZAR: Confirmed trade name is correct as RELZAR</li> </ul> <p>Verification metrics: Block count 649 original = 649 corrected. All timestamps preserved. All sequence numbers maintained. No blocks merged or split.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/processing-log/#stage-2-archive-package","title":"Stage 2: Archive Package","text":"<p>Narrative summary: 385 words covering the full presentation arc from identification fundamentals through cultural practices, pre-emergent science, resistance mechanisms and Georgia field data, to all seven new 2018 products. Written in flowing paragraphs with scientific names in parentheses on first mention.</p> <p>YouTube timestamps: 37 chapters spanning 0:00 to 1:09:53. Density is higher in the first half of the presentation (identification basics, where McCullough moves through topics quickly) and more spread out in the resistance and new products sections, which have longer sustained discussions. All timestamps verified against corrected transcript content.</p> <p>Q&A pairs: 11 pairs covering identification (2), cultural practices (1), pre-emergent science (2), resistance mechanisms and management (3), and new products (3). Since this was a pre-recorded presentation with no live Q&A segment, all pairs are derived from presentation content. All answers traceable to specific transcript sections.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/processing-log/#stage-3-platform-optimization","title":"Stage 3: Platform Optimization","text":"<p>Three versions produced:</p> <ul> <li>YouTube Description: 4,676 characters, within the ~5,000 character limit. Condensed Q&A from 11 to 5 highest-value pairs. All 37 timestamps retained. Hashtags added.</li> <li>Website Version: Full comprehensive archive package identical to Stage 2 output, formatted for web publication.</li> <li>Extension Agent Version: Reframed for county agent use with content broken into five labeled segments with time ranges, targeted viewing recommendations for partial-session assignments, and CEU category table. Noted the single-presentation format (no live Q&A).</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/processing-log/#stage-4-moodle-activities","title":"Stage 4: Moodle Activities","text":"<p>Quiz: 15 multiple-choice questions. Difficulty distribution: 6 Recall (40%), 5 Application (33%), 4 Analysis (27%). Coverage spans all five major presentation sections \u2014 4 questions on identification, 3 on lifecycles/cultural practices, 3 on pre-emergent science, 2 on resistance, and 3 on new products. Each question includes timestamp reference, difficulty label, explanation, and source location.</p> <p>Matching exercises: 3 exercises with 21 total pairs and 3 distractors (one per exercise). - Exercise 1: Weed lifecycle classification (8 species \u2192 4 lifecycle categories). Includes a note about McCullough's dual classification of white clover. - Exercise 2: Pre-emergent herbicide products and characteristics (6 products \u2192 distinguishing features). - Exercise 3: New 2018 products matched to active ingredients and key characteristics (7 products).</p> <p>Review activities: 6 timestamp-linked tasks covering the full presentation. Each directs learners to a specific 3\u20137 minute video segment with synthesis-oriented prompts (listing, comparing, tracing, correcting misconceptions). Designed for self-paced Moodle viewing in the Weed Science certificate course.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/processing-log/#stage-5-prose-transcript","title":"Stage 5: Prose Transcript","text":"<p>Word count: 9,697. H2 sections: 8 major sections plus header and conclusion. H3 subsections: 30. Speaker labels: 1 (solo pre-recorded presentation \u2014 label at first appearance only). Italicized scientific names: Poa annua, Cyperus compressus (the only binomial names used in the presentation).</p> <p>Section architecture: 1. Introduction 2. Weed Identification Fundamentals (7 subsections: Resources, Categories, Seed Heads, Ligules, Flowers/Leaf Characteristics, Pubescence, Leaf Markings) 3. Weed Lifecycles (3 subsections: Winter/Summer Annuals, Simple Perennials, Complex Perennials) 4. Scouting, Early Detection, and Cultural Practices (3 subsections: Mowing Height, Irrigation, Seed Quality) 5. Pre-Emergent Herbicide Science (8 subsections: Mechanism, Effects on Turf, Products, Activation, Spring Timing, Residual Activity, Fall Timing, Split Applications, Fall Poa Products) 6. Herbicide Resistance (7 subsections: Growing Problem, Selection Pressure, Poa Resistance, Sulfonylurea Programs, Golf Course Trials, Programs by Species, Sedge Resistance, Other Resistant Species) 7. New Herbicides for 2018 (8 subsections: Halauxifen overview, RELZAR, Game On, Switchblade, Vexis, Solero, Dismiss NXT, Coastal) 8. Conclusion</p> <p>McCullough's presentation style is well-organized with clear topic transitions, which mapped naturally to the section structure. All 649 subtitle blocks accounted for in flowing prose. No paraphrasing or editorial changes to speaker's words.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/processing-log/#presentation-content-overview","title":"Presentation Content Overview","text":"<p>This is a broad-scope weed science presentation covering fundamentals through advanced resistance management, aimed at turfgrass professionals across the spectrum \u2014 from lawn care operators needing identification refreshers to golf course superintendents dealing with resistant Poa annua. McCullough opens with practical identification skills (seed heads, ligules, flowers, pubescence, leaf markings) and weed lifecycle categories, then covers cultural practices with supporting research data (mowing height and irrigation studies). The middle third focuses on pre-emergent herbicide science \u2014 mechanism of action, formulation considerations, regional timing for Georgia, and split application strategies. The presentation shifts to herbicide resistance as a major theme, presenting field and greenhouse data from Georgia golf courses showing widespread Poa annua resistance to dinitroanilines and sulfonylureas, with a detailed walkthrough of a three-golf-course resistance management trial demonstrating the value of combining modes of action. The final segment profiles seven new products for 2018, with particular emphasis on halauxifen-based products from Dow and the combination product Coastal from Sipcam.</p> <p>The presentation is pre-recorded (November 10, 2017) with no live Q&A segment, making it a continuous single-speaker lecture. At 70 minutes with dense technical content, it is well-suited for the Weed Science certificate course bucket where it can be paired with other weed management sessions.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/processing-log/#notes-for-team","title":"Notes for Team","text":"<p>New Whisper correction patterns to incorporate: This webinar generated a substantial batch of new patterns for the Common Corrections Reference \u2014 approximately 20 new chemical/product entries and 8 new weed species entries. Key additions include: halauxifen (5 Whisper variants), fluroxypyr (2 variants), florasulam, mesosulfuron, pendimethalin (4 variants), penoxsulam, imazaquin, isoxaben, oxadiazon, rimsulfuron (2 variants), indaziflam, and several product trade names (Vexis, TranXit, Game On, Basagran, Freehand). Weed species additions include kyllinga (2 variants), Cyperus, lespedeza, parsley-piert, bittercress, lawn burweed, hop clovers, and Paspalum. New Whisper substitution patterns: \"action greening\" / \"active greening\" \u2192 \"active ingredient,\" \"munigrass\" \u2192 bermudagrass, \"NTEF\" \u2192 NTEP.</p> <p>Speaker roster: Dr. Patrick McCullough is already on the roster. No new speakers to add.</p> <p>CEU / certificate course notes: This session is tagged for the Weed Science certificate course. At 70 minutes it's one of the longer sessions. The Extension Agent version includes targeted viewing segments (4 segments ranging from 12\u201318 minutes) for agents who want to assign portions rather than the full recording. The review activities (Stage 4) are specifically designed for self-paced Moodle use in this course.</p> <p>Stage 6 not completed: No collaborative writing project was identified for this webinar. Stage 6 could be produced later if this content supports a publication project \u2014 the prose transcript is ready as input.</p> <p>Open items: None. All flagged items resolved through audio verification. All stages through Stage 5 complete.</p> <p>Processing completed March 16, 2026 Pipeline: Stages 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Project: GTBOP Webinar Archive Processing (v4.1 instructions)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/","title":"Weed Control in Turf: A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#gtbop-green-commercial-november-17-2017","title":"GTBOP Green & Commercial \u2014 November 17, 2017","text":"<p>Speaker: Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia Moderator: N/A (pre-recorded presentation) Duration: 1:10:00</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#introduction","title":"Introduction","text":"<p>Patrick McCullough: Good morning, everybody. This is Patrick McCullough. I have pre-recorded this for the meeting. Sorry I could not be with you today. I'm recording this on Friday, November 10th. And this presentation is going to cover weed control topics in turfgrass management. We're going to review the basics and also get some recent updates on some current trends and some new products that are coming out in the turfgrass industry for pre- and post-emergent weed control.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#weed-identification-fundamentals","title":"Weed Identification Fundamentals","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#identification-resources","title":"Identification Resources","text":"<p>Just to start off, going over some of the basics here. Books for weed identification are very important for turfgrass managers to have. We recommend two specific books for turfgrass managers to have to help identify weeds in their turf. One is the Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds. This is a hardback book published by the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America. The other is Weeds of Southern Turfgrass. This is a UGA publication that you can get to the Athens bookstore. Both of these books are available online. You can buy them through the Amazon site, eBay, and various other online sites and vendors. But weed identification is very critical. We need to first identify the weed species before we can select appropriate control options. And having a good book to reference can help you key out a weed species as you see new species emerging in your turf.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#weed-categories","title":"Weed Categories","text":"<p>Weed identification books are typically broken down into two main categories. The first is grassy weeds versus broadleaf weeds. Weeds are typically classified as either grasses or broadleaf weeds, monocots or dicots. There's also a third category that we often find in weed identification books, sort of a miscellaneous weed species section, and this is grass-like weeds. This includes everything from sedges, wild garlic, wild onion, plants like Star of Bethlehem. These plants typically don't fall under the category of grasses or broadleaf weeds, but they are in that third category of grass-like weeds.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#identification-by-seed-heads","title":"Identification by Seed Heads","text":"<p>Some of the key characteristics that can help you identify weed species, starting with seed heads. This is usually the first characteristic that I look for on a weed sample when we are trying to identify the species. Most grassy plants have a very distinct seed head that is indicative of a certain species. You can see here on this slide where we've got various seed heads on the top left there. That is dallisgrass where it's a group of alternating spikes on the seed head structure. The bottom left you can see crowfootgrass where the spikes join together at the main point at the end of the seed head stem there. So these are all very good characteristics that can help you quickly identify a weed species.</p> <p>Typically in turfgrass we don't always have seed heads present, especially during the growing season when we're constantly mowing off shoot growth and the seed head formation. But this is typically the best characteristic to quickly key out a weed species that you may have in your turf. Here's a good example looking at two Paspalum species here. You can see they have a very similar seed head spike there between bahiagrass and dallisgrass. These are two warm season perennial weedy species that have very different selective control options. We can get very good control of bahiagrass using herbicides like metsulfuron and various warm season species. Whereas dallisgrass, we need to have very specific application programs and certain turfgrass species. So getting the identification of those species keyed out can be critical. You can see bahiagrass has a B-shaped seed head where the spikes join at the base of the seed head versus dallisgrass that again has the alternating spike. So if you don't have that seed head structure present, it may be difficult to key out those two weed species in your turf. So a good example there where seed heads can help you identify the species of the weed.</p> <p>Here's a look at the Poa annua seed head. We're going to start seeing a lot more this here in the winter and the springtime. The panicle inflorescence where it's got multiple branches and this is also a great characteristic to determine Poa annua versus some of the other grassy weeds we may have present in turf.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#identification-by-ligules","title":"Identification by Ligules","text":"<p>Grassy weeds also have a very distinct structure on the base of the leaf blade called ligules. This is a structure that is found at the base of the leaf where it joins the stem. Grassy weeds have typically a very distinct ligule that can help you determine the species if you do not have a seed head present. Ligules can be tall, fleshy, white structures. They can be smooth there on the margins. Some weeds like barnyardgrass on the top right of this slide do not have a distinct ligule where that structure is absent from the plant. So if you do not see a ligule, very good chance it could be barnyardgrass in the summertime versus crabgrass that has a very similar appearance but has a fleshy ligule often with a fringe of hairs there at the base of the leaf. So ligules are distinct structures on grassy plants only, broadleaf weeds and sedges. We are not looking for ligules at the base of the leaf, but good characteristic to help identify grassy weed species.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#identification-by-flowers-and-leaf-characteristics","title":"Identification by Flowers and Leaf Characteristics","text":"<p>Broadleaf weeds often have distinct flowers. They can have colorful showy flowers like you see there on the top left with weeds like oxalis. Other weeds like henbit, purple dead nettle, can have very small flowers but can be very colorful, pink to purplish in color as the plant matures. We can also use flowers to determine one species from another based on the color of the petals on the flower. A good example here are the two day flowers where the species on the left has two blue petals and one white petal versus spreading day flower on the right that's got three blue petals. So good examples there where flowers can help you determine the species on broadleaf weed and the colors and the size of the flower also can be a good characteristic to help you identify a broadleaf weed in your turfgrass.</p> <p>Broadleaf weeds, we can also take a look at how the leaves are arranged on the stems. Some broadleaf weeds can have sort of the alternate arrangement of leaves there on the stem. Some can also have the opposite arrangement where the leaves sort of join together at the base of the stem of the plant. So something else to consider as you are trying to key out weed species. This is how are the leaves arranged on the stem of the plant.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#identification-by-pubescence","title":"Identification by Pubescence","text":"<p>Some weeds have dense hairs all over the leaves and the stems like you see there on the left with sticky chickweed. And then some plants have a few hairs or are smooth like you see with common chickweed on the right. Common chickweed typically has soft hairs on the margin of the leaf versus sticky chickweed, which is generally covered with hairs on the leaves and stems.</p> <p>Another good example where you can take a look at the hairs on the plant to help key out a grassy weed would be crabgrass. We have various crabgrass species that are found in turfgrass in Georgia. Smooth crabgrass gets its name because it is hairless. Large crabgrass is covered with hairs all over the stems and all over the leaves. And then southern crabgrass typically has hairy stems, hairy stolons, and has smooth leaves. So another good example where the hairs on the plant can help you identify the species of the weed.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#identification-by-leaf-markings","title":"Identification by Leaf Markings","text":"<p>And then of course leaf markings, other characteristics to key out broadleaf weeds. White clover on the left with the white markings on the base of the leaf versus spotted burr clover on the right that has the purplish dot there in the center of the leaf. This is important because we're looking at two different clover species. One is a cool season perennial white clover versus the winter annual spotted burr clover. Looking at characteristics, identifying the plant can help you determine when those weeds will emerge, how they're going to grow, and how we can plan weed control programs around their lifecycle.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#weed-lifecycles","title":"Weed Lifecycles","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#winter-and-summer-annuals","title":"Winter and Summer Annuals","text":"<p>Right now we're seeing many winter annual weeds begin to germinate. We're already seeing species like henbits, weeds like annual bluegrass, bittercress, and hop clovers. These are true winter annual weeds that are germinating in the fall. They are starting to grow actively in landscapes and in turfgrass. These plants go to seed in the springtime and then they will complete their life cycle and then die out in the summertime. And this is a good example of the annual life cycle that these weeds will grow for one year and then go to seed and then die out.</p> <p>The advantage of this life cycle is that it is predictable. We know when annual bluegrass begins to germinate in turfgrasses. We know when crabgrass begins to germinate in the late winter and springtime. And therefore, we can plan management programs around when these weeds begin to emerge in turfgrass. And we can apply pre-emergent herbicides to prevent their establishment based on when these weeds begin to germinate in the soil.</p> <p>Summer annual weeds include species like goosegrass, crabgrass, foxtail, sandbur. Some of the broadleaf weeds that are true summer annuals include species like spotted spurge, doveweed, purslane, these are all weeds that germinate in the springtime. They resume active growth throughout the summertime. They go to seed in the fall and then they transition out and die out in the wintertime. So they complete their lifecycle during the warm season of the year.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#simple-perennials","title":"Simple Perennials","text":"<p>Perennial weeds are much more difficult to control in turfgrass than the annuals because these plants can germinate from seed, but they can also regrow from tap roots and below ground plant parts, stolons, rhizomes, and tubers. Simple perennials can primarily be reproduced by a seed. We can partially control these plants by hand pulling and digging them out of the ground. Pre-emergent herbicides can be effective, but they are often providing erratic levels of control because these plants can also emerge from below ground vegetative structures. So perennials are less predictable on their establishment and their growth. They are much more difficult to control than the annual weeds that we have in turfgrass.</p> <p>A good example of a simple perennial that is starting to emerge in turf in the fall. Weeds like wild garlic, wild onion, they are emerging from not only seed, but they are also starting to establish from below ground bulbs that stay dormant during the summertime. As temperatures cool down, these plants will then begin to reemerge and wild garlic can be a very troublesome weed and dormant turfgrasses during the wintertime. So typically, pre-emergent herbicides do not control plants that are emerging from below ground vegetative structures, such as below ground bulbs like we see with wild garlic.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#complex-perennials","title":"Complex Perennials","text":"<p>Complex perennials are the most difficult weeds to control in turfgrass because they are going to survive multiple years. They primarily reproduce and spread through asexual reproduction, which includes stolons, rhizomes, tubers such as with the sedges. These weeds include species such as white clover, Canada thistle, ground ivy, bermudagrass, yellow nutsedge, purple nutsedge. These are all perennial weeds that are going to survive multiple years in our lawns and landscapes.</p> <p>Management implications here, we can hand pull and dig some of these plants out of the ground, but it's often not a long-term control strategy. Because these plants can spread laterally, because they can produce runners, those plants can then create daughter plants and trying to dig those plants out of the ground, we often leave behind some of the stems and stolons that are present in a turf. And when they're growing in patches, sometimes the best way to control these species, especially in turf, is to come in with non-selective options such as Roundup and just treating the patch and then treating the area around the patch to ensure that you're getting all the surrounding stems and stolons that may have been created from that main patch of the weed.</p> <p>A good example here of a complex perennial is bermudagrass. This of course is a major warm season turfgrass species, but if you had Bermuda growing in the middle of centipedegrass, zoysiagrass, or fescue, or various other turf species, it can be a long-term invasive weed species and be very competitive with other turf species. And if it's not controlled early, bermudagrass is going to spread from lateral stems and it will eventually have significant competition that can lead to the need to renovate a lawn because selective control of bermudagrass is very difficult in many warm and cool season turfgrass species.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#scouting-early-detection-and-cultural-practices","title":"Scouting, Early Detection, and Cultural Practices","text":"<p>So it's important to routinely scout your turf. You know, identify weeds that may warrant control, but also note new weed species that may be present. Early detection is very critical, especially with perennial weeds. We want to get on top of these species as soon as possible, get them removed, hand pull them out, treat herbicides if needed, and prevent their spread populations because most of the time if a perennial weed is left uncontrolled it's going to over time spread, reproduce, and create a long-term problem for us. So detecting these weeds early on can be very critical. A good example would be something like purple nutsedge where if you have a few small plants it's important to get those controlled, get them removed because there will be significant reproduction below ground with tuber chains and that weed will continue to spread and be a very severe infestation over time if it's left uncontrolled.</p> <p>Also, as you are identifying new weed species present, it's important to evaluate turfgrass cultural practices that may need to be adjusted. Oftentimes, when we see weeds that are starting to emerge or new weed species, they are taking advantage of the lack of competition from turfgrass growth. And if we can make adjustments in mowing programs, fertility, modifying how much we irrigate, this all can enhance turfgrass competition to reduce the overall spread and the population of weeds present in our turfgrass.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#mowing-height-and-crabgrass-competition","title":"Mowing Height and Crabgrass Competition","text":"<p>A good example of a cultural practice that will influence the population of a weed species in a lawn is mowing height on crabgrass. This is very important in tall fescue where during the summertime, tall fescue typically declines due to summer stress and crabgrass becomes very competitive. But making a simple adjustment in the height of cut of a tall fescue lawn can significantly increase the competition of tall fescue with crabgrass in the summertime.</p> <p>So this is a look at a study that was conducted in North Carolina where they looked at four different mowing heights of tall fescue on the percent cover of crabgrass in that lawn. And as you can see when they raised the mowing height from one to four inches, they cut the crabgrass population down from 95% cover to basically 0%. So as they increased the height of tall fescue, it became more competitive. It was able to shade out crabgrass and they were able to basically prevent the emergence of crabgrass because the fescue was so competitive.</p> <p>So mowing height and mowing frequency can be very critical. This will affect the competitive growth of turfgrasses, can help cut down on weed populations and which over time can of course help cut down on the need to apply herbicides and various other management inputs. So depending on the species that you're managing, there is an appropriate mower and height of cut and mowing frequency to prevent scalping. So typically we want to remove no more than one-third of the total leaf area with the mowing. And based on the turf species that could be every five to seven days, five to ten days for grass like centipede that doesn't grow quite as quickly as some of the other warm season grasses. So something to consider is just make sure you are mowing at the appropriate height and the appropriate frequency during active growth. And this will just help promote the recovery of a lawn from a mowing operation and should help with promoting competition with weed species in your turf.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#irrigation-and-weed-populations","title":"Irrigation and Weed Populations","text":"<p>Weed populations are influenced by irrigation, how much we water, how frequently. Typically weed species thrive in areas that remain wet for extended periods of time. A good example there is weeds like dollarweed. This is a slide that shows the effects of watering programs either daily, conditionally, or as or when the grass showed severe wilt on the x-axis there on percent dollarweed cover. And this was a three-year field study in Florida and you can see there where they watered every single day. They had about five to six fold increase in dollarweed cover compared to when they watered as the grass needed it.</p> <p>So how much we water will certainly influence the pressure and the growth of weeds like sedges, which thrive in wet soils. White clover likes to have wet feet as well, so poorly drained, high irrigation programs will certainly favor and encourage the growth of those types of weeds in our turf. For weeds in the wintertime, Poa annua likes also to have wet soils. It's going to thrive in poorly drained areas. Making modifications in the frequency of the watering program, improving drainage, and also trying to relieve compaction, trying to promote the health of the grass by core aerification and minimizing compaction can also help reduce weed populations in your turfgrass as well.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#seed-quality-and-planting-material","title":"Seed Quality and Planting Material","text":"<p>Here's a picture of a tall fescue lawn that has a significant infestation of broadleaf dock. You would think that looking at this picture, there's a major problem with this weed species in this area. However, as we pull back from this picture, you can see that only that center plot, that center rectangle has broadleaf dock present. Whereas all the other rectangles of different tall fescue cultivars are weed-free. And this is a picture of a tall fescue NTEP trial where that specific seedlot that they seeded had seedlot contamination with broadleaf docks. So they brought that seed in when they planted that particular plot. And this is just a great example of the importance of planting high-quality certified seed so that we're not bringing in new weed species when we plant.</p> <p>And this is a look at a fescue lawn there where they bought basically the low quality seed and this can be an issue with a lot of the cheap seed that is sold in the big box retailers that may have noxious weeds present or unwanted species such as ryegrass or carpet grass present in the seed bag. So just taking a look at the percent seed, what's in the bag that you're purchasing, and just make sure that you are making a good investment when you are planting turfgrasses, not only from seed but sod as well. Looking at the sod before you purchase it, making sure that there's no weeds present can certainly be important so you're not bringing in weeds when you're planting a new field or new lawn.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#pre-emergent-herbicide-science","title":"Pre-Emergent Herbicide Science","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#how-pre-emergent-herbicides-work","title":"How Pre-Emergent Herbicides Work","text":"<p>Pre-emergent herbicides are some of the most important tools that we have to prevent the establishment of weed species and turfgrass. Pre-emergent herbicides are applied prior to weed seed germination. So we need to get these herbicides out in high enough concentration before we see the emergence of winter and summer annual weeds.</p> <p>Pre-emergent herbicides are applied to the soil. They are tightly bound to the upper half inch or so of the soil profile and they are not readily mobile in the soil. So they are bound and they typically stay put once they finally bind to the soil. Pre-emergent herbicides are concentrated in the upper layer of the soil profile, which is important because that is where the weed seed bank is in the soil. Weeds are going to germinate and the young roots and shoots will absorb that pre-emergent herbicide out of the soil. It will then absorb that product through the soil water solution. And most pre-emergent herbicides are going to tie up cell division. So weed seedlings that germinate first, taking the herbicide will fail to establish a healthy root system and they will die out.</p> <p>Pre-emergent herbicides do not prevent weed seed germination. So the weeds must first germinate. They must take in the herbicide through the roots and shoots. And that is how we control weeds prior to establishment with the use of a pre-emergent herbicide in a lawn and landscape.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#effects-on-established-turfgrass","title":"Effects on Established Turfgrass","text":"<p>Pre-emergent herbicides typically do not inhibit the root growth of well-established turfgrasses. Usually turfgrasses that are mature have a deep and healthy root system that penetrate below the layer or where the presence of that pre-emergent herbicide is in the soil. A lawn that has a three to four inch root depth on it typically will not be affected by pre-emergent herbicides concentrated in the upper half inch of the soil profile.</p> <p>Where we run into trouble with pre-emergent herbicides and turfgrass rooting is when we have winter kill, when we have thinned out grass, when we have disease, and that grass is trying to re-root into treated areas. When it's spreading a lateral stem or a stolon, and it's trying to tack down a new root on that lateral stem, that's where we see the greatest potential to inhibit turfgrass rooting is when it's trying to produce a new root on a lateral stem when it's trying to peg down in a bare ground situation. But generally speaking, well-established lawns, there's limited to no risk on the health of the root system using pre-emergent herbicides at appropriate label use rates.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#product-overview-and-formulations","title":"Product Overview and Formulations","text":"<p>We have a wide variety of pre-emergent herbicides that are available to turfgrass managers. They're sold under a wide variety of trade names and they can also be found in various formulations, either sprayable or spreadable formulations. Some of these can be impregnated on a fertilizer with a weed and feed type of application. So some of these herbicides like Prodiamine and Pendimethalin, these are widely used for pre-emergent crabgrass control in the late wintertime and in the spring. We can also use these herbicides in late summer and fall to prevent the establishment of annual grassy weeds. So we can control annual bluegrass with a timely application of those herbicides as well in the fall.</p> <p>However, pre-emergent herbicides generally do not provide acceptable levels of post-emergent weed control. So once the weed has established, these products generally are not effective for controlling established weeds present in our turf. There are some active ingredients like isoxaben or Gallery which is very strong on broadleaf weeds specifically but a little bit weaker on grassy weeds versus some products like prodiamine which is very strong on grassy weeds but can be weak on broadleaf weeds. So these all have strengths and weaknesses, depending on the weeds that you're targeting with that application.</p> <p>We are using pre-emergent herbicides to control summer and winter annual weeds only. Again, these are weeds that establish from seed. And pre-emergent herbicides are most effective for controlling weeds that are germinating from seed only. We are not targeting perennial weeds with pre-emergent herbicides. We are also not targeting weeds that are currently present in our turf, generally speaking with most pre-emergent herbicides, because they are not effective once the plant has been established and is healthy and actively growing.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#herbicide-activation-sprayable-vs-granular","title":"Herbicide Activation: Sprayable vs. Granular","text":"<p>One of the concerns that we have is we have to get pre-emergent herbicides activated. We need to irrigate behind these treatments to get them off of the shoots of turfgrass and get them activated in the soil so that they will be available for absorption by weed seedlings. So one of the concerns is that if you cannot irrigate and you don't have timely rainfall, going out with a sprayable formulation could lead to potential failures because it's not getting into the soil and it's not getting activated as readily as a dry granule formulation.</p> <p>We can have herbicide losses with a sprayable formulation where it fails to get to the soil, either through photo degradation or breakdown by sunlight, volatilization where it's lost through a gas form, and then of course clipping collection and traffic. If we actually physically remove that herbicide from the area, of course it's not going to be in high enough concentration to provide effective weed control when the product gets into the soil.</p> <p>Dry granular formulations, spreadable products are much better if you do not have irrigation or we're in a drought situation. These products can get to the soil much better and they are not moved and there's much less potential for losses using a granular product compared to a sprayable product if you cannot water behind the treatments.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#spring-application-timing","title":"Spring Application Timing","text":"<p>Typically, we are looking at pre-emergent herbicide applications in March in most parts of the state of Georgia. The application timing is going to depend on soil temperatures. So in the springtime, we typically get our pre-emergent herbicide applications out when soil temperatures reach the low 50s in the upper two inches of the soil profile. And this is going to vary based on where you are in the state. So obviously the southern part of Georgia is going to warm up much earlier than the central and northern part of the state. And these dates are just general guidelines for when we should be targeting getting those applications out for pre-emergent weed control.</p> <p>A very good website to track local soil temperatures, air temperatures, and growing degree days is georgiaweather.net. GeorgiaWeather.net has many different weather stations scattered throughout the state, and it is a very good resource to get local soil temperatures to help time management inputs such as pre-emergent herbicide applications in the spring and the fall. So georgiaweather.net, you can go in, type in your location and it will give you the closest weather station to your area and a great way to track local growing conditions so that you can more effectively time pre-emergent herbicides in the spring.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#residual-activity-and-product-selection","title":"Residual Activity and Product Selection","text":"<p>Pre-emergent herbicides used in turfgrass all have different lengths of residual activity. Some of these herbicides are going to last longer in the soil at labeled use rates compared to products that have a moderate or short activity such as products like Siduron, Tupersan, pendimethalin, dithiopyr. These typically are going to last a few months in the soil based on labeled use rate. Products like prodiamine, oxadiazon at labeled rates are going to last four to six months depending on the conditions, soil temperatures, and factors that are going to influence the residual effects of a herbicide and the degradation of the herbicide in the soil.</p> <p>But something to have an appreciation for is that there are pre-emergent herbicides that you can use that will provide four to six weeks of residual weed control. And that may be all you need if you need to come in and seed or sod in a treated area. There are some products that will not last quite as long. And then there may be cases such as in lawn care where you want the longest control possible. So going with a Prodiamine treatment may be more appropriate there where you're trying to extend the length of residual control throughout the growing season.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#fall-pre-emergent-timing","title":"Fall Pre-Emergent Timing","text":"<p>Winter annual weeds, we typically target getting pre-emergent herbicides out in September in most areas in the state. South Georgia, typically we start looking at pre-emergent herbicide applications around the first week of October. This is when soil temperatures start to dip below 70 degrees. So as we cool down, winter annual weeds begin germination and we need to get our pre-emergent herbicides out before those weeds start to emerge. Weeds like annual bluegrass, henbit, we can see them germinate in mid-September, late September, depending on where you are in the state. So this is just a general reference and a guideline to get fall pre-emergent herbicides out at various locations in the state.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#split-applications","title":"Split Applications","text":"<p>One of the ways that we can extend the length of pre-emergent weed control is to apply split applications of a pre-emergent herbicide. So instead of putting out all the product at once, we can make multiple applications at a six to eight week interval. A good example here is instead of applying Barricade or Prodiamine to one pound active ingredient per acre, putting that application into half a pound active applied in March and come back around late May or June with another half pound active per acre has shown to extend residual control greater than just putting out all the product at once. We are able to get better control of the late season flushes of crabgrass and other annual weeds by just splitting that application and going with a split program. Helps provide a fresh supply of that herbicide to the soil and can extend the length of control compared to just a single treatment of that total application rate all with one shot.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#fall-products-for-poa-annua","title":"Fall Products for Poa annua","text":"<p>Pre-emergent herbicides that we can use this time of year for controlling winter annual weeds such as Poa annua. There are many different products on the market. Many of the herbicides that control crabgrass and goosegrass also can provide pre-emergent control of weeds like annual bluegrass. So crabgrass preventer herbicide can also be used in the fall to control weeds like annual bluegrass. So we have products like prodiamine, pendimethalin. One of the most popular herbicides now in lawn care in Georgia and in golf course turf in parks as well is Specticle. The active ingredient indaziflam is very good, very active on Poa annua. And it also provides a different mode of action to the dinitroanilines that we are using for controlling crabgrass and other weeds with that different mode of action.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#herbicide-resistance","title":"Herbicide Resistance","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#the-growing-problem","title":"The Growing Problem","text":"<p>Some of the concerns that we have right now especially with annual bluegrass is herbicide resistance. We are seeing pictures like this where turf managers are telling us that control is just not what it used to be using the same product year after year. And typically what we're seeing with weeds like annual bluegrass that have received the same herbicide in an area for multiple years is segregation in the population. We are seeing a shift where we are seeing resistant biotypes emerging that are not responding to a herbicide that may have been used exclusively for a certain period of time. And this resistance issue is increasing with annual bluegrass, goosegrass, and other weeds in turfgrass. And something to have an appreciation for is that if you use the same products or the same herbicide mode of action year over year, you can cause a shift in the weed population. We're seeing this right now, especially with annual bluegrass and turfgrass throughout the state of Georgia where we're seeing resistance issues that are increasing in lawns, golf courses, sod farms, and various turfgrass areas.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#selection-pressure-and-target-site-resistance","title":"Selection Pressure and Target-Site Resistance","text":"<p>Herbicide resistance occurs through selection pressure. This graph shows in year one where all the green plants present are controlled by a certain herbicide. However, that one plant in orange survives that treatment. It is a naturally resistant biotype that does not respond to that specific herbicide. That one plant in year one could be one in a thousand, it could be one in a million, but over time with selection pressure, using the same herbicide over and over, that one plant will spread, it will go to seed. And over time, year two, year three, four, and five, we are shifting that population. And we are giving the opportunity of that resistant biotype to spread, reproduce, and it is not being controlled by the use of the same product over and over. And then by year five, you've got a very serious problem where you are now dealing with a weed population that is resistant to that specific herbicide. And this is something that we are finding in turfgrass throughout the state. We're seeing more and more weeds with this issue that are not responding to a pre or post-emergent herbicide.</p> <p>Typically what is happening here is resistant weeds have an altered target site where the herbicide simply just does not bind the way it normally does to a susceptible population. So the target site where that herbicide normally binds on the right of this slide, that herbicide is obviously not going to bind properly and therefore it is not controlled. And this is the most common form of herbicide resistance in a weed. It is a naturally occurring trait in that specific biotype. So we are not causing a change in the plant by using a herbicide, but what we are doing is selecting for biotypes that have that mutation present that prevents that herbicide from binding properly to get effective control.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#poa-annua-resistance-in-georgia","title":"Poa annua Resistance in Georgia","text":"<p>This is a big problem right now for us in Georgia with Poa annua. Annual bluegrass is one of the most difficult weeds to control, probably the most troublesome weed for us in turfgrass, especially in the wintertime. We are seeing widespread resistance to dinitroaniline pre-emergent herbicides. This includes some of the active ingredients like pendimethalin and prodiamine. Some of the other herbicides that are group three mitotic inhibitors include products like Dimension. This is widely used for crabgrass but it has a similar mode of action to the dinitroanilines and what we're seeing in Georgia is that Poa annua populations that are resistant to pendimethalin and prodiamine are also cross-resistant to Dimension as well. So that is a concern because these are very popular pre-emergent herbicides.</p> <p>Here's a look at Barricade resistant Poa and some of our field research where we went out with Barricade at the standard timing. This is Prodiamine. And you can see we're getting very significant failures in control with that pre-emergent treatment of Barricade there where it just looks like we sprayed water. There's just no response at all. What we are doing is testing plants to confirm resistance in the field. So what we are doing is growing these plants out hydroponically and exposing them to various concentrations of a pre-emergent herbicide. And what we're typically doing is coming in and cutting the roots off the plants and then sticking them in the tanks that have hydroponic solutions with or without the pre-emergent herbicide present. And if a weed is resistant to dinitroaniline herbicides like Prodiamine, it will grow a nice healthy root system in the presence of that herbicide in the hydroponic tank. And this is what we're seeing where weeds are growing right through pre-emergent herbicides like Prodiamine. We're growing a nice healthy root system there versus the susceptible biotypes on the right that are completely controlled by that treatment, which is showing very susceptible root systems there, growing in the presence of that pre-emergent herbicide.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#fall-post-emergent-timing-and-sulfonylurea-programs","title":"Fall Post-Emergent Timing and Sulfonylurea Programs","text":"<p>Fall is a great time of year also to come out with post-emergent herbicides to control annual bluegrass. That is when winter annual weeds, poa, henbit, hop clovers, that's typically when we get the best control. When these plants are at the seedling stage, they are most susceptible. Certain products like Katana, Monument, some of the sulfonylureas can provide very good post-emergent control early in the fall and then it has enough residual to get through peak winter annual weed germination periods. Here's a look at Katana, which is applied in the fall and this picture was taken in March. You can just see the pressure of the annual bluegrass that sort of surrounds that plot there. So this can be a very good treatment to control seedling winter weeds at that fall timing. Typically getting these treatments out around mid-November, sometime around Thanksgiving or so, can get very good post-emergent control of the seedling weeds and get you through that peak germination period that will hold throughout the season.</p> <p>However, again, we are seeing sulfonylurea resistance like this, where we come in and we're getting just segregation. You come in and you get complete control of some plants and other plants are growing right through those treatments. And this is a widespread problem now in turfgrass throughout the southeast, specifically with sulfonylurea herbicides, triazine herbicides, and the dinitroaniline pre-emergent herbicides as well.</p> <p>What we're seeing is sort of classic target site resistance with sulfonylurea herbicides with annual bluegrass. Here's a look at a resistant biotype that we tested in the greenhouse on the top versus the local Griffin biotype on the bottom there, susceptible population to Monument. You can see where we started these rate titrations. With the resistant biotype, the standard labeled use rate is half an ounce of product per acre. We went up to about a 300x rate and there was simply just no response there from the plant. So this is a classic target site resistance where no matter how much herbicide you apply to the plant, because there's an altered mutated target site, it is just not going to bind properly and there's no response from the plant.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#resistance-management-golf-course-trials","title":"Resistance Management: Golf Course Trials","text":"<p>So what we did was looked at some resistance management programs for controlling annual bluegrass last fall. These were done on three different golf courses that had expressed concerns over herbicide resistance issues. And I think this kind of tells a nice story to show some of the plans and programs that you could use in warm season grasses to combat herbicide resistant Poa this fall and winter in your turf.</p> <p>At these three golf courses we applied Barricade at the standard pre-emergent timing. At golf course one and two, we saw that we had resistance problems where we were not getting good control. At golf course three, we had susceptible Poa, so we had actually very good control at that third golf course. However, when we switched from Barricade to a different mode of action, which is Specticle, we got basically good to excellent control at all three locations. So rotating modes of action, rotating chemistries from a dinitroaniline to a different chemistry, Specticle was a great tool to get that dinitroaniline-resistant Poa control at golf course 1 and 2.</p> <p>We also found simazine resistance at golf course one and three. However, golf course two did have simazine susceptible Poa annua. We also tested Revolver, which is a sulfonylurea herbicide. At golf course one and three, we had susceptible Poa to that mode of action. However, at golf course two, where simazine was working, we had resistance issues there using Revolver. And what we found was that when we came in with a combination of the Revolver with Simazine, having those two modes of action gave us complete control of Poa at all the golf courses that we tested.</p> <p>Really the take home message here is that rotating modes of action can be important, but for post-emergent Poa control in Georgia, especially in bermudagrass and zoysiagrass turf, coming in with two modes of action, combining a sulfonylurea herbicide with a triazine herbicide, two different chemistries that offer different modes of action, can help control biotypes with suspected resistance issues to one of those modes of action. So the combination, this is a fairly cost-effective way to help combat resistance issues and help prevent the spread of biotypes with herbicide resistance as well.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#poa-annua-control-programs-by-turfgrass-species","title":"Poa annua Control Programs by Turfgrass Species","text":"<p>So for controlling Poa annua in centipedegrass, mid-November, early December, timings of Katana, which is a sulfonylurea herbicide, can work very well with Simazine. We can also use rimsulfuron, which is TranXit, in non-residential areas with Simazine at a quart per acre. Having that simazine in there is a nice kicker to using sulfonylureas. It is about a $5 per acre treatment and can provide a second mode of action in the mix with a sulfonylurea to help combat resistance. Curb can also be used in non-residential turfgrass at that late November timing. One and a half pounds active ingredient per acre can also help control Poa annua at that timing, and it provides a different mode of action than most other post-emergent herbicides used in turfgrass. And then pre-emergent control, obviously, in September, the first week of October, depending on where you are in the state, dinitroanilines, rotating Specticle as possible in lawns and landscapes is a very good program to prevent the establishment of Poa in turf.</p> <p>Here's a look at centipedegrass that was treated with the tank mixtures and you can see using simazine with Katana, using it with rimsulfuron, it has shown to be safe at that application time again in late fall. So as the grass is slowing down we can use those combinations safely as long as the centipede is healthy and is not growing under pressure from disease or other stresses. Those tank mixture combinations can be very effective for controlling Poa and can be safe in that species.</p> <p>For controlling Poa in bermudagrass and zoysiagrass, again sulfonylurea herbicides applied with simazine is a great program. We've got a lot more sulfonylureas that are safe for use in these two turf species, products like Revolver, Monument, Katana, Tribute Total, those are all sulfonylurea, ALS inhibiting herbicides, but having that second mode of action in there with Simazine can make a big difference whether or not you're successful for controlling Poa. Curb also again non-residential sites one and a half pounds active ingredient per acre and then pre-emergent control if possible in the fall is going to set you up for success for controlling Poa in those lawns.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#sedge-resistance","title":"Sedge Resistance","text":"<p>We're also seeing resistance issues now with sedges. This is a look at Cyperus compressus annual sedge, which is a true summer annual, goes to seed. We are seeing problems with multiple populations found throughout the state of halosulfuron-resistant sedge, and it's also cross-resistant to other sulfonylureas. So rotating modes of action there, coming in with sulfentrazone or Dismiss, having Basagran as a tank mix partner can also help combat resistance issues with ALS resistance sedges that we're seeing in the state.</p> <p>There is also other sedge species that have confirmed resistance to post-emergent applications of sulfonylureas. Products like halosulfuron or SedgeHammer, we have seen resistance with yellow nutsedge and various other sedge species that we can also find in turfgrass. These have been reported in various cropping systems throughout the southeast.</p> <p>Ways to combat resistance with sedges, again using Dismiss, which is a different mode of action. Sulfentrazone, 10 to 12 ounces of product per acre in a tank mixture with sulfonylureas can help control resistant biotypes and help delay the spread of resistance in sedge populations. Basagran can also be used. And we do have some pre-emergent herbicides that will control certain sedge species. Products like Ronstar in non-residential turf. Products like Echelon and Dismiss that contain sulfentrazone going out in late springtime with those treatments can provide pre-emergent control of sedges, such as annual sedge, yellow nutsedge, and certain kyllinga species as well. And then we do have other pre-emergent herbicides that are labeled in warm season turfgrasses like Pennant, Tower, and Freehand that also have very good activity for pre-emergent control of sedge species.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#other-resistant-weed-species","title":"Other Resistant Weed Species","text":"<p>Other herbicide resistant weeds that we have found in turf include goosegrass, which has \u2014 we found multiple populations with resistance to pre and post-emergent herbicides that are popular in turfgrass. Spotted spurge, ryegrass, plantain, southern crabgrass. So this is an issue that will continue to be a problem for us in turfgrass. Something that turf managers need to have an appreciation for is how weeds develop resistance to herbicides and what we can do to be proactive in preventing resistance from becoming a long-term problem. And sometimes we don't have alternative herbicide chemistries that are safe and selected for controlling resistant biotypes. And that creates great concern for us. But we are now seeing more and more weed species with resistance issues. It's just something that you need to have an appreciation for, especially for weeds like Poa annua, where it is just so difficult to control now. We need to have multiple programs and rotation of herbicides and the modes of action that are going out in weed control programs.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#new-herbicides-for-2018","title":"New Herbicides for 2018","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#halauxifen-a-new-synthetic-auxin","title":"Halauxifen: A New Synthetic Auxin","text":"<p>All right, new herbicides that are coming out here in 2018. The first one is a new active ingredient from Dow called halauxifen. This is a synthetic auxin herbicide group 4 broadleaf product that provides post-emergent control of annual and perennial broadleaf weeds. It has very fast activity. Halauxifen is a fast active ingredient. We typically see the response in susceptible broadleaf weeds within about five to seven days. Very rapid browning and necrosis of the tissue on the plant. It has favorable characteristics for turfgrass and also sod production where it has rapid degradation. There's no composting issues so it has a favorable characteristic for us in lawns and landscapes.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#relzar-halauxifen-florasulam","title":"RELZAR (Halauxifen + Florasulam)","text":"<p>The first product that's going to be released from Dow that contains halauxifen is going to be called RELZAR. This is a combination with broadleaf herbicide with a different mode of action, florasulam, which is found in the product Defender. This will be released as a WG formulation in the second quarter of 2018. It's going to be used in all major warm and cool season turfgrasses for post-emergent broadleaf weed control. And they're going to keep it simple. It's going to have one labeled use rate, which is 0.72 ounces of product per acre. That's going to be the standard use rate for all labeled turfgrass species. And this will be a good tool, I think, for us in Georgia, because it's going to include centipede, bermuda, zoysiagrass, fescue. So if you're managing lawns with mixed species or if you need to make up a tank and spray multiple lawns of various turf species, this product will have a nice fit for that use.</p> <p>Again, this product has very rapid activity. This is four weeks after treatments for controlling common chickweed in the winter time where many broadleaf weed products are slow with cold temperatures there in the winter. Very rapid knockdown control with RELZAR applied in the winter for controlling common chickweed. Very active on broadleaf weeds as well in the summertime, weeds like buttonweed, matchweed here in St. Augustinegrass and it should have a good fit for use in the summertime for controlling weeds like doveweed. Some activity on common lespedeza, but it's not going to be a standalone product. But there's going to be some weeds like plantain and dandelion, which can provide very rapid knockdown control with a single treatment.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#game-on-halauxifen-24-d-choline-fluroxypyr","title":"Game On (Halauxifen + 2,4-D Choline + Fluroxypyr)","text":"<p>Game On is another new product from Dow that's going to contain halauxifen. This is a three-way combination with 2,4-D choline and fluroxypyr. It will also be released in 2018. They're going to primarily target Game On for use in cool season grasses. Most warm season species like centipede and St. Augustine are going to have sensitivity issues to 2,4-D. So it's going to be a cool season grass, tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, ryegrass product. We can use it in bermudagrass and zoysiagrass and this product provides very rapid knockdown control of perennial broadleaf weeds and I think it's going to be a strong new combination product for us in turfgrass.</p> <p>Here's a look at dandelion four days after treatments with Game On. Very rapid necrosis discoloration there of the plant and we see broadleaf weeds like dandelion and plantain twist up within about seven days. So very rapid control of susceptible broadleaf weeds to these active ingredients. There can be some bermudagrass injury from Game On, which can last two weeks or so at labeled use rates. There can be some off-coloring, especially during spring transition, but this treatment will probably have a good fit for mid-summer applications after the bermudagrass has resumed active growth, it's greened up, and it's healthy, should have good tolerance to those treatments.</p> <p>RELZAR and Game On have shown very good activity for controlling doveweed, which is a very problematic weed for us in Georgia right now. You can see here the percent cover with RELZAR on the left and Game On there in the middle, compared to Celsius. Very comparable levels of activity to Celsius and therefore controlling doveweed in the summertime. And you can see what the non-treated is doing on the far right where the population is going to increase over time. So new tools in the toolbox for controlling problem weeds, especially doveweed, which I think is going to be one of the most promising uses of these new products coming out from Dow here next year.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#switchblade-halauxifen-dicamba-fluroxypyr","title":"Switchblade (Halauxifen + Dicamba + Fluroxypyr)","text":"<p>The next new product that contains halauxifen that's going to be released in late 2018 is called Switchblade. This is a three-way combination product similar to Game On, except they replaced the 2,4-D choline with dicamba. So it's going to contain the new active ingredient, halauxifen, has a rapid knockdown control, dicamba and fluroxypyr. This will be labeled in most major warm season turfgrasses including centipedegrass and cool season grasses. It will also have a St. Augustinegrass use on the label as well. And again, very good three-way combination for controlling many troublesome perennial broadleaf weeds and turfgrass.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#vexis-pyrimisulfan-penoxsulam","title":"Vexis (Pyrimisulfan + Penoxsulam)","text":"<p>The next new active ingredient that's going to be released in 2018 in turfgrass is called pyrimisulfan. This is going to be a combination product with penoxsulam and sold as a trade name Vexis. This will be released again in 2018. This product is a combination of two ALS inhibiting herbicides. So the same mode of action as sulfonylureas. And it will come out as a granular product. So it's going to be a spreadable product. Likely going to have a fertilizer carrier on it. The potential uses is going to be for warm season grasses. This combination product, Vexis, will control broadleaf weeds. It does have good activity on many sedges as well, but it's weak on crabgrass and goosegrass and some of the grassy weeds that we have in the summertime.</p> <p>But the advantage of using Vexis is going to be the root uptake. You don't have to have dew on the plant for it to stick and provide control. So you can go out on dry turf, spread it, and both of these active ingredients have significant root uptake and you can still get very good weed control with this product without dew present.</p> <p>Here's a look at some of our plots where we've researched Vexis over the years with the fertilizer carrier. We have seen very good control of winter annual broadleaf weeds in our plots. Weeds like parsley-piert, cudweed, some of those types of weeds that are starting to emerge right now. Vexis has very good activity on those species. And then of course the fertilizer can give a little greening effect following those treatments. We have seen some erratic levels for controlling annual bluegrass. So I don't think this is going to be a very good Poa herbicide, but the strength is going to be primarily broadleaf weeds in warm season turfgrasses, especially winter annual weeds with those fall treatments.</p> <p>Here's a look at Prodiamine in those plots where we got very good Poa control, but basically released lawn burweed. We've seen that Barricade and Prodiamine when we select for annual grassy weeds, we can actually enhance the establishment of some of the weeds that are not susceptible to that mode of action. Lawn burweed, as you can see in those plots, is not controlled by Barricade applications. So using a product like Barricade with Vexis or different broadleaf herbicide is going to be important if you're targeting both grassy and broadleaf weeds in the fall.</p> <p>One of the advantages with Vexis is that it has very good activity for controlling sedges. Here's just a look at some of our research in the greenhouse where we looked at the control of biotypes that are susceptible and resistant to sulfonylurea herbicides. And Vexis is there on the right with its experimental code number there. Very good activity on susceptible biotype to sulfonylureas. It also has some activity for controlling resistant biotypes there on the right. You can see the activity on the ALS resistance sedge, and this product is showing good activity for partial suppression. I think multiple applications may have a nice fit with other chemistries for controlling the sedge populations with resistance issues to sulfonylurea. Although this is the same mode of action as the sulfonylurea, Vexis has one of the active ingredients from a different chemical family and that difference in the binding is giving partial control of resistant biotypes to sulfonylurea herbicides. So another tool in the toolbox, I guess, for managing resistant weeds in turfgrass.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#solero-mesosulfuron","title":"Solero (Mesosulfuron)","text":"<p>The next new product is a trade name called Solero. The active ingredient is mesosulfuron. This is a product being sold by Nufarm that was released about a year or two ago. This was developed by Valent over the years. It's now sold by Nufarm. It is labeled for all major warm and cool season turfgrasses. It controls annual and perennial sedges, comparable levels of control to Monument and Certainty for controlling perennial sedges and kyllinga. It also does have some activity for controlling broadleaf weeds. So just something to have an appreciation for. Solero is out there. It has comparable levels of use or use patterns as SedgeHammer, halosulfuron, for use in both warm and cool season turfgrasses. It has very good activity for controlling many different sedge species in turf.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#dismiss-nxt-sulfentrazone-carfentrazone","title":"Dismiss NXT (Sulfentrazone + Carfentrazone)","text":"<p>Dismiss NXT is another new product that was released in the turfgrass industry this year. This was brought to the market by FMC in their line of sulfentrazone products. This is a combination of sulfentrazone, which is the active ingredient in Dismiss, with carfentrazone, which is the active ingredient in Quicksilver. And the benefits of using carfentrazone in the mix with this product is the speed of control. We are getting rapid control of sedges, kyllinga with Dismiss NXT. It's labeled for most major warm and cool season turfgrasses. And we are using Dismiss NXT on the same spectrum of weeds that we use Dismiss for. So the sedges and kyllinga, certain broadleaf weeds as well, does have some activity on goosegrass. But Dismiss NXT provides rapid control of kyllinga, seven days after treatments like you see there, very fast takedown and response of Dismiss NXT.</p> <p>However, we are not seeing a significant difference in the levels of control, long-term control, with Dismiss NXT compared to straight Dismiss. So the speed of control with Dismiss NXT, I think, is the major advantage here, but in terms of it being better than Dismiss, we just do not have data to support that claim. But still, good product, rapid control, and sometimes getting that response from the weeds can make your clients happy, can make homeowners happy, and that rapid activity is certainly nice to see after you make those applications.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#coastal-simazine-imazaquin-prodiamine","title":"Coastal (Simazine + Imazaquin + Prodiamine)","text":"<p>And finally, we are testing a new three-way combination product that should be released next year from a company called Sipcam. This is a three-way combination product for simazine, imazaquin, and prodiamine. A product called Coastal. This is going to be simazine and imazaquin, which is going to have post-emergent activity for controlling broadleaf weeds and sedges. They will also control Poa annua. So having two chemistries in there for post-emergent Poa control is nice. It has two different modes of action. And then Prodiamine, which is Barricade for the residual pre-emergent control of weeds in there as well. So it's a pre-emergent plus post-emergent treatment.</p> <p>We have seen very good control of winter annual weeds like clover, Poa annua, and various other winter annual broadleaf weeds in our test plots. As you can see here from Coastal and with the Prodiamine in the mix with those spring treatments we can get very good crabgrass control as well throughout the year. So I think we're going to start seeing a lot more of these combination products that are combining multiple chemistries that provide both pre and post-emergent weed control, different modes of action as well there to combat resistant weeds and Coastal is going to be the first of many of these types of combinations that will be coming out for the turfgrass industry.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#conclusion","title":"Conclusion","text":"<p>So with that, I conclude my presentation. Thank you for your attendance and hope to see you guys sometime soon. Thank you so much.</p> <p>Transcript processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt (649 blocks)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/matching/","title":"GTBOP Moodle Matching Exercises","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/matching/#weed-control-in-turf-a-review-of-the-basics-and-recent-updates","title":"Weed Control in Turf \u2014 A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates","text":"<p>Webinar Date: November 17, 2017 Speaker: Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia Series: Green & Commercial Course Context: Weed Science Certificate Course Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) + Archive Package (Stage 2)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/matching/#matching-exercise-1-weed-lifecycle-classification","title":"Matching Exercise 1: Weed Lifecycle Classification","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 10:16 \u2013 15:06 (primary coverage area) Type: Timing-Practice</p> <p>Instructions: Match each weed species in Column A with its lifecycle classification as described by McCullough in Column B.</p> # Column A Column B 1 Henbit a) Summer annual 2 Crabgrass b) Winter annual 3 Purple nutsedge c) Simple perennial 4 Spotted spurge d) Complex perennial 5 Wild garlic e) Cool-season perennial 6 White clover 7 Annual bluegrass (Poa annua) 8 Goosegrass <p>Answer Key: 1 \u2192 b, 2 \u2192 a, 3 \u2192 d, 4 \u2192 a, 5 \u2192 c, 6 \u2192 d, 7 \u2192 b, 8 \u2192 a</p> <p>Notes: White clover is listed as a complex perennial alongside bermudagrass, Canada thistle, ground ivy, and the nutsedges. Wild garlic is McCullough's example of a simple perennial that emerges from below-ground bulbs. Distractor \"e\" (cool-season perennial) is not used \u2014 McCullough does not assign this specific classification to any of the listed species; he describes white clover as a \"cool season perennial\" in passing (Block 91) but classifies it among complex perennials (Block 122).</p> <p>Source in transcript: Blocks 94\u2013122</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/matching/#matching-exercise-2-pre-emergent-herbicide-products-and-characteristics","title":"Matching Exercise 2: Pre-Emergent Herbicide Products and Characteristics","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 27:00 \u2013 37:05 (primary coverage area) Type: Product-Characteristic</p> <p>Instructions: Match each herbicide or product in Column A with the characteristic McCullough associates with it in Column B.</p> # Column A Column B 1 Prodiamine (Barricade) a) Short residual activity; moderate duration in soil 2 Siduron (Tupersan) b) Strong on broadleaf weeds but weaker on grassy weeds 3 Isoxaben (Gallery) c) Long residual (4\u20136 months); strong on grassy weeds 4 Specticle (indaziflam) d) Different mode of action from dinitroanilines; very active on Poa annua 5 Dithiopyr (Dimension) e) Similar mode of action to dinitroanilines; cross-resistance with prodiamine for Poa annua 6 Pendimethalin f) Strong on grassy weeds; widely used for spring crabgrass control g) Can be impregnated on fertilizer for weed-and-feed applications <p>Answer Key: 1 \u2192 c, 2 \u2192 a, 3 \u2192 b, 4 \u2192 d, 5 \u2192 e, 6 \u2192 f</p> <p>Notes: Distractor \"g\" applies generally to several products McCullough mentions but is not specifically paired with any single product in this exercise. McCullough notes that pendimethalin and prodiamine are both widely used for crabgrass control; the distinguishing detail for prodiamine here is its longer residual.</p> <p>Source in transcript: Blocks 243\u2013333, 369\u2013375</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/matching/#matching-exercise-3-new-2018-herbicide-products","title":"Matching Exercise 3: New 2018 Herbicide Products","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 55:01 \u2013 1:09:53 (primary coverage area) Type: Product-Ingredient</p> <p>Instructions: Match each new product trade name in Column A with its active ingredient(s) or key characteristic in Column B.</p> # Column A Column B 1 RELZAR a) Sulfentrazone + carfentrazone; rapid sedge and kyllinga knockdown 2 Game On b) Halauxifen + florasulam; one rate for all turfgrass species 3 Switchblade c) Pyrimisulfan + penoxsulam; granular with root uptake, no dew required 4 Vexis d) Halauxifen + 2,4-D choline + fluroxypyr; primarily cool-season grasses 5 Solero e) Simazine + imazaquin + prodiamine; pre + post combination 6 Dismiss NXT f) Mesosulfuron; comparable to SedgeHammer and halosulfuron for sedge control 7 Coastal g) Halauxifen + dicamba + fluroxypyr; labeled for warm-season including centipedegrass h) Sulfentrazone alone; long residual sedge control <p>Answer Key: 1 \u2192 b, 2 \u2192 d, 3 \u2192 g, 4 \u2192 c, 5 \u2192 f, 6 \u2192 a, 7 \u2192 e</p> <p>Notes: Distractor \"h\" describes standard Dismiss (sulfentrazone alone), which McCullough discusses but is not one of the new 2018 products. The key distinguishing features between RELZAR, Game On, and Switchblade are their secondary active ingredients and resulting turfgrass species labels.</p> <p>Source in transcript: Blocks 505\u2013644</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/matching/#matching-exercise-summary","title":"Matching Exercise Summary","text":"<p>Total Exercises: 3 Total Pairs: 21 (8 + 6 + 7) Distractors: 3 (1 per exercise) Types: Timing-Practice (1), Product-Characteristic (1), Product-Ingredient (1) Coverage: Lifecycles (early-mid presentation), Pre-emergent products (mid presentation), New products (late presentation)</p> <p>Generated for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Moodle Certificate Course \u2014 Weed Science Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt (649 blocks)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/","title":"GTBOP Moodle Quiz","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#weed-control-in-turf-a-review-of-the-basics-and-recent-updates","title":"Weed Control in Turf \u2014 A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates","text":"<p>Webinar Date: November 17, 2017 Speaker: Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia Series: Green & Commercial Course Context: Weed Science Certificate Course Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) + Archive Package (Stage 2)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-1","title":"Question 1","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 0:46 \u2013 1:53 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>Which two weed identification books does McCullough specifically recommend for turfgrass managers?</p> <p>a) Weeds of the Northeast and Southern Weed Science Society Field Guide b) Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds and Weeds of Southern Turfgrass c) Weed Identification Guide for Georgia and Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds d) Weeds of Southern Turfgrass and Crop Weed Identification Manual</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: McCullough recommends the Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds (published by GCSAA) and Weeds of Southern Turfgrass (a UGA publication available through the Athens bookstore). Source in transcript: Blocks 10\u201314</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-2","title":"Question 2","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 2:43 \u2013 3:56 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>According to McCullough, what is typically the first and best characteristic he looks for when trying to identify a grassy weed species?</p> <p>a) Ligule structure b) Leaf color c) Seed head d) Root system</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: McCullough states that the seed head is usually the first characteristic he looks for on a weed sample and is typically the best characteristic to quickly key out a weed species. Source in transcript: Blocks 27\u201336</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-3","title":"Question 3","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 3:57 \u2013 5:11 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A turfgrass manager finds a warm-season perennial grassy weed with a V-shaped seed head where the two spikes join at the base. Which species is this most likely, and what herbicide does McCullough suggest for its control?</p> <p>a) Dallisgrass; metsulfuron b) Bahiagrass; metsulfuron c) Dallisgrass; specific application programs depending on turfgrass species d) Goosegrass; prodiamine</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: McCullough describes bahiagrass as having a V-shaped (or B-shaped) seed head where the spikes join at the base, distinguishing it from dallisgrass which has alternating spikes. Bahiagrass responds well to metsulfuron, while dallisgrass requires more specific application programs. Source in transcript: Blocks 37\u201348</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-4","title":"Question 4","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 5:34 \u2013 6:47 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>During the growing season, a lawn care operator finds an unfamiliar summer grassy weed with no visible seed head. On closer inspection, the plant has no ligule at the base of the leaf blade. Based on McCullough's identification guidance, which weed species should they suspect?</p> <p>a) Large crabgrass b) Smooth crabgrass c) Barnyardgrass d) Goosegrass</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: McCullough explains that barnyardgrass does not have a distinct ligule \u2014 that structure is absent from the plant. Crabgrass species, by contrast, have a fleshy ligule often with a fringe of hairs. The absence of a ligule in a summer grassy weed is a strong indicator of barnyardgrass. Source in transcript: Blocks 54\u201361</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-5","title":"Question 5","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 10:16 \u2013 12:04 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>Which of the following is a true winter annual weed that germinates in the fall and dies out in the summer?</p> <p>a) Spotted spurge b) Goosegrass c) Henbit d) Doveweed</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: McCullough identifies henbit as a winter annual weed that germinates in the fall, grows actively in winter, goes to seed in spring, and then dies in summer. Spotted spurge, goosegrass, and doveweed are all summer annuals that germinate in spring and die in winter. Source in transcript: Blocks 94\u2013107</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-6","title":"Question 6","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 12:05 \u2013 15:06 Difficulty: Analysis</p> <p>Why are complex perennial weeds like bermudagrass and purple nutsedge more difficult to control than annual weeds, according to McCullough?</p> <p>a) They are resistant to all available herbicides b) They reproduce through stolons, rhizomes, and tubers in addition to seed, and pre-emergent herbicides do not control plants emerging from vegetative structures c) They only germinate during a narrow window that is difficult to predict d) They require non-selective herbicides that also damage the desired turfgrass</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: McCullough explains that complex perennials survive multiple years and primarily reproduce through asexual means \u2014 stolons, rhizomes, and tubers. Pre-emergent herbicides, which target seedling establishment, do not control plants emerging from below-ground vegetative structures. This makes control unpredictable and difficult compared to annual weeds with predictable germination windows. Source in transcript: Blocks 109\u2013132</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-7","title":"Question 7","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 17:08 \u2013 19:15 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>In the North Carolina mowing height study McCullough presents, what happened to crabgrass cover when tall fescue mowing height was raised from one inch to four inches?</p> <p>a) Crabgrass was reduced by approximately 50% b) Crabgrass was reduced from 95% cover to essentially 0% c) Crabgrass was unaffected by mowing height d) Crabgrass was reduced from 60% cover to 20%</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: McCullough presents the North Carolina study showing that raising tall fescue from a one-inch to a four-inch mowing height cut crabgrass population from 95% cover to basically 0%. The taller fescue was able to shade out crabgrass and prevent its emergence. Source in transcript: Blocks 159\u2013165</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-8","title":"Question 8","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 24:07 \u2013 26:09 Difficulty: Analysis</p> <p>A homeowner asks whether a pre-emergent herbicide will stop weeds from sprouting in the first place. Based on McCullough's explanation, what is the correct response?</p> <p>a) Yes, pre-emergent herbicides prevent seeds from germinating in the soil b) No, seeds still germinate, but the herbicide inhibits cell division in the seedling roots and shoots so they fail to establish c) Yes, pre-emergent herbicides create a chemical barrier that seeds cannot penetrate d) No, pre-emergent herbicides only work on established weeds</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: McCullough specifically states that pre-emergent herbicides do not prevent weed seed germination. Seeds must first germinate and the young roots and shoots absorb the herbicide from the soil water solution. Most pre-emergent herbicides then tie up cell division, so the seedling fails to establish a healthy root system and dies. Source in transcript: Blocks 226\u2013227</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-9","title":"Question 9","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 29:38 \u2013 31:06 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A golf course superintendent needs to apply a pre-emergent herbicide but has no irrigation available and no rain is expected for two weeks. Based on McCullough's guidance, which formulation should they choose and why?</p> <p>a) Sprayable formulation, because it provides more uniform coverage b) Granular formulation, because it can reach the soil more readily without irrigation and has less potential for loss c) Either formulation, since irrigation timing does not affect pre-emergent efficacy d) Sprayable formulation applied at double the rate to compensate for losses</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: McCullough explains that sprayable formulations can lose efficacy through photodegradation, volatilization, and clipping collection when they cannot be watered in promptly. Dry granular formulations get to the soil much better and have less potential for losses compared to sprayable products when irrigation is unavailable. Source in transcript: Blocks 266\u2013282</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-10","title":"Question 10","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 35:11 \u2013 36:20 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>Instead of applying prodiamine (Barricade) at one pound of active ingredient per acre in a single March application, a lawn care operator splits it into two applications. What is the recommended split program McCullough describes?</p> <p>a) One-quarter pound in February and three-quarters pound in April b) Half a pound in March and half a pound in late May or June c) One pound in March and one pound in September d) Half a pound in January and half a pound in March</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: McCullough recommends splitting the application into half a pound active per acre in March and another half pound active per acre in late May or June. This provides a fresh supply of herbicide to the soil and extends residual control beyond a single full-rate application, improving control of late-season crabgrass flushes. Source in transcript: Blocks 319\u2013324</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-11","title":"Question 11","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 37:31 \u2013 40:11 Difficulty: Analysis</p> <p>McCullough explains that herbicide resistance is not caused by the herbicide changing the weed. What is actually happening when a weed population becomes resistant?</p> <p>a) The herbicide breaks down in the soil faster over time, reducing its effectiveness b) Repeated applications select for naturally occurring biotypes with altered target sites that do not respond to the herbicide, allowing them to reproduce and spread c) Weeds develop immunity after repeated exposure, similar to antibiotic resistance in bacteria d) Resistant weeds are introduced from other regions through contaminated seed or equipment</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: McCullough emphasizes that resistance is a naturally occurring trait \u2014 not a change caused by the herbicide. A resistant biotype (perhaps one in a million) has a mutated target site where the herbicide cannot bind properly. Using the same herbicide repeatedly kills susceptible plants while the resistant biotype survives, reproduces, and eventually dominates the population through selection pressure. Source in transcript: Blocks 345\u2013363</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-12","title":"Question 12","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 46:05 \u2013 48:06 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>In McCullough's golf course field trials testing resistance management programs, what combination provided complete Poa annua control at all three test locations, including those with resistance issues?</p> <p>a) Barricade applied at double rate b) Specticle alone at standard timing c) A sulfonylurea herbicide combined with simazine d) Dismiss NXT at the fall timing</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: McCullough found that combining a sulfonylurea with simazine \u2014 two different modes of action \u2014 gave complete control of Poa at all three golf courses, even where individual products like Revolver or simazine alone had resistance failures. The combination addressed different resistance profiles at each location. Source in transcript: Blocks 438\u2013445</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-13","title":"Question 13","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 55:01 \u2013 59:05 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>What is the new active ingredient from Dow that McCullough discusses, and what is its primary characteristic?</p> <p>a) Pyrimisulfan; long residual soil activity b) Mesosulfuron; excellent sedge control c) Halauxifen; very rapid broadleaf weed activity within five to seven days d) Carfentrazone; controls both grassy and broadleaf weeds</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Halauxifen is a new synthetic auxin (Group 4) herbicide from Dow. McCullough highlights its very rapid activity \u2014 susceptible broadleaf weeds typically show browning and necrosis within five to seven days. It is the active ingredient in RELZAR, Game On, and Switchblade. Source in transcript: Blocks 505\u2013513</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-14","title":"Question 14","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 1:06:27 \u2013 1:08:17 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A lawn care company wants the fastest possible visual response when treating kyllinga for a demanding client. Based on McCullough's research, which product should they consider, and what is its limitation?</p> <p>a) SedgeHammer, but it requires a surfactant to be effective b) Dismiss NXT, but it does not provide significantly better long-term control than standard Dismiss c) Vexis, but it requires dew to be present on the plant d) Solero, but it is only labeled for cool-season grasses</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: McCullough reports that Dismiss NXT (sulfentrazone + carfentrazone) provides rapid control of kyllinga within seven days \u2014 a very fast takedown. However, his research did not show a significant difference in long-term control compared to straight Dismiss. The speed of response is the main advantage, which can satisfy clients who want to see quick results. Source in transcript: Blocks 612\u2013627</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-15","title":"Question 15","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 1:08:19 \u2013 1:09:53 Difficulty: Analysis</p> <p>Why does McCullough view Coastal (simazine + imazaquin + prodiamine) as representing a significant trend in turfgrass herbicide development?</p> <p>a) It is the first herbicide specifically developed for centipedegrass b) It combines pre-emergent and post-emergent activity with multiple modes of action in a single product, addressing both weed control and resistance management c) It provides season-long control with a single application d) It is the first product safe for use on all warm- and cool-season turfgrass species</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: McCullough describes Coastal as having both post-emergent activity (simazine and imazaquin controlling broadleaf weeds, sedges, and Poa annua with two different modes of action) and pre-emergent residual control (prodiamine). He sees it as the first of many combination products that will combine multiple chemistries for both weed control and resistance management in the turfgrass industry. Source in transcript: Blocks 628\u2013644</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#quiz-summary","title":"Quiz Summary","text":"<p>Total Questions: 15 Difficulty Distribution: - Recall: 6 questions (40%) \u2014 Questions 1, 2, 5, 7, 12, 13 - Application: 5 questions (33%) \u2014 Questions 3, 4, 9, 10, 14 - Analysis: 4 questions (27%) \u2014 Questions 6, 8, 11, 15</p> <p>Coverage Distribution: - Weed Identification (0:00\u201310:15): Questions 1, 2, 3, 4 - Lifecycles and Cultural Practices (10:16\u201324:06): Questions 5, 6, 7 - Pre-Emergent Science (24:07\u201336:20): Questions 8, 9, 10 - Herbicide Resistance (37:31\u201355:00): Questions 11, 12 - New Products (55:01\u20131:09:53): Questions 13, 14, 15</p> <p>Generated for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Moodle Certificate Course \u2014 Weed Science Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt (649 blocks)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/","title":"GTBOP Moodle Review Activities","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#weed-control-in-turf-a-review-of-the-basics-and-recent-updates","title":"Weed Control in Turf \u2014 A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates","text":"<p>Webinar Date: November 17, 2017 Speaker: Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia Series: Green & Commercial Course Context: Weed Science Certificate Course Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) + Archive Package (Stage 2)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-1-weed-identification-characteristics","title":"Review Task 1: Weed Identification Characteristics","text":"<p>Watch: 2:43 \u2013 9:33 Task: As McCullough walks through the diagnostic characteristics used to identify weed species, list the six types of characteristics he covers and note one specific example species he uses to illustrate each. Key Points to Identify: - Seed heads (e.g., bahiagrass vs. dallisgrass, Poa annua panicle) - Ligules (e.g., barnyardgrass absent ligule vs. crabgrass fleshy ligule) - Flowers (e.g., two-petal vs. three-petal day flower species) - Leaf arrangement on stems (alternate vs. opposite) - Pubescence/hairs (e.g., smooth crabgrass vs. large crabgrass vs. southern crabgrass) - Leaf markings (e.g., white clover chevron vs. spotted burr clover purple dot)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-2-cultural-practices-and-weed-competition","title":"Review Task 2: Cultural Practices and Weed Competition","text":"<p>Watch: 17:08 \u2013 21:26 Task: McCullough presents two research studies demonstrating how cultural practices influence weed populations. Summarize the key finding of each study, including the specific numbers he provides. Key Points to Identify: - Mowing height study: tall fescue at 1 inch vs. 4 inches \u2014 crabgrass reduced from 95% to 0% - Irrigation study: daily watering vs. as-needed \u2014 dollarweed cover increased 5\u20136 fold with daily irrigation - The connection between these findings and reducing the need for herbicide inputs</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-3-pre-emergent-herbicide-mechanism","title":"Review Task 3: Pre-Emergent Herbicide Mechanism","text":"<p>Watch: 24:07 \u2013 27:00 Task: McCullough explains a common misconception about how pre-emergent herbicides work. Identify what pre-emergent herbicides do NOT do and then describe the actual mechanism in three steps (where the product goes, how the weed encounters it, what happens to the seedling). Key Points to Identify: - Pre-emergents do NOT prevent germination - Product binds in the upper half-inch of the soil profile - Germinating seedling roots and shoots absorb the herbicide from soil water solution - Herbicide inhibits cell division; seedling fails to establish healthy roots and dies</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-4-herbicide-resistance-selection-pressure","title":"Review Task 4: Herbicide Resistance Selection Pressure","text":"<p>Watch: 37:31 \u2013 43:33 Task: McCullough uses a year-by-year diagram to explain how herbicide resistance develops through selection pressure. Trace the progression from Year 1 through Year 5 and explain why simply increasing the herbicide rate does not solve the problem. Key Points to Identify: - Year 1: one naturally resistant biotype survives among susceptible population - Repeated applications kill susceptible plants, allowing resistant biotype to reproduce - By Year 5: resistant biotype dominates the population - Target-site resistance: altered binding site means the herbicide simply does not work regardless of rate (300x rate example with Monument)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-5-resistance-management-through-mode-of-action-combinations","title":"Review Task 5: Resistance Management Through Mode of Action Combinations","text":"<p>Watch: 46:05 \u2013 50:48 Task: McCullough describes the results of resistance management trials at three golf courses. For each course, note which herbicides worked, which failed, and explain why the combination of a sulfonylurea with simazine succeeded at all three locations. Key Points to Identify: - Different resistance profiles at each golf course (Barricade-resistant at courses 1 and 2; simazine-resistant at courses 1 and 3; sulfonylurea-resistant at course 2) - Specticle controlled dinitroaniline-resistant Poa at all sites - Sulfonylurea + simazine combination provided complete control at all three courses - Cost-effectiveness: simazine adds a second mode of action for ~$5/acre</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-6-new-product-comparison-halauxifen-formulations","title":"Review Task 6: New Product Comparison \u2014 Halauxifen Formulations","text":"<p>Watch: 55:01 \u2013 1:01:21 Task: McCullough introduces three new products from Dow that all contain halauxifen. Create a comparison noting the other active ingredients in each product, which turfgrass species each is labeled for, and which product would be appropriate for a centipedegrass lawn. Key Points to Identify: - RELZAR: halauxifen + florasulam \u2014 all major warm and cool-season species; one labeled rate - Game On: halauxifen + 2,4-D choline + fluroxypyr \u2014 primarily cool-season grasses plus bermudagrass and zoysiagrass; NOT centipedegrass or St. Augustinegrass (2,4-D sensitivity) - Switchblade: halauxifen + dicamba + fluroxypyr \u2014 warm and cool-season including centipedegrass and St. Augustinegrass - For a centipedegrass lawn: RELZAR or Switchblade, not Game On</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-activity-summary","title":"Review Activity Summary","text":"<p>Total Tasks: 6 Coverage Distribution: - Weed Identification (early): Task 1 - Cultural Practices (early-mid): Task 2 - Pre-Emergent Science (mid): Task 3 - Herbicide Resistance (mid-late): Tasks 4, 5 - New Products (late): Task 6</p> <p>Design Notes: Tasks are structured to guide self-paced viewing by directing learners to specific segments. Each task asks for synthesis beyond simple recall \u2014 listing, comparing, tracing progressions, or correcting misconceptions \u2014 to promote active engagement with the video content.</p> <p>Generated for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Moodle Certificate Course \u2014 Weed Science Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt (649 blocks)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/","title":"GTBOP Webinar Archive \u2014 Extension Agent Version","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#weed-control-in-turf-a-review-of-the-basics-and-recent-updates","title":"Weed Control in Turf \u2014 A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#webinar-details","title":"Webinar Details","text":"Field Details Speaker Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia Webinar Date November 17, 2017 Duration 1 hour, 10 minutes Series Green & Commercial Format Pre-recorded presentation (no live Q&A segment)"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#ceu-credit-information","title":"CEU Credit Information","text":"Category Description Applicable 24 Ornamental and Turf Pest Control Yes <p>This webinar is eligible for asynchronous CEU viewing. The full presentation runs 1:10:00.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#content-overview","title":"Content Overview","text":"<p>This presentation provides a thorough review of weed management fundamentals for turfgrass professionals, making it well-suited for both new applicators building foundational knowledge and experienced practitioners seeking updates on resistance management and new products.</p> <p>Part 1 \u2014 Weed Identification Fundamentals (0:00\u201310:15) McCullough covers the three weed classification categories (grassy, broadleaf, grass-like), recommended identification books, and diagnostic characteristics: seed heads, ligules, flowers, leaf arrangement, pubescence, and leaf markings. Practical examples include distinguishing bahiagrass from dallisgrass and identifying crabgrass species.</p> <p>Part 2 \u2014 Weed Lifecycles and Cultural Practices (10:16\u201324:06) Covers winter annuals, summer annuals, simple perennials, and complex perennials with management implications for each. Presents research data on mowing height effects (crabgrass in tall fescue), irrigation impacts (dollarweed study), and the importance of certified seed quality.</p> <p>Part 3 \u2014 Pre-Emergent Herbicide Science (24:07\u201336:20) Detailed explanation of how pre-emergent herbicides work in the soil, product formulations (sprayable vs. granular), activation requirements, residual activity differences among products, spring and fall application timing for Georgia, and split application strategies.</p> <p>Part 4 \u2014 Herbicide Resistance (37:31\u201355:00) Major section on resistance mechanisms, selection pressure, and current resistance issues in Georgia including Poa annua resistance to dinitroanilines and sulfonylureas, and halosulfuron-resistant sedge populations. Includes resistance management programs tested on three golf courses demonstrating the value of combining modes of action.</p> <p>Part 5 \u2014 New Products for 2018 (55:01\u20131:09:53) Profiles of seven new herbicide products: RELZAR, Game On, and Switchblade (halauxifen-based, Dow); Vexis (pyrimisulfan + penoxsulam); Solero (mesosulfuron, Nufarm); Dismiss NXT (sulfentrazone + carfentrazone, FMC); and Coastal (simazine + imazaquin + prodiamine, Sipcam).</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#viewing-instructions-for-asynchronous-ceu-use","title":"Viewing Instructions for Asynchronous CEU Use","text":"<p>This webinar is a single continuous presentation with no live Q&A segment. County agents may assign the full recording for individual viewing. Video chapters are available at the timestamps listed in the full archive package for agents who wish to direct viewers to specific segments.</p> <p>Key segments for targeted viewing: - Applicators needing identification refreshers: 0:00\u201310:15 (15 min) - Pre-emergent timing and product selection: 24:07\u201336:20 (12 min) - Herbicide resistance awareness and management: 37:31\u201355:00 (18 min) - New product updates: 55:01\u20131:09:53 (15 min)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#resources-referenced","title":"Resources Referenced","text":"<ul> <li>GeorgiaWeather.net \u2014 Soil temperature tracking for pre-emergent application timing</li> <li>Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds (GCSAA publication)</li> <li>Weeds of Southern Turfgrass (UGA publication)</li> </ul> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives Source: Stage 2 Archive Package \u2014 GTBOP_Archive_Summary_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/website/","title":"GTBOP Webinar Archive","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/website/#weed-control-in-turf-a-review-of-the-basics-and-recent-updates","title":"Weed Control in Turf \u2014 A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates","text":"<p>Webinar Date: November 17, 2017 Speaker: Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia Duration: 1:10:00 Series: Green & Commercial CEU Categories: Category 24 (Ornamental and Turf Pest Control) Format: Pre-recorded presentation (no live Q&A)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/website/#summary","title":"SUMMARY","text":"<p>Dr. Patrick McCullough, weed scientist at the University of Georgia, delivers a comprehensive review of turfgrass weed management fundamentals paired with updates on herbicide resistance issues and new product introductions for the 2018 season. The presentation covers the full scope of practical weed science knowledge that turfgrass managers need for effective control programs.</p> <p>McCullough begins with weed identification principles, recommending two key reference books \u2014 the Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds and UGA's Weeds of Southern Turfgrass \u2014 and walking through diagnostic characteristics including seed heads, ligules, flowers, leaf arrangement, pubescence, and leaf markings. He illustrates these with specific examples such as distinguishing bahiagrass from dallisgrass by seed head structure, differentiating crabgrass species by hair patterns, and separating white clover from spotted burr clover by leaf markings. Understanding weed lifecycles \u2014 winter annuals, summer annuals, simple perennials, and complex perennials \u2014 is essential because each group requires different management strategies and timing.</p> <p>Cultural practices receive substantial attention. McCullough presents research showing that raising tall fescue mowing height from one to four inches reduced crabgrass cover from 95% to essentially zero, and a three-year Florida study demonstrating that daily irrigation increased dollarweed cover five- to six-fold compared to as-needed watering. He emphasizes planting certified seed to avoid introducing weed species, citing an NTEP trial where seedlot contamination introduced broadleaf dock into a single plot.</p> <p>The core of the presentation covers pre-emergent herbicide science \u2014 how these products bind in the upper soil profile, inhibit cell division in germinating seedlings, and require timely activation through irrigation or rainfall. McCullough details application timing by Georgia region, residual activity differences among products, and the advantages of split applications for extending seasonal control.</p> <p>Herbicide resistance emerges as a major theme. McCullough presents field and greenhouse data showing widespread Poa annua (Poa annua) resistance to dinitroaniline and sulfonylurea herbicides across Georgia golf courses, sod farms, and lawns, along with halosulfuron-resistant sedge (Cyperus compressus) populations. He demonstrates how combining modes of action \u2014 such as pairing a sulfonylurea with simazine \u2014 controlled resistant biotypes at all three golf course test sites. The presentation concludes with updates on new 2018 products: RELZAR, Game On, and Switchblade (all containing the new active ingredient halauxifen from Dow); Vexis (pyrimisulfan + penoxsulam); Solero (mesosulfuron from Nufarm); Dismiss NXT (sulfentrazone + carfentrazone from FMC); and Coastal (simazine + imazaquin + prodiamine from Sipcam).</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/website/#video-chapters","title":"VIDEO CHAPTERS","text":"<p>0:00 Introduction 0:46 Weed Identification Books and Resources 2:00 Weed Categories: Grassy, Broadleaf, and Grass-Like 2:43 Identification by Seed Heads 3:57 Comparing Bahiagrass and Dallisgrass 5:13 Poa annua Seed Head Identification 5:34 Using Ligules for Grassy Weed Identification 6:50 Broadleaf Weed Flowers and Day Flower Species 7:52 Leaf Arrangement and Hair Characteristics 9:34 Leaf Markings: White Clover vs. Spotted Burr Clover 10:16 Weed Lifecycles: Winter and Summer Annuals 12:05 Perennial Weeds: Simple and Complex 16:02 Scouting, Early Detection, and Cultural Practices 17:08 Mowing Height Effects on Crabgrass Competition 20:07 Irrigation Influence on Weed Populations 22:05 Seed Quality and Seedlot Contamination 24:07 How Pre-Emergent Herbicides Work 27:00 Pre-Emergent Product Overview and Formulations 29:00 Pre-Emergent Targets and Limitations 29:38 Herbicide Activation: Sprayable vs. Granular 31:07 Spring Application Timing by Georgia Region 32:52 Residual Activity and Product Selection 34:48 Fall Pre-Emergent Timing for Winter Annuals 35:11 Split Applications for Extended Control 36:21 Fall Products for Poa annua Management 37:31 Herbicide Resistance: Overview and Mechanisms 41:01 Poa annua Resistance in Georgia 43:34 Fall Post-Emergent Timing and Sulfonylurea Programs 48:55 Poa annua Control Programs by Turfgrass Species 51:38 Sedge Resistance to Sulfonylureas 53:44 Other Herbicide-Resistant Weed Species 55:01 New for 2018: Halauxifen Products (RELZAR, Game On, Switchblade) 1:01:22 New for 2018: Vexis (Pyrimisulfan + Penoxsulam) 1:05:31 Solero (Mesosulfuron) from Nufarm 1:06:27 Dismiss NXT (Sulfentrazone + Carfentrazone) 1:08:19 Coastal: Three-Way Pre + Post Combination from Sipcam 1:09:53 Conclusion</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/website/#questions-answers","title":"QUESTIONS & ANSWERS","text":"<p>Q: What are the three main categories used to classify weeds in turfgrass? A: Weeds are classified as grassy weeds (monocots), broadleaf weeds (dicots), and grass-like weeds. The grass-like category is a miscellaneous grouping that includes sedges, wild garlic, wild onion, and plants like Star of Bethlehem that don't fit neatly into the other two categories.</p> <p>Q: Why is it important to distinguish bahiagrass from dallisgrass when planning herbicide treatments? A: Although both are warm-season perennial Paspalum species with similar seed head spikes, they have very different selective control options. Bahiagrass can be effectively controlled with metsulfuron and various warm-season species herbicides, while dallisgrass requires very specific application programs. Misidentifying one for the other could lead to ineffective treatments.</p> <p>Q: How does mowing height affect crabgrass populations in tall fescue? A: Research conducted in North Carolina showed that raising the mowing height of tall fescue from one inch to four inches reduced crabgrass cover from 95% to essentially 0%. The taller fescue was able to shade out crabgrass and prevent its establishment through increased competition.</p> <p>Q: How do pre-emergent herbicides work, and do they prevent weed seed germination? A: Pre-emergent herbicides do not prevent germination. They bind to the upper half inch of the soil profile and are absorbed by the roots and shoots of germinating seedlings. Most pre-emergent herbicides inhibit cell division, so seedlings that take in the herbicide fail to establish a healthy root system and die. Well-established turfgrass with roots penetrating below the treated zone is generally not affected.</p> <p>Q: Why are split applications of pre-emergent herbicides recommended over single applications? A: Splitting a pre-emergent application \u2014 for example, applying half a pound of prodiamine per acre in March and the other half in late May or June \u2014 provides a fresh supply of herbicide to the soil and extends residual control beyond what a single full-rate application achieves. This approach improves control of late-season flushes of crabgrass and other annual weeds.</p> <p>Q: What is herbicide resistance, and how does it develop in weed populations? A: Herbicide resistance develops through selection pressure. A naturally occurring resistant biotype \u2014 perhaps one in a thousand or one in a million plants \u2014 survives treatment because of an altered target site where the herbicide cannot bind properly. When the same herbicide is applied repeatedly over multiple years, susceptible plants are killed while the resistant biotype reproduces and spreads, eventually shifting the population toward resistance. This is not a change caused by the herbicide, but a selection of pre-existing genetic traits.</p> <p>Q: What herbicide resistance problems is Georgia currently experiencing with Poa annua? A: Georgia is seeing widespread Poa annua resistance to dinitroaniline pre-emergent herbicides (pendimethalin, prodiamine) with cross-resistance to Dimension (dithiopyr). Sulfonylurea post-emergent resistance is also prevalent. McCullough's greenhouse testing showed a resistant biotype survived rates up to 300 times the labeled rate of Monument, demonstrating classic target-site resistance. These resistance issues are increasing on lawns, golf courses, sod farms, and other turfgrass areas throughout the state.</p> <p>Q: What resistance management strategy does McCullough recommend for Poa annua control in bermudagrass and zoysiagrass? A: McCullough recommends combining two modes of action \u2014 a sulfonylurea herbicide (such as Revolver, Monument, Katana, or Tribute Total) with a triazine herbicide (simazine) at a quart per acre. In field trials across three golf courses with different resistance profiles, this tank mixture provided complete Poa control at all locations, even where individual products had failed. Simazine adds a second mode of action for approximately $5 per acre.</p> <p>Q: What is halauxifen, and what new products will contain it? A: Halauxifen is a new synthetic auxin (Group 4) active ingredient from Dow with very rapid broadleaf weed activity \u2014 typically five to seven days to visible response. Three products containing halauxifen were set for 2018 release: RELZAR (halauxifen + florasulam) for all major turfgrass species; Game On (halauxifen + 2,4-D choline + fluroxypyr) primarily for cool-season grasses and bermudagrass; and Switchblade (halauxifen + dicamba + fluroxypyr) for warm- and cool-season grasses including centipedegrass and St. Augustinegrass. All three showed promising activity on doveweed.</p> <p>Q: How does Dismiss NXT differ from standard Dismiss? A: Dismiss NXT combines sulfentrazone (the active ingredient in Dismiss) with carfentrazone (the active ingredient in Quicksilver). The primary advantage is speed of control \u2014 Dismiss NXT provides rapid knockdown of sedges and kyllinga, with visible results within seven days. However, McCullough's research did not show a significant difference in long-term control levels compared to straight Dismiss. The rapid visual response can be valuable for client satisfaction.</p> <p>Q: What is the Coastal combination product, and why is it significant? A: Coastal is a three-way combination from Sipcam containing simazine, imazaquin, and prodiamine. It provides both post-emergent activity (simazine and imazaquin controlling broadleaf weeds, sedges, and Poa annua with two different modes of action) and pre-emergent residual control (prodiamine for grassy weeds). McCullough sees this type of multi-chemistry combination product as a model for future turfgrass herbicide development, particularly for managing resistant weed populations.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/website/#resources","title":"RESOURCES","text":"<ul> <li>GeorgiaWeather.net \u2014 Weather station network for tracking local soil temperatures to time pre-emergent herbicide applications</li> <li>Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds \u2014 Published by GCSAA, available through Amazon and other retailers</li> <li>Weeds of Southern Turfgrass \u2014 UGA publication, available through the Athens bookstore and online retailers</li> </ul> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt (649 blocks)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/youtube/","title":"GTBOP YouTube Description","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/youtube/#weed-control-in-turf-a-review-of-the-basics-and-recent-updates","title":"Weed Control in Turf \u2014 A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates","text":"<p>Weed Control in Turf: A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates with Dr. Patrick McCullough</p> <p>Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist at the University of Georgia, delivers a comprehensive review of turfgrass weed management covering identification fundamentals, cultural practices, pre-emergent herbicide science, herbicide resistance issues in Georgia, and new products for 2018 including halauxifen-based herbicides from Dow, Vexis, Solero, Dismiss NXT, and the combination product Coastal.</p> <p>Topics include distinguishing weed species by seed heads, ligules, flowers, and leaf characteristics; the impact of mowing height and irrigation on weed competition; pre-emergent application timing by Georgia region; split application strategies; herbicide resistance mechanisms and management programs for Poa annua and resistant sedges; and detailed profiles of seven new turfgrass herbicide products.</p> <p>Presented for the GTBOP (Getting the Best of Pests) Green & Commercial Webinar Series University of Georgia Center for Urban Agriculture Webinar Date: November 17, 2017 CEU Category: 24 (Ornamental and Turf Pest Control)</p> <p>\ud83d\udd17 Resources mentioned in this presentation: \u2022 GeorgiaWeather.net \u2014 Local soil temperature tracking for application timing \u2022 Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds (GCSAA) \u2022 Weeds of Southern Turfgrass (UGA publication)</p> <p>TIMESTAMPS: 0:00 Introduction 0:46 Weed Identification Books and Resources 2:00 Weed Categories: Grassy, Broadleaf, and Grass-Like 2:43 Identification by Seed Heads 3:57 Comparing Bahiagrass and Dallisgrass 5:13 Poa annua Seed Head Identification 5:34 Using Ligules for Grassy Weed Identification 6:50 Broadleaf Weed Flowers and Day Flower Species 7:52 Leaf Arrangement and Hair Characteristics 9:34 Leaf Markings: White Clover vs. Spotted Burr Clover 10:16 Weed Lifecycles: Winter and Summer Annuals 12:05 Perennial Weeds: Simple and Complex 16:02 Scouting, Early Detection, and Cultural Practices 17:08 Mowing Height Effects on Crabgrass Competition 20:07 Irrigation Influence on Weed Populations 22:05 Seed Quality and Seedlot Contamination 24:07 How Pre-Emergent Herbicides Work 27:00 Pre-Emergent Product Overview and Formulations 29:00 Pre-Emergent Targets and Limitations 29:38 Herbicide Activation: Sprayable vs. Granular 31:07 Spring Application Timing by Georgia Region 32:52 Residual Activity and Product Selection 34:48 Fall Pre-Emergent Timing for Winter Annuals 35:11 Split Applications for Extended Control 36:21 Fall Products for Poa annua Management 37:31 Herbicide Resistance: Overview and Mechanisms 41:01 Poa annua Resistance in Georgia 43:34 Fall Post-Emergent Timing and Sulfonylurea Programs 48:55 Poa annua Control Programs by Turfgrass Species 51:38 Sedge Resistance to Sulfonylureas 53:44 Other Herbicide-Resistant Weed Species 55:01 New for 2018: Halauxifen Products (RELZAR, Game On, Switchblade) 1:01:22 New for 2018: Vexis (Pyrimisulfan + Penoxsulam) 1:05:31 Solero (Mesosulfuron) from Nufarm 1:06:27 Dismiss NXT (Sulfentrazone + Carfentrazone) 1:08:19 Coastal: Three-Way Pre + Post Combination from Sipcam 1:09:53 Conclusion</p> <p>QUESTIONS ADDRESSED IN THIS PRESENTATION:</p> <p>Q: What are the key characteristics used to identify grassy and broadleaf weeds? A: McCullough covers seed heads, ligules, flowers, leaf arrangement, pubescence, and leaf markings, with specific examples including bahiagrass vs. dallisgrass, crabgrass species differentiation, and day flower identification.</p> <p>Q: How do cultural practices affect weed populations? A: Research shows raising tall fescue mowing height from 1 to 4 inches reduced crabgrass from 95% to 0% cover. A Florida study found daily irrigation increased dollarweed five- to six-fold compared to as-needed watering.</p> <p>Q: How do pre-emergent herbicides work? A: Pre-emergent herbicides bind in the upper soil profile, are absorbed by germinating seedling roots and shoots, and inhibit cell division. They do not prevent germination \u2014 seedlings must first emerge and take in the product.</p> <p>Q: What herbicide resistance issues is Georgia facing? A: Widespread Poa annua resistance to dinitroaniline pre-emergents and sulfonylurea post-emergents, plus halosulfuron-resistant sedge populations. McCullough recommends combining modes of action for resistance management.</p> <p>Q: What new herbicide products are coming for 2018? A: RELZAR, Game On, and Switchblade (halauxifen from Dow); Vexis (pyrimisulfan + penoxsulam); Solero (mesosulfuron from Nufarm); Dismiss NXT (sulfentrazone + carfentrazone from FMC); and Coastal (simazine + imazaquin + prodiamine from Sipcam).</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/youtube/#turfgrass-weedcontrol-pestmanagement-uga-gtbop-ceu-lawncare-herbicide-preemergent-poaannua","title":"turfgrass #weedcontrol #pestmanagement #UGA #GTBOP #CEU #lawncare #herbicide #preemergent #poaannua","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/","title":"Dr. Ignazio Graziosi \u2014 Tree Pests of the Southeast","text":"<p>Webinar Date: January 15, 2026 Speaker: Dr. Ignazio Graziosi, UGA Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources Moderator: Beth Horne, Extension Associate Series: Green & Commercial CEU Categories: Category 24 (Ornamental and Turf)</p>","tags":["Green & Commercial","Entomology","Graziosi"]},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/#deliverables","title":"Deliverables","text":"Deliverable Stage Description Archive Summary 2 Narrative summary, YouTube timestamps, Q&A Prose Transcript 5 Full presentation in readable prose Transcript Corrections 1 Correction log and verification YouTube Version 3 Character-limited YouTube description Website Version 3 Full web publication version Extension Agent Version 3 CEU-focused asynchronous version Quiz 4 Multiple choice assessment Matching 4 Term-to-definition exercises Review Prompts 4 Timestamp-linked review tasks Corrected SRT 1 Download corrected subtitle file <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>","tags":["Green & Commercial","Entomology","Graziosi"]},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/archive-summary/","title":"GTBOP Webinar Archive Summary","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/archive-summary/#understanding-tree-pests-disease-interactions-invasive-threats-and-management-strategies","title":"Understanding Tree Pests: Disease Interactions, Invasive Threats, and Management Strategies","text":"<p>Webinar Date: January 15, 2026 Speaker: Dr. Ignazio Graziosi, Assistant Professor, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia Moderator: Dr. Bodie Pennisi, UGA Horticulturist Duration: 52:11 Series: Green & Commercial CEU Categories: TBD</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/archive-summary/#narrative-summary","title":"NARRATIVE SUMMARY","text":"<p>Dr. Ignazio Graziosi, an assistant professor in the Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources at the University of Georgia, presented a framework for understanding tree pest damage through ecological interactions. He emphasized that damage results from the interplay of three components \u2014 the pest, the host tree, and the environment \u2014 known as the disease triangle. He extended this concept through the spiral of tree decline, illustrating how predisposing factors like soil compaction, inciting factors like drought, and contributing factors including wood-boring insects and fungi push trees toward death, particularly in urban environments.</p> <p>Dr. Graziosi applied this framework to three case studies. The first examined the emerald ash borer (EAB), a non-native pest devastating native ash across North America. He reviewed the EAB life cycle, the role of firewood movement in spreading the invasion, and the diversity of ash species at risk in Georgia, including the white fringetree (family Oleaceae) as an alternate host and population reservoir. He explained how EAB populations remain low in Asia due to co-evolved resistant trees and specialist parasitoid wasps, which USDA has introduced to North America through importation biological control. Chemical protection via tree injection, bark spray, and soil drench remains critical for high-value landscape trees.</p> <p>The second case study addressed crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS), a non-native pest attacking crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) across the South. Dr. Graziosi described overlapping generations that complicate control timing, an expanding host range including American beautyberry and St. John's wort, and urban heat island effects that stress trees while accelerating insect development. Chemical options include soil drench, soil injection, and foliar sprays, though trunk injection is ineffective in crapemyrtle. Native predators such as lady beetles and green lacewings provide some control but lack the specialization needed for sustained suppression.</p> <p>The third case study examined the orange-striped oakworm moth, a native pest of native oaks. Dr. Graziosi explained why clonal nursery stock in urban landscapes creates genetically uniform stands with low resistance, compounded by urban heat effects. He outlined a practical decision framework: managers should distinguish aesthetic damage from actual harm using a 25% defoliation threshold and recognize that late-season defoliation is less damaging. Btk (Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki) as a foliar spray is effective against young larvae with minimal impact on natural enemies.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/archive-summary/#youtube-timestamps","title":"YOUTUBE TIMESTAMPS","text":"<p>0:00 Introduction and speaker credentials 1:28 The disease triangle: pest, tree, and environment 3:02 The spiral of tree decline 6:07 Native vs. non-native pest and tree interactions 7:22 Example 1: Emerald ash borer (EAB) \u2014 overview 8:23 EAB life cycle and damage symptoms 10:48 EAB generation time and temperature effects 11:57 EAB spread across North America and firewood 13:47 EAB in Georgia and native ash species diversity 15:26 White fringetree as alternate EAB host 16:43 Global trade and non-native species introductions 18:20 The invasion curve: detection, eradication, and control 21:32 Why EAB is not a pest in Asia 22:34 Chemical control methods for EAB 23:57 Importation biological control: parasitoid wasps 28:01 Native natural enemies and the goal of balance 29:42 Example 2: Crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS) \u2014 overview 31:47 CMBS biology, life cycle, and overlapping generations 33:47 CMBS invasion timeline and early detection 35:02 CMBS and the invasion curve in Georgia 36:06 CMBS host range expansion in North America 36:42 Urban heat island effects on scales 37:28 Chemical control options for CMBS 38:31 Natural enemies: lady beetles and lacewings 42:04 Balancing chemical and biological control for CMBS 42:25 Example 3: Orange-striped oakworm moth \u2014 overview 43:53 Oakworm life cycle and seasonal timing 44:51 Why urban and clonal trees are vulnerable 46:35 Natural enemies of the oakworm 47:56 Control decisions: damage thresholds and Btk 49:19 Presentation wrap-up and key takeaways 50:01 Moderator comments on CMBS expansion in Georgia</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/archive-summary/#questions-answers","title":"QUESTIONS & ANSWERS","text":"<p>Q: What is the disease triangle, and why is it important for understanding tree pest damage? A: The disease triangle describes how damage to a tree results from the interaction of three components: the pest, the host tree, and the environment. Damage is not caused by the pest alone \u2014 a susceptible tree in a stressful environment amplifies the impact. Dr. Graziosi emphasized that this framework helps professionals identify which factors they can influence when managing pest problems, particularly in urban settings where environmental stress is high.</p> <p>Q: What is the spiral of tree decline, and how does it relate to tree death in urban environments? A: The spiral of tree decline is a diagram with three levels of stressors \u2014 predisposing factors (such as soil compaction and genetic potential), inciting factors (such as defoliating insects and drought), and contributing factors (such as wood-boring insects, nematodes, and Armillaria). Each level can independently bring a tree to death, and urban environments intensify these stressors. The key takeaway is that tree death typically results from multiple interacting factors rather than a single cause.</p> <p>Q: How does firewood movement contribute to the spread of the emerald ash borer? A: The movement of infested firewood by campers and travelers was the primary pathway for EAB's rapid spread across North America. Researchers were able to connect the pattern of EAB spread closely with the highway and freeway system. This led to the \"Don't Move Firewood\" campaign, which also helps contain other invasive insects such as the Asian longhorned beetle.</p> <p>Q: Why is the emerald ash borer not considered a pest in its native range in Asia? A: Two main reasons explain this. First, native Asian ash species co-evolved with the EAB and are resistant or less susceptible \u2014 only very weak, stressed trees are attacked there. Second, a community of specialist natural enemies, including parasitoid wasps, keeps EAB populations low in Asia. This understanding directly informed both the chemical protection approach (making North American trees artificially resistant) and the importation biological control program.</p> <p>Q: What are the chemical control options for protecting ash trees from the emerald ash borer? A: Three main application methods are available: tree injection, bark spray, and soil drench. Some products can be applied by homeowners while others require a professional applicator. Timing is important \u2014 for example, soil drench needs to be applied in spring before leaves emerge. Dr. Graziosi noted that chemical protection remains critical for saving individual high-value trees, since biological control has not yet been fully successful for EAB in North America.</p> <p>Q: Why is trunk injection not effective for controlling crapemyrtle bark scale? A: Crapemyrtle does not absorb systemic insecticides well through trunk injection \u2014 the chemical moves very slowly through the plant, making it an ineffective delivery method. Instead, soil drench, soil injection, and foliar sprays are the recommended chemical control approaches for CMBS. Soaps can also be used to target crawlers, the young mobile nymphs.</p> <p>Q: What native predators help control crapemyrtle bark scale, and what are their limitations? A: Three lady beetle species \u2014 the twice-stabbed lady beetle, the bigeminal lady beetle, and the non-native Harlequin lady beetle \u2014 are active predators of CMBS, feeding on both nymphs and adults. Green lacewings, particularly the red-lipped green lacewing, also prey on CMBS nymphs and eggs and are commercially available. However, these predators are generalists that often arrive late in the season and do not build sustained populations on infested trees, limiting their effectiveness as standalone control agents.</p> <p>Q: How should a landscape professional decide whether to treat for orange-striped oakworm? A: Dr. Graziosi outlined a two-part decision framework. First, distinguish between aesthetic damage and actual harm to the tree \u2014 the threshold is approximately 25% defoliation. Second, assess the season: late-season defoliation, even if substantial, is less harmful because the tree has already stored its nutrients. Treatment is most warranted for young or small trees experiencing significant early-season defoliation.</p> <p>Q: Why are urban landscape trees particularly vulnerable to the orange-striped oakworm? A: Urban landscape trees are often clonal nursery stock with very low genetic variability. Dr. Graziosi used the example of Nuttall oaks on the UGA Athens campus \u2014 beautiful, high-quality trees that are essentially genetically identical, meaning the susceptibility of one tree is the susceptibility of all. Combined with urban heat island effects that accelerate insect development, this creates conditions favoring pest outbreaks.</p> <p>Q: What is importation biological control, and how has it been applied to the emerald ash borer? A: Importation biological control involves studying the natural enemies that effectively control a pest in its native range and introducing them to the invaded region. USDA conducted risk assessments and introduced three specialist parasitoid wasp species from Asia to target EAB. Two species attack EAB larvae under the bark using ovipositors to locate them through vibrational cues, while the third parasitizes EAB eggs. These wasps are specialists that only attack EAB, ensuring they won't harm other insects.</p> <p>Q: What is the significance of the white fringetree for emerald ash borer management in Georgia? A: The white fringetree, which belongs to the same family (Oleaceae) as ash, was discovered in 2014 to be an alternate host for the EAB. This is significant not only because it means another native plant species is at risk, but more importantly because white fringetree can serve as a population reservoir, allowing EAB to persist in an area even after all ash trees are gone. This has direct implications for long-term management strategies in Georgia.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/archive-summary/#additional-resources","title":"ADDITIONAL RESOURCES","text":"<ul> <li>Dr. Graziosi referenced QR codes linking to UGA publications on EAB status and control in Georgia, the full insecticide protocol for EAB, and CMBS biology and management.</li> <li>The iTree tool suite (mentioned for calculating ecosystem services and benefits of trees, and for right-tree-right-place selection) is available at itreetools.org.</li> <li>Sign-in sheets for CEU credit should be submitted to gtbop@uga.edu or mailed to the address on the sign-in sheet.</li> <li>The next GTBOP webinar was announced for March 2026.</li> </ul> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/","title":"SRT Transcript Correction Summary","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#file-tree-pests-in-the-landscape-dr-ignazio-graziosi","title":"File: Tree Pests in the Landscape \u2014 Dr. Ignazio Graziosi","text":"<p>Date Corrected: February 8, 2026 Webinar Date: January 15, 2026 Series: Green & Commercial Topic: Entomology / Tree Health / Urban Forestry Speaker: Dr. Ignazio Graziosi, Assistant Professor, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia Moderator: Dr. Bodie Pennisi, UGA Horticulturist Closing: Rich Braman</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#source-verification","title":"SOURCE VERIFICATION","text":"<ul> <li>Original blocks: 529</li> <li>Corrected blocks: 529 \u2713 MATCH CONFIRMED</li> <li>Time range: 00:00:01,100 to 00:52:11,580</li> <li>Runtime: ~52 minutes</li> <li>File reading: COMPLETE \u2713</li> <li>Coverage proof:</li> <li>Early [~2:28]: Disease triangle concept \u2014 pest, tree, and environment interaction causes damage</li> <li>Middle [~24:03]: Importation biological control for EAB \u2014 parasitoid wasps brought from Asia to North America</li> <li>Late [~48:46]: Btk (Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki) as foliar spray for orange-striped oakworm control; 25% defoliation threshold</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#corrections-applied","title":"Corrections Applied","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#proper-nouns-speaker-names","title":"Proper Nouns \u2014 Speaker Names","text":"<ul> <li>\"Ignacio\" \u2192 \"Ignazio\" (Blocks 2, 503)</li> <li>\"Bori\" \u2192 \"Bodie\" (Blocks 15, 62)</li> <li>\"body\" \u2192 \"Bodie\" (Block 502)</li> <li>\"Bodhi\" \u2192 \"Bodie\" (Block 526)</li> <li>\"buddy\" \u2192 \"Bodie\" (Block 519 \u2014 Graziosi farewell to Pennisi)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#emerald-ash-borer-name-corrections-extensive","title":"Emerald Ash Borer \u2014 Name Corrections (extensive)","text":"<p>Whisper produced dozens of garbled variants of \"emerald ash borer\" and its abbreviation \"EAB\" throughout the transcript. All were corrected to the standard forms:</p> <p>Full name variants corrected \u2192 \"emerald ash borer\": - \"emeralish borer\" (Blocks 84, 85) - \"emeralash borer\" (Blocks 87, 88) - \"gemaralash borer\" (Block 100) - \"Emmerlash border\" (Blocks 123, 124) - \"emeralosh borer\" (Block 91) - \"Yemalash Bor\" (Block 146) - \"Ammonash war\" (Block 150) - \"MLA-Scheish border\" (Block 163) - \"Amaralash border\" (Block 220)</p> <p>Abbreviation variants corrected \u2192 \"EAB\": - \"EAD\" (Block 91) - \"IAB\" (Blocks 278, 280, 281) - \"AAB\" (Blocks 170, 171, 172, 173) - \"EEA-B\" (Block 229) - \"AB\" (Block 297) - \"AEB\" (Blocks 185, 186) - \"yebby\" / \"yebe\" / \"yee-be\" / \"yeb\" / \"yebis\" (Blocks 188, 193, 243, 254, 257, 263, 265, 266, 269, 270) - \"the baby\" (Block 243 \u2014 context: \"the EAB there\") - \"the bee\" (Block 264 \u2014 context: parasitoid drilling into bark) - \"YB\" (Block 170)</p> <p>Total EAB-related corrections: ~45+ individual instances</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#crapemyrtle-bark-scale-name-corrections","title":"Crapemyrtle Bark Scale \u2014 Name Corrections","text":"<p>All variants standardized to \"crapemyrtle bark scale\" (one word, no hyphen per extension convention): - \"crepe-mirtle bark scale\" \u2192 \"crapemyrtle bark scale\" (multiple blocks) - \"crepe-myrtle bark scale\" \u2192 \"crapemyrtle bark scale\" - \"crepe myrtle bark scale\" \u2192 \"crapemyrtle bark scale\" - \"crepe-mirtle bar scale\" \u2192 \"crapemyrtle bark scale\" - \"crepe myrtle bar scale\" \u2192 \"crapemyrtle bark scale\" - \"crab myrtle basket\" \u2192 \"crapemyrtle bark scale\" (Block 337) - \"capemir\" \u2192 \"crapemyrtle\" (Block 404) - \"bar scale\" \u2192 \"bark scale\" (Blocks 334, 405) - All standalone \"crepe myrtle\" / \"crepe-myrtle\" / \"crepe-mirtle\" \u2192 \"crapemyrtle\"</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#scientific-names","title":"Scientific Names","text":"<ul> <li>\"Lagerstrenia indica\" \u2192 \"Lagerstroemia indica\" (Block 304)</li> <li>\"La Grestorhemia speciosa\" \u2192 \"Lagerstroemia speciosa\" (Block 353)</li> <li>\"armillaria\" \u2192 \"Armillaria\" (Block 57 \u2014 genus capitalized)</li> <li>\"oleese\" \u2192 \"Oleaceae\" (Block 165)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#technical-terms-entomology","title":"Technical Terms \u2014 Entomology","text":"<ul> <li>\"four-inch star\" \u2192 \"fourth instar\" (Block 102)</li> <li>\"pre-culture\" \u2192 \"prepupa\" (Block 107)</li> <li>\"ovopositor\" \u2192 \"ovipositor\" (Block 264, 2 instances)</li> <li>\"T's tail \u2026 T's ovipositor\" \u2192 \"Its tail \u2026 its ovipositor\" (Block 264)</li> <li>\"BDK, Bacillus thuringiensis, Crustacea\" \u2192 \"Btk, Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki\" (Blocks 488\u2013489)</li> <li>\"inseticides\" \u2192 \"insecticides\" (Block 231)</li> <li>\"twice-tapped\" \u2192 \"twice-stabbed\" (Block 392)</li> <li>\"ladybeadle\" \u2192 \"lady beetle\" (Blocks 393, 394, multiple instances)</li> <li>\"Geminal\" / \"begeminal\" \u2192 \"bigeminal\" (Blocks 392, 393)</li> <li>\"infuriate the biological control\" \u2192 \"interfere with the biological control\" (Block 415)</li> <li>\"incident\" \u2192 \"insect\" (Block 327 \u2014 \"stages of the insect\")</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#technical-terms-tree-biology","title":"Technical Terms \u2014 Tree Biology","text":"<ul> <li>\"the camium, the artoxylem\" \u2192 \"the cambium, the outer xylem\" (Block 92)</li> <li>\"are incapacity\" \u2192 \"carrying capacity\" (Block 207)</li> <li>\"interesting trace\" \u2192 \"interesting tree\" (Block 155 \u2014 about blue ash)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#species-names","title":"Species Names","text":"<ul> <li>\"orange-type wormoth\" \u2192 \"orange-striped oakworm moth\" (Blocks 461, 464)</li> <li>\"orange-type oak wormoth\" \u2192 \"orange-striped oakworm moth\" (Block 421 was correct; Block 461 corrected)</li> <li>\"orange stripe, / awkward mouth\" \u2192 \"orange-striped / oakworm moth\" (Blocks 474\u2013475)</li> <li>\"natal oaks\" \u2192 \"Nuttall oaks\" (Block 456)</li> <li>\"Nuttal oak\" \u2192 \"Nuttall oak\" (Block 460)</li> <li>\"white fring tree\" \u2192 \"white fringetree\" (Blocks 165, 357)</li> <li>\"white fringe tree\" \u2192 \"white fringetree\" (Blocks 168, 169, 172)</li> <li>\"four webworm\" \u2192 \"fall webworm\" (Block 29)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#pest-names-other","title":"Pest Names / Other","text":"<ul> <li>\"also can't send John's work\" \u2192 \"also on St. John's wort\" (Block 358)</li> <li>\"in the festive fire\" \u2192 \"infested firewood\" (Block 137)</li> <li>\"non-80 species\" \u2192 \"non-native species\" (Block 181)</li> <li>\"expansion of the past\" \u2192 \"expansion of the pest\" (Block 506)</li> <li>\"contain the incident to quarantine\" \u2192 \"contain the insect through quarantine\" (Block 130)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#grammar-transcription-cleanup","title":"Grammar / Transcription Cleanup","text":"<ul> <li>\"invasive invasive species\" \u2192 \"invasive species\" (Block 5 \u2014 Whisper doubled word)</li> <li>\"those past\" \u2192 \"those pests\" (Block 76)</li> <li>\"different tests\" \u2192 \"different pests\" (Block 77)</li> <li>\"This is the map, is the trap\" \u2192 \"This is the trap\" (Block 186)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#flagged-for-verification","title":"Flagged for Verification","text":"<ul> <li> <p>Block 45: [VERIFY: \"Dr. Klein\"] \u2014 Speaker references \"Dr. Klein\" as the previous presenter on the webinar. Confirm name against webinar program for January 15, 2026.</p> </li> <li> <p>Block 161: [VERIFY: \"swamp white and small ash\"] \u2014 Speaker lists Georgia ash species. \"Swamp white ash\" is not a standard species name. \"Small ash\" may refer to Fraxinus smallii (Small's ash). Verify species list against audio.</p> </li> <li> <p>Block 176: [VERIFY: \"this not accidental introduction\"] \u2014 Meaning is likely \"this accidental introduction\" (EAB was accidentally introduced via trade). Whisper may have misplaced \"not\" from later in the sentence. Verify against audio.</p> </li> <li> <p>Block 277: [VERIFY: \"the O-binator\"] \u2014 Name of egg parasitoid release device. Possibly \"Oobinator\" (a play on Oobius agrili, the egg parasitoid). Verify device name against audio and USDA-ARS biocontrol literature.</p> </li> <li> <p>Block 392\u2013393: [VERIFY: \"bigeminal lady beetle\"] \u2014 Corrected from \"begeminal\" / \"Geminal ladybeadle.\" Likely refers to Hyperaspis bigeminata, a documented predator of crapemyrtle bark scale. Confirm species name against audio.</p> </li> <li> <p>Block 473\u2013474: [VERIFY: \"pinnacle leaf\"] \u2014 Speaker describes underside of a leaf with oakworm eggs. \"Pinnacle\" is not a standard botanical term. Possibly \"pin oak leaf\" spoken with Italian accent. Verify against audio.</p> </li> <li> <p>Block 511: [VERIFY: \"the planet\"] \u2014 Bodie Pennisi says \"all across the areas around the planet.\" Context suggests she may have said \"the plantings\" (discussing CMBS in Savannah plantings). Verify against audio.</p> </li> <li> <p>Block 528: [VERIFY: \"buddy\"] \u2014 Rich Braman says \"I'll see you soon, buddy.\" Could be the word \"buddy\" or a misheard \"Bodie.\" Left as-is pending audio verification.</p> </li> <li> <p>Blocks 13\u201314: [VERIFY: \"education and analysis. / outreach.\"] \u2014 These blocks have overlapping timestamps (13 ends at 01:01.380, 14 starts at 01:00.920). Block 13's \"analysis\" may actually be \"outreach\" (matching block 14). Verify against audio.</p> </li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#srt-format-compliance","title":"SRT Format Compliance","text":"<p>\u2705 All timestamps preserved exactly as original \u2705 All sequence numbers maintained (1\u2013529) \u2705 Blank lines between segments preserved \u2705 Maximum 2 lines per subtitle segment maintained \u2705 No segments merged or split \u2705 Block count: 529 original = 529 corrected \u2713</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#new-patterns-for-common-corrections-reference","title":"New Patterns for Common Corrections Reference","text":"<p>The following Whisper error patterns are new to this webinar and should be added to the project reference:</p> Whisper Output Correct Form Context emeralish/emeralash/gemaralash/Emmerlash/emeralosh borer emerald ash borer Multiple phonetic approximations yebby / yebe / yee-be / yeb EAB Whisper interpreting the abbreviation spoken with accent IAB / AAB / EAD / EEA-B / AEB / AB EAB Abbreviation variants four-inch star fourth instar Entomology life stage ovopositor ovipositor Entomology anatomy pre-culture prepupa Entomology life stage ladybeadle lady beetle Common name twice-tapped twice-stabbed Lady beetle common name BDK / Crustacea Btk / kurstaki Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies La Grestorhemia / Lagerstrenia Lagerstroemia Crapemyrtle genus natal oaks Nuttall oaks Oak species crab myrtle basket crapemyrtle bark scale Pest common name in the festive fire infested firewood EAB spread pathway can't send John's work St. John's wort CMBS alternate host <p>Total Corrections: ~120+ individual corrections across 529 subtitle blocks Processing: Complete file (529 subtitle blocks, 2116 lines)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/downloads/","title":"Downloads \u2014 Graziosi, Tree Pests","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/downloads/#corrected-srt-file","title":"Corrected SRT File","text":"<p>Place the corrected SRT file in this folder alongside this page:</p> <pre><code>docs/green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 GTBOP_Transcript_2026-01-15_TreePests.srt \u2190 place here\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 downloads.md \u2190 this file\n\u2514\u2500\u2500 ...\n</code></pre> <p>MkDocs will serve the <code>.srt</code> file as a static asset. Link to it with:</p> <pre><code>[Download Corrected SRT](GTBOP_Transcript_2026-01-15_TreePests.srt)\n</code></pre> <p>File details: Update block count, time range, and filename below after placing the file.</p> Detail Value Filename <code>GTBOP_Transcript_2026-01-15_TreePests.srt</code> Blocks \u2014 Time range \u2014 <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/","title":"Understanding Tree Pests: Disease Interactions, Invasive Threats, and Management Strategies","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#gtbop-green-industry-series-january-15-2026","title":"GTBOP Green Industry Series \u2014 January 15, 2026","text":"<p>Speaker: Dr. Ignazio Graziosi, Assistant Professor, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia Moderator: Dr. Bodie Pennisi, Horticulturist, University of Georgia Duration: 52:11</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#introduction","title":"Introduction","text":"<p>Bodie Pennisi: Welcome back, everyone. Our second speaker is Dr. Ignazio Graziosi, who is an assistant professor in Warnell School of Forestry at University of Georgia. Dr. Graziosi studies tree health and raises awareness of the benefits provided by trees. As a field biologist, he has studied the impact of invasive species \u2014 insects and microorganisms \u2014 on tree health and used this knowledge to develop management and surveillance tools while engaging land managers and the public in education programs. In his early career as a forester, he focused on the management of natural and urban trees. Dr. Graziosi has held positions with non-governmental and governmental organizations, universities, and private companies in different countries. His work involves field and laboratory studies, data collection and analysis, development of protocols, use of photography, team project and partnership coordination, capacity building, education, and outreach. And Dr. Graziosi, the floor is yours from Italy.</p> <p>Ignazio Graziosi: Thank you. Thank you, Bodie. Good afternoon, everybody. Give me one sec that I'm going to click the magic button. All right. Can you hear me all right and see my screen? Fantastic. It's great to be here. Thank you again.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#the-disease-triangle","title":"The Disease Triangle","text":"<p>So we are all dealing with a variety of different tree pests. You can see on the screen a couple of examples. There is a woolly adelgid. We have fall webworm, caterpillar, beetles, scales \u2014 and we tend to concentrate on the pest itself because it's what produces damage to our trees. But it is important to remember that it is always a team result. We have the pest, yes, but there are other actors in the picture that cause the overall damage. Of course, we have the tree itself and we have the environment. And the damage on the tree, the damage from the pest and from the disease, is caused by the interaction of these three components. And this is the concept of the disease triangle. So the damage is not caused by just one component. The pest alone is not enough, but it is the interaction with the tree, which for example is susceptible, and the environment. And we are dealing with trees, especially in the landscape, for the focus of this webinar, and in urban environment. And in those environments, the situation gets worse.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#the-spiral-of-tree-decline","title":"The Spiral of Tree Decline","text":"<p>And I introduce to you the spiral of tree decline. And this is a diagram that was developed in the 90s and is really useful to understand this concept one step more. So how does this diagram work? You see three different levels of spirals. Each spiral is a family of factors that add stress to the tree at different levels. A lot of those are similar to the stressors that Dr. Klein presented at the beginning of his presentation. And all these different families of stressors, they end up eventually with the death of the tree. And you see at the center of the death spiral, there is in fact the death of the tree.</p> <p>And if we look at those three spirals one by one, we can see, for example, the first one that is called the predisposing factor \u2014 general stressors. The urban environment of course is stressful for the tree, there is the genetic potential of the tree itself, and again it's a demonstration that the disease triangle is really important. And then we have well-known stressors like soil compaction, which is often the number one issue for many trees. And then we have another spiral that is closer to the center of our death spiral, which is called here inciting factor, and we have defoliating insects, for example, we have drought. And then we have an even more internal spiral which is contributing factor, and you see a lot of biotic factors. You have fungi, wood-boring insects, nematodes, Armillaria for example.</p> <p>The important thing to understand of this diagram is that each of the spirals \u2014 the predisposing factor, the inciting factor, and the contributing factor \u2014 contain factors that can directly bring the tree to death. If you see, I'm not sure if you are able to see my pointer that I'm using on the screen.</p> <p>Bodie Pennisi: Yes, we are.</p> <p>Ignazio Graziosi: Fantastic. Thank you, Bodie. And you can see these lines here. These lines mean that each of these factors \u2014 for example, urban environment alone or soil compaction alone \u2014 are able to cut through the different layers of the spiral and bring the tree directly to death. One important message to take home from this diagram is that the health of the tree and potentially the death of the tree is an interaction between many factors.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#native-and-non-native-pest-interactions","title":"Native and Non-Native Pest Interactions","text":"<p>And if we go back to our slide visualizing different pests that we have to deal with, we have here non-native pests. We have examples of native pests. We have examples of native trees, examples of also exotic trees. And understanding the interaction among those \u2014 native pests attacking native trees and vice versa, non-native attacking native and native attacking non-native \u2014 is really important because it allows us to understand the mechanism and to understand what are the general strategies we can use to manage and control those pests. And this is true for many different pests.</p> <p>So I'm bringing to you three examples, three stories if you want, that investigate, explore different scenarios and present to us some important components of this interaction that will help us to deal in the future with a variety of different pests.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#example-1-emerald-ash-borer-a-non-native-pest-on-native-trees","title":"Example 1: Emerald Ash Borer \u2014 A Non-Native Pest on Native Trees","text":"<p>So the first one, the first example, the first story for you is a native tree impacted by a non-native pest. And this is the very famous case, the superstar of insect pests, the emerald ash borer. So the emerald ash borer \u2014 I'm sure many of you are familiar with it \u2014 on the picture on the left is a canopy dieback caused by the insect. And remember, when you see canopy dieback caused by the emerald ash borer and you identify the problem to be that, the emerald ash borer, that means that the insect has been spreading in the area for at least 5 to 10 years. And then you see on the right that is the damage at a stand or forest level.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#eab-life-cycle-and-damage","title":"EAB Life Cycle and Damage","text":"<p>So a very quick summary of what the EAB, emerald ash borer, is about. Larvae feed under the bark and doing so disrupt the phloem, the cambium, the outer xylem, and it cuts off the movement of nutrient and water. And trees, they can die very fast. This is an overview of how the damage happens. And if you start from the picture on the left, you see a young tree that is debarked, and you see the gallery caused by the feeding larvae, and you see that the tree is desperately trying to sprout. It has a reaction to the attack, and the water sprouts are actually a very important diagnostic feature in order to understand if a tree is attacked by the emerald ash borer.</p> <p>And if you get closer to the tree, you can actually see the larvae, like here, that is feeding. This is a fourth instar, is a mature larva, is probably around two inches long. And by feeding, it basically disrupts all the cambium tissue and the outer xylem. And then, after the larva completes its development, which is usually at the end of the season, it folds in a J-shape and gets a little bit deeper in the outer wood, and it starts kind of sleeping, and overwinters as what is called a J-larva, or prepupa. And then at the end of the winter, it pupates and emerges in spring. You can see the shiny green beetle that is emerging from a tree. And while it emerges, it leaves a very characteristic, the famous D-shaped exit hole.</p> <p>This is another way to represent the life cycle of the insect. We can start from here, where the insect again comes out from the tree, leaving the D-shaped hole, and then mates. The female lays eggs in the cracks of the bark. From the egg, a larva hatches, goes through the bark and starts feeding and causing the galleries you already saw in the previous photos. And then it pupates and will emerge again the following year.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#generation-time-and-temperature","title":"Generation Time and Temperature","text":"<p>Here it is important to remember that this is usually mostly a one-generation-per-year insect. But there is always a part of the population of the emerald ash borer in any location that requires two years instead of one to develop. And this is true especially in the northern part of North America, where temperatures are lower. As we know, temperature usually increases the development of insects. And so the colder it is, the slower it develops. So at northern latitudes in North America, a larger part of the local populations of emerald ash borer requires two years to develop. And it is important to know when we have to deal with this insect to control it.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#spread-across-north-america","title":"Spread Across North America","text":"<p>It was found, was discovered in 2002 in the Detroit area, which means again, as I pointed out earlier, it was present in the area already for at least 10 years. And then you see all the little red dots. Yes, it took North America, as we know, by storm. This is one of the last available maps from USDA. This is 2023, because in 2021, I believe, the quarantine was lifted at federal level. It was lifted because there was no hope to contain the insect through quarantine.</p> <p>And then the invasion of North America by the EAB was caused by one single individual cause. There was one culprit that allowed the EAB to move so quickly all over the United States. And I let you guess \u2014 you can write your answer if you have an idea in the chat box. I will not be able to see it right now, but I will go later and check.</p> <p>And this is, of course, firewood. Campers and travelers, they move infested firewood to the next city, to the next county, to the next state. And this really is what determined a lot of the pathways of the invasion in North America. They were able to connect very closely the pattern of the spread with the highway and freeway system. There is one good thing that came out from this disaster, which is the \"Don't Move Firewood\" campaign. This is a very effective and important campaign that helps, for example, contain other invasive insects, such as the Asian longhorned beetle.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#eab-in-georgia-and-ash-species-diversity","title":"EAB in Georgia and Ash Species Diversity","text":"<p>Okay, so we know that as the EAB spread in North America, it attacked and impacted heavily the native species of ash. In Georgia, for example, there is of course the emerald ash borer, and this is a spread \u2014 I would say the southern edge of the invasion, so it's still spreading. This map is from 2020. So there is active surveillance, it's present in the Athens area of course, and even a little bit further south. So you may think that it's not very important, is not as important as fighting against the emerald ash borer in Georgia compared to other states. It's true, there are other states where there is a continuous presence and availability of ash, and Georgia is more scattered. But if we start looking at the distribution of ash species in Georgia, we see that it is really important for biodiversity and actually the state hosts multiple species of ash. We have green ash statewide, we have blue ash, which is an interesting tree because it shows a little bit of resistance against the emerald ash borer \u2014 it will die eventually, but it will take way longer compared to other species of ash. We have white ash, Carolina ash which is a southern ash, we have Biltmore ash which is a subspecies of white, we have pumpkin ash on the southern part of the state, swamp white and small ash.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#white-fringetree-as-alternate-host","title":"White Fringetree as Alternate Host","text":"<p>And then there is another plant that unfortunately is important for the ecology of the emerald ash borer, and it's a surprise that happened in 2014, when they discovered that the EAB was able to expand its host range and attack a native plant in North America, which is the white fringetree \u2014 which is the same family, Oleaceae, as ash. And this is present also in Georgia. It's important to know that because not only could it be a damage for the white fringetree, but more importantly, the white fringetree could function as a reservoir for the population of the EAB, even though all the other ash trees in the area are gone. So the EAB can stay in an area utilizing the white fringetree.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#global-trade-and-non-native-species","title":"Global Trade and Non-Native Species","text":"<p>Okay, so we know that the EAB is non-native and we know that it is from Asia. So if we look at the map where it was in Asia and where it is now in North America, spreading and causing damage, we may ask \u2014 how did it get there? Of course we know, through trade. This is a photo in the port of Savannah. And we know that this accidental introduction through trade of non-native species is not a new trend, but is an exponentially increasing trend. And you can see here an example from different parts of the world. So it is really exponentially increasing. One reason is that our ability to detect species has increased as well, improved. But trade is increasing, of course, and the introduction of non-native species is reflecting this globalization.</p> <p>If you go near potential ports of entry, such as airports and ports, you may notice traps. This is a generic trap in the port of Savannah. This is another example since we are talking about the EAB. This is the trap that is designed to catch the EAB \u2014 it's a series of interconnected funnels. There is a pouch, which is the green pouch there, that is a lure that produces an attractant for the EAB. The EAB arrives, hits the funnel, and it falls in the cup. These types of traps, they are not designed to catch as many beetles as possible to remove them from the environment. It's just a detection, but it's a very important detection methodology.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#the-invasion-curve","title":"The Invasion Curve","text":"<p>Okay, we know of the damage, as the EAB spread in North America it caused immense damage to the native population of ash. And we have another tool here I want to present to you, because it's a useful tool to understand the strategy to manage non-native and native pests alike, which is the invasion curve. This is a diagram that illustrates the growth of a population of a pest, which here is called pest prevalence, over time.</p> <p>So the story starts with the introduction, when the pest arrives in the area. After the introduction, of course, the population of the pest, the prevalence, is still low. And then it starts growing and start multiplying and feeding on the host. And then it enters exponential growth. And this is when land managers, for example, start to be aware. And it's a little bit more time before the public starts to be aware. And by the time the public starts to be aware, usually the population is already really high until it reaches a plateau which is the so-called carrying capacity \u2014 what is that, for example, is where or when all the ash trees in the area are gone, so the population of the pest cannot grow anymore.</p> <p>This diagram is important because it can be connected with our ability to deal with and control the pest. When the population is really low, right after the introduction, we can even try to eradicate a pest. Of course, it's very difficult, but in some cases, for some pests, it's not impossible. We can do prevention, for example. But then as the pest prevalence starts to grow, it's really impossible to eradicate. And then the only control that is possible is a local control \u2014 for example, just trying to save individual trees. But as the prevalence and the difficulties of controlling a pest grow, the cost associated with the control grows as well. And this is really important to understand. And this is why detection is so important, and ideally we want to have effective tools to detect a pest as close to the introduction event as possible, because everything is easier and is possible.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#why-eab-is-not-a-pest-in-asia","title":"Why EAB Is Not a Pest in Asia","text":"<p>Okay, so as we understand how an invasion works, we can look at the map again and we can ask ourselves \u2014 okay, we know that the emerald ash borer is non-native, is from Asia. And it's a pest here, but what about in its native range? What about in Asia? Was it a pest? The answer is no. And there are multiple reasons for that, and they will relate to our disease triangle.</p> <p>The first reason is that the native species of ash in Asia, they say, co-evolved with the pest, which means they are less susceptible or resistant. And the only ash trees \u2014 Asian species of ash trees \u2014 that can be attacked by the EAB in Asia are very weak and stressed trees. That's one important reason. And this is why one of the approaches to control the EAB is to artificially make them resistant through chemical protection.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#chemical-control-for-eab","title":"Chemical Control for EAB","text":"<p>Of course, this is just a visual summary of the technology that I'm sure you are familiar with. There is tree injection, bark spray, and soil drench. I want to give just a little flash and overview of the chemical control methodology for the EAB. And there are a few involving systemic insecticides. Some of them can be applied by homeowners. Some of them, of course, need a professional applicator. And you have to choose carefully which one, depending on the season \u2014 for example, soil drench needs to be applied in the spring before leaves are out. I leave you here two links, two QR codes. I encourage you to check them. One is an overview of the status and the control of the EAB in Georgia. And the one on the bottom on the left is the full protocol for insecticide control for the EAB.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#importation-biological-control","title":"Importation Biological Control","text":"<p>Okay, we are still trying to answer our question \u2014 why is it not a problem in Asia? One reason is the trees are resistant, but there is another reason. The other reason is that the population of the EAB there is kept in check by a community of natural enemies. These are predators, are parasitoids \u2014 and we will see later what a parasitoid is \u2014 that are able to attack the EAB and to keep the population low.</p> <p>Okay, so why don't we bring them over? That's exactly what we did. And this is called importation biological control, where you go there, you study the natural enemies that are effective in the native range, and you bring them over. USDA did that after risk assessment and introduced a few different species. And you see here three tiny wasps. Those wasps are parasitic wasps, or parasitoids. The first two, the one on the left and the one on the center, they attack the larvae of the EAB. The one on the right attacks the eggs. And those are specialists. What that means is that they only attack the EAB. They don't attack any other insect. And so this warrants success in a way, because they cannot start attacking another insect and kind of waste their potential.</p> <p>How do they work? Okay, let's start with the first one here, the one on the left. And you see it's a small wasp and has a kind of a long tail. Its tail is an ovipositor, and it uses its ovipositor to find trees that are infested with the EAB and drill through the bark. It is able to use vibrational cues to understand if there is a larva under the bark and exactly where it is, and it stings the larvae of the EAB and it puts its own eggs in the larvae. Think about the movie Alien \u2014 Alien 1, not Alien 3, because the life cycle in Alien 3 gets very complicated \u2014 but in Alien 1 is exactly how it works. Inside, there will be the larvae of the wasp that feeds in the body of the larvae of the EAB, eventually consuming the whole animal.</p> <p>The infographic that you see on the slide is the technology that is used to release it. This is a log prepared in the lab that is filled with larvae of the EAB infested with the parasitoid wasp. You hang them on a tree, the adult wasps will eventually fly out and find other trees infested with the EAB to be parasitized.</p> <p>The second one is the egg parasitoid. I think you know the story now. It works exactly the same way \u2014 it attacks eggs. The technology is a small container. You can see in the picture on the bottom right, it's a drugstore container, called the O-binator. It contains a paper where there are eggs of the EAB that have been parasitized with this parasitic wasp. Look now at the picture in the center. These brown circles are the eggs of the EAB. If you look at the one on the bottom, you can see that inside there is actually a tiny baby larva of the EAB that is waiting to hatch. But if you look at the other two, the dark ones, you see that inside there is something different. That is the wasp that is ready to emerge.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#native-natural-enemies-and-the-goal-of-balance","title":"Native Natural Enemies and the Goal of Balance","text":"<p>Okay, so we understand about biological control now, the importation biological control, but you may ask \u2014 okay, so we are in North America. What about our native natural enemies? The answer is yes, we have some. There are many species that have been described of parasitic wasps or other types of insects, but those are not specialists. They can attack also other types of insects. So they are not effective in providing \u2014 they cannot be the only ones that can provide control. Alone, they are not enough.</p> <p>So at the end of the story, what we want to reach for the EAB, and in general for many non-native pests attacking native trees, is balance between the susceptibility of the plant and the community of natural enemies \u2014 both native natural enemies and also biological control. But also in the picture there is the chemical protection that is really important, especially to save trees of great value. Because it's true that biological control in North America for the EAB hasn't been fully successful yet, but we can still save large trees of big value in the city and the landscape using chemical protection.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#example-2-crapemyrtle-bark-scale-a-non-native-pest-on-non-native-trees","title":"Example 2: Crapemyrtle Bark Scale \u2014 A Non-Native Pest on Non-Native Trees","text":"<p>Okay, so we are ready for our second example \u2014 a non-native tree that is attacked by a non-native pest. And this is an example that may be relevant for us in the South, which is the crapemyrtle bark scale.</p> <p>So the crapemyrtle bark scale \u2014 you can see here in the center \u2014 is of course a non-native scale attacking our beloved crapemyrtle. There is a huge crapemyrtle culture in the South. There are hundreds, I think, of different cultivars belonging to different species \u2014 it's not only Lagerstroemia indica, but there are hybrids of different species, different color, flower, texture of the bark, size. And of course, it's easy to be judgmental toward the crapemyrtle because it's so commonly used and you can say it's used too much. It's true. It's easy to be judgmental, but it's important to remember a couple of things. One is that crapemyrtles provide benefits. And you can see here a little report that has been prepared using this tool called iTree. If you are not familiar with iTree, it is a suite of different tools that can be extremely useful to calculate benefits, so-called ecosystem services of trees, but also can be used to select the right tree for the right place. The second reason is that regardless of how much the crapemyrtle is planted in the South, we have to deal with this pest because it will create damage. We will have to deal with removal of attacked trees or the control of the pest itself.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#cmbs-biology-and-life-cycle","title":"CMBS Biology and Life Cycle","text":"<p>Okay, so the crapemyrtle bark scale, starting from the picture on the left. This is a twig of a crapemyrtle \u2014 of course you see the white specks, those are individual, mostly females, of the crapemyrtle bark scale, CMBS in short. Why is it black? Because like aphids, of course, scales while they feed secrete droplets of sugary sap. And so black sooty molds grow on that. On the picture in the center, different things. Those white lumps are mostly mature females of the scale, but you can also see here immature female nymphs. And this is important for the life cycle. On the right you see a female, and if you flip the female you see the eggs. Those very nice pink colored ones are eggs.</p> <p>The life cycle involves both males and females. The male is actually winged; the female is not winged, and a mature female loses her legs and cannot move. One of the things that complicates control is that it's not clear how many generations there are. They describe up to five generations, but the problem is that they are overlapping. So at one point, at any point, you may find different stages of the insect. If I go back one slide, the picture in the middle here has been shot one month ago in Athens, so in the winter. And you can see there are nymphs and adults. The nymphs are called crawlers.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#cmbs-invasion-timeline","title":"CMBS Invasion Timeline","text":"<p>Okay, what is the situation? It was found in 2004 in Texas \u2014 of course a huge crapemyrtle culture state \u2014 and then in 2014 in Georgia, and only in 2018, unfortunately, was found in nurseries in Georgia. The QR code I put there is a summary of the status and the biology of the crapemyrtle bark scale from UGA. So if you are interested, please snatch that.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#cmbs-and-the-invasion-curve-in-georgia","title":"CMBS and the Invasion Curve in Georgia","text":"<p>Okay, so we already know the invasion curve, what it means, and it's really important for the crapemyrtle bark scale. Even though it's already present in the South, even though it's already present in Georgia, to be able to detect it as soon as possible \u2014 it's not everywhere yet. In Athens, it got there, I think, in 2021. And you can see it in high numbers on some trees, but there are a lot of trees with very low infestation. So I would say we are at the beginning of the invasion in a lot of places in Georgia. So we are in the situation where we can do well because we are at the point on the invasion curve where the population is not so high that our control can mean something.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#cmbs-host-range-in-asia-and-north-america","title":"CMBS Host Range in Asia and North America","text":"<p>Alrighty, let's go back to our well-known map. So we know that it is non-native, comes from Asia. So we may ask, okay, what about the host there? The bad news is that this insect in native Asia can feed on many different species of plants. It's not a specialist, so it can feed on apple in Asia, and soybean \u2014 it has been found on fig. One good news is that since there are so many, they were able to find some cultivars, some species of crapemyrtle that have low susceptibility. And for example, the species Lagerstroemia speciosa \u2014 they are studying this still, though.</p> <p>Okay, so those are the plants in Asia. What about the plants in North America? We know that it attacks basically most of the cultivars of the crapemyrtle, but unfortunately, like the EAB was able to find the white fringetree, the crapemyrtle bark scale started to feed happily on American beautyberry and also on St. John's wort. So this can be a problem, of course, because it can go around attacking other plants.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#urban-heat-island-effects","title":"Urban Heat Island Effects","text":"<p>Okay, we are familiar with the disease triangle, so we may ask \u2014 okay, what about the role of the environment? What is the role of the environment here? Unfortunately, again, scales are one of the groups of insects that most take advantage of urban heat island. Urban heat island, of course, is the phenomenon that causes temperatures due to hardscape in the city to be even 10 degrees higher. And this has two effects. First of all, it stresses trees and they become more susceptible to pests. Second, it accelerates the development of the insect itself. And scales are very good at taking advantage of that.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#chemical-control-for-cmbs","title":"Chemical Control for CMBS","text":"<p>Okay, let's go to some good news \u2014 the tools, the weapons we have to control it. So this is an overview, again, of the chemical control available for the crapemyrtle bark scale. We have soil drench, we have soil injection, we have foliar sprays, and also some soaps \u2014 they can be used mostly to target crawlers, which again are the small, the young nymphs, like the pinkish one in the photo here. You can see in the table different product brand names and how they can be applied. And I encourage you again to snatch that QR code because it will give you the full protocol that you can use.</p> <p>The control, the chemical control, is complicated by the fact that crapemyrtle is not good at absorbing systemic insecticide through trunk injection. The chemical moves very slowly, so that is not a viable option, unfortunately.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#natural-enemies-lady-beetles-and-lacewings","title":"Natural Enemies: Lady Beetles and Lacewings","text":"<p>Okay, we know about natural enemies, so we may ask now, looking at our map, what is the situation for this pest? Yes, in Asia, there is a healthy community of predators and parasitic wasps that worldwide and in Asia can attack it. In the US, they were not able yet to clearly find an effective parasitoid, but there are many predators that can feed on the crapemyrtle bark scale, and they are used to try to control it.</p> <p>So this is my last question for you, if you have any idea of what this is. Okay, so those are eggs of lady beetles, because lady beetles \u2014 different species of lady beetles \u2014 are avid, hungry predators of the crapemyrtle bark scale. There are three main species: the twice-stabbed lady beetle, the bigeminal lady beetle, which looks like the twice-stabbed but is a completely different species, and also the non-native Harlequin lady beetle. These species will find trees infested with the crapemyrtle bark scale and they will feed on nymphs and adults alike.</p> <p>So they help \u2014 yes, they do help \u2014 but often they arrive too late in the season and they are not specialists. They will feed on other prey, which means they will not stay for many generations on the tree, providing continuous control. And that is a problem.</p> <p>So this is another question for you. This of course is an egg from another predator that would happily feed on the crapemyrtle bark scale. It's called a stalked egg. This is a beautiful egg of lacewings. One species in particular, the red-lipped green lacewing, feeds and predates on crapemyrtle bark scale nymphs and eggs as well. And you can see on the sequence on the right, this is a larva of the lacewing, which are the most voracious. Do they work? Yes, they are actually available commercially, of course, to control different pests including CMBS. But the problem is they don't build up a population on the plant, like the previous case. And also adults need to feed on sugar. And this means that you have to continuously, through the season, release them. So just one release at the beginning of the season is not enough. But they are commercially available and they can be used.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#balancing-chemical-and-biological-control","title":"Balancing Chemical and Biological Control","text":"<p>Of course, you need to do chemical control very carefully because it has the potential to interfere with the biological control. At the same way as for the EAB, what we want in the future is a balance. We want the population of the scale low because the community of natural enemies is healthy, but we want to use and we want to do additional research to find effective chemical control that maybe is more compatible with the natural enemies.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#example-3-orange-striped-oakworm-moth-a-native-pest-on-native-trees","title":"Example 3: Orange-Striped Oakworm Moth \u2014 A Native Pest on Native Trees","text":"<p>Okay, this brings me to the last, I would say, five to eight minutes, which is the last story in my presentation \u2014 a native tree impacted by a native pest. And our example is the orange-striped oakworm moth.</p> <p>So this, of course, is a very well-known pest of oaks, especially red oaks in the group of the red oaks, but can feed on other plants including hickory, birch, and maple. On the left, it's interesting because you can see that the skeletonizing damage is the one that is done by the baby larvae after hatching. And then as they grow, they start feeding on the entirety of the leaf lamina. And in some cases, extreme cases, especially for small trees, they can completely strip a tree. And this tree, the photo on the right, is in early August. And it's a young, but not super young tree. It's a willow oak that was completely defoliated.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#oakworm-life-cycle-and-seasonal-timing","title":"Oakworm Life Cycle and Seasonal Timing","text":"<p>Okay, a little summary \u2014 I know a lot of you are already familiar with it \u2014 it is of course a late summer and fall season pest that overwinters as a pupa and produces in the South two generations per year. So we can start here. The adults mate and the female lays eggs on the underside of leaves in late summer. And then young larvae initially feed all together on the same branch where they hatched. And then as they grow, they disperse a little bit because they need a lot of leaves. And then again, they can defoliate \u2014 in some cases they can defoliate completely a tree, but those cases are quite rare and exclusively for small trees. And at the end of the season, after, for example for the South, the second generation is complete in the fall, with the first cold the larvae drop to the ground and they will pupate in the first five inches in the ground.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#why-urban-and-clonal-trees-are-vulnerable","title":"Why Urban and Clonal Trees Are Vulnerable","text":"<p>Okay, so we can use our map as a tool to ask questions. Okay, it's a native pest. Why does it cause or can it cause so much damage? What about the plant? What about the other factors we looked at together earlier for the other two pests?</p> <p>First of all, of course, it's a pest of particular relevance for urban and landscape trees and young trees. Why? Remembering this triangle \u2014 what is the role of the plant? This is an example. A lot of the trees in urban environments are trees that come from the nursery, and so are often clonal trees. The genetic variability of those trees is very low. For example, on the UGA campus in Athens, there are a lot of beautiful Nuttall oaks. But those \u2014 they come from, they are very high quality trees, but they are basically the same tree. And so the susceptibility is low. One tree means the susceptibility for all the trees on campus of the Nuttall oak is low. And so they are heavily attacked by the orange-striped oakworm moth.</p> <p>Okay, what about the environment? An example, again \u2014 yes, in urban environments, we have the problem of heat. Again, and we know that it will stress trees, but will help the development of the orange-striped oakworm moth as well. These are some of the reasons why it can be a pest.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#natural-enemies-of-the-oakworm","title":"Natural Enemies of the Oakworm","text":"<p>Okay, what about natural enemies? So right now we know all the questions we should ask. Yes, there are natural enemies that have been described. We know of them. There are various predators that feed on larvae \u2014 for example, yellow jackets and other wasps. There are various parasitoids and fungal diseases that kill the pupae, up to 10 or in some cases 20% of the pupae. And there are a lot of parasitoids that parasitize the eggs.</p> <p>And this is important \u2014 this is an example. On the picture on the left, this is the underside of a pinnacle leaf full of eggs from the orange-striped oakworm moth. But if we look closely, we see that some of those eggs are yellow. Those eggs are empty eggs. You can see the opening here on the side. They open like a wallet, and the baby larvae already came out, so they hatched. But some other eggs \u2014 you can see this one, for example, the dark ones \u2014 they have circular openings. That means they have been parasitized. So that is a parasitoid, that is an egg parasitoid, a wasp that emerged from that egg.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#control-decisions-damage-thresholds-and-btk","title":"Control Decisions: Damage Thresholds and Btk","text":"<p>Okay, let's talk about control. So since this pest can be a pest but in some cases the damage is not so high, it's important to understand the need for control. First of all, we need to distinguish between aesthetic damage and actual damage for the plant. The threshold is around 25% of defoliation. And then we need to assess the season. Why? Because late defoliation, even if it's very substantial defoliation but occurs late in the season, is not really harmful to the tree, because the tree already stores all the nutrients. So it's not very harmful. So it's important to kind of judge the severity of the situation.</p> <p>What can we use, though? So we can use Btk, Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, as a foliar spray, which is effective, but mostly on young instars \u2014 on young larvae. It has very little impact on natural enemies, which is good, but often needs to be reapplied. But there are also other options for contact and also systemic insecticides. I encourage you also here to take a look at the publication linked to the QR code here if you are interested.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#wrap-up","title":"Wrap-Up","text":"<p>With that, I came to the end of my presentation. And I hope I was able to provide you some insight on what are the biological parameters and the ecological interactions you have to look at to understand what is the damage and the control that can be applied to a pest. With that, I think I will stop my sharing and I will take any question you may have. And I will ask your help, Bodie, to summarize any questions that came.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#audience-discussion","title":"Audience Discussion","text":"<p>Bodie Pennisi: Thank you, Ignazio. That was great. Lots of really, really excellent information. There hasn't been a question in the chat. There's lots of really good comments. Thank you. I do want to mention something. When you were talking about the crapemyrtle bark scale, unfortunately I have seen much expansion of the pest in landscapes \u2014 especially new landscapes, but even established landscapes. I mean, I was in Savannah last year, same tree. At that height, there was no evidence. I mean, again, the tree was pretty high. But this year, we were just there like two weeks ago, and it was right there. And, you know, it was a large tree too. And all across the areas around the plantings, I have visited pretty much \u2014 I would say maybe about 60 to 70% of plantings have evidence. So yeah, it's pretty bad.</p> <p>Yeah, we just have lots of really happy people. So thank you so much again. I know you stayed late to entertain us and share with us your expertise and knowledge. So have fun, be safe, and have a safe trip back to the U.S.</p> <p>Ignazio Graziosi: Thank you, Bodie. It was my pleasure. I really enjoyed it. And yeah, I'm looking forward to being in touch. Thank you. Bye-bye.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#closing","title":"Closing","text":"<p>Rich Braman: All right, everybody. Thanks for joining us again for the first one of these this year. And we'll see everyone in March. And just make sure you get your sign-in sheets to us at gtbop@uga.edu. And if you need to mail those to us, you'll find that mailing address at the top of the sign-in sheet. I think that's it for me, Bodie.</p> <p>Bodie Pennisi: Thank you, Richie.</p> <p>Rich Braman: I'm going to hang around for just a minute to make sure we don't have any procedural questions, but I'll see you soon, Bodie.</p> <p>Bodie Pennisi: All righty.</p> <p>Transcript processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2026-01-15_TreePests_Graziosi.srt (529 blocks)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/matching/","title":"GTBOP Moodle Matching Exercises","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/matching/#understanding-tree-pests-disease-interactions-invasive-threats-and-management-strategies","title":"Understanding Tree Pests: Disease Interactions, Invasive Threats, and Management Strategies","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/matching/#dr-ignazio-graziosi-january-15-2026","title":"Dr. Ignazio Graziosi \u2014 January 15, 2026","text":"<p>Source: Corrected SRT transcript (Stage 1) + Archive Package (Stage 2) Exercises: 3 Total pairs: 26 (8 + 8 + 10)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/matching/#matching-exercise-1-pest-ecology-and-interaction-scenarios","title":"Matching Exercise 1: Pest Ecology and Interaction Scenarios","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 7:22 \u2013 42:25 (spans all three case studies) Type: Species ID / Ecological Scenario</p> <p>Instructions: Match each pest in Column A with the correct ecological description from Column B. Two items in Column B are distractors and will not be used.</p> # Column A Column B 1 Emerald ash borer (EAB) a) Non-native pest attacking non-native host; overlapping generations complicate control; trunk injection ineffective 2 Crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS) b) Native pest of native trees; clonal urban plantings increase vulnerability; late-season damage less harmful 3 Orange-striped oakworm moth c) Non-native pest attacking native host; co-evolved natural enemies in Asia keep populations low; firewood spread primary pathway 4 EAB parasitoid wasps (from Asia) d) Generalist predators that arrive late in season; do not maintain sustained populations on host trees 5 Lady beetles (twice-stabbed, bigeminal, Harlequin) e) Specialist biological control agents introduced by USDA; attack only their target pest; two species target larvae, one targets eggs 6 Green lacewing f) Non-native pest of native pines; larvae create pitch tubes on trunk 7 White fringetree g) Commercially available predator of CMBS; larvae are the most voracious stage; adults need sugar to feed; requires multiple releases per season 8 Blue ash h) Alternate host in family Oleaceae; serves as population reservoir for EAB even after ash trees are gone i) Native ash species showing some resistance to EAB; will die eventually but takes much longer than other ash species j) Native parasitoid that specializes exclusively on CMBS in North America <p>Answer Key: 1 \u2192 c, 2 \u2192 a, 3 \u2192 b, 4 \u2192 e, 5 \u2192 d, 6 \u2192 g, 7 \u2192 h, 8 \u2192 i</p> <p>Distractors: f (no pine pest discussed), j (Dr. Graziosi stated no effective specialist parasitoid for CMBS has been found in the US)</p> <p>Source in transcript: EAB section ~7:22\u201329:40; CMBS section ~29:42\u201342:25; Oakworm section ~42:25\u201349:19</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/matching/#matching-exercise-2-control-methods-by-pest","title":"Matching Exercise 2: Control Methods by Pest","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 22:34 \u2013 49:05 (control discussions across all three case studies) Type: Timing-Practice</p> <p>Instructions: Match each control method or strategy in Column A with the correct pest and application detail from Column B. Two items in Column B are distractors and will not be used.</p> # Column A Column B 1 Soil drench for EAB a) Target young larvae (early instars); minimal impact on natural enemies; often requires reapplication 2 Tree injection for EAB b) Apply in spring before leaves emerge 3 Trunk injection for CMBS c) Requires professional applicator; effective delivery method for systemic insecticides into ash 4 Soil drench / soil injection for CMBS d) Not a viable option \u2014 crapemyrtle absorbs systemic insecticides through the trunk very slowly 5 Foliar soaps for CMBS e) Recommended chemical methods; multiple products and brand names available 6 Btk foliar spray for oakworm f) Used to target crawlers (young mobile nymphs) 7 Importation biological control for EAB g) Specialist parasitoid wasps from Asia introduced after USDA risk assessment; attack larvae and eggs 8 \"Don't Move Firewood\" campaign h) Prevention strategy resulting from EAB invasion; also helps contain Asian longhorned beetle i) Apply systemic insecticide in late fall after leaves drop for maximum CMBS uptake j) Biological control using native generalist predators that fully suppress EAB without chemical assistance <p>Answer Key: 1 \u2192 b, 2 \u2192 c, 3 \u2192 d, 4 \u2192 e, 5 \u2192 f, 6 \u2192 a, 7 \u2192 g, 8 \u2192 h</p> <p>Distractors: i (no fall application timing was described for CMBS soil treatment), j (Dr. Graziosi stated native natural enemies alone are not enough for EAB and biological control has not been fully successful yet)</p> <p>Source in transcript: EAB chemical control ~22:34\u201323:42; EAB biocontrol ~23:57\u201327:30; CMBS chemical control ~37:28\u201338:30; CMBS biocontrol ~38:31\u201341:44; Oakworm control ~47:56\u201349:05; Firewood ~13:02\u201313:46</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/matching/#matching-exercise-3-spiral-of-tree-decline-and-disease-triangle-concepts","title":"Matching Exercise 3: Spiral of Tree Decline and Disease Triangle Concepts","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 1:28 \u2013 6:06 (framework), applied throughout presentation Type: Timing-Practice / Concept Application</p> <p>Instructions: Match each factor or concept in Column A with its correct classification or description from Column B as presented by Dr. Graziosi. Two items in Column B are distractors and will not be used.</p> # Column A Column B 1 Soil compaction a) Inciting factor in the spiral of tree decline 2 Defoliating insects b) Predisposing factor; described as \"often the number one issue for many trees\" 3 Wood-boring insects c) Contributing factor in the innermost spiral 4 Armillaria d) Contributing factor; a fungal genus in the innermost spiral 5 Genetic potential of the tree e) Predisposing factor in the outermost spiral 6 Drought f) The outcome at the center of the spiral diagram 7 Urban environment stress g) Predisposing factor; described as stressful for the tree 8 Nematodes h) Contributing factor listed alongside wood-boring insects and fungi 9 Death of the tree i) Inciting factor alongside defoliating insects 10 Urban heat island effect j) Stresses trees (increasing susceptibility) and accelerates insect development simultaneously k) A predisposing factor that only affects conifers l) An inciting factor that primarily affects root systems of aquatic plants <p>Answer Key: 1 \u2192 b, 2 \u2192 a, 3 \u2192 c, 4 \u2192 d, 5 \u2192 e, 6 \u2192 i, 7 \u2192 g, 8 \u2192 h, 9 \u2192 f, 10 \u2192 j</p> <p>Distractors: k (no conifer-specific predisposing factor discussed), l (no aquatic plant context discussed)</p> <p>Source in transcript: Spiral of decline ~3:02\u20136:06, blocks 40\u201368; Urban heat island ~36:42\u201337:21, blocks 363\u2013368</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/matching/#verification-checklist","title":"Verification Checklist","text":"<ul> <li>[x] All terms, definitions, and relationships derived directly from the presentation</li> <li>[x] No general textbook knowledge used \u2014 only speaker's content</li> <li>[x] Matching items unambiguous based on presentation content</li> <li>[x] Each exercise includes 2 plausible distractors</li> <li>[x] Timestamp references verified against corrected transcript</li> <li>[x] Answer keys correct and unambiguous per speaker's statements</li> <li>[x] Coverage spans all major presentation sections</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/","title":"GTBOP Moodle Quiz","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#understanding-tree-pests-disease-interactions-invasive-threats-and-management-strategies","title":"Understanding Tree Pests: Disease Interactions, Invasive Threats, and Management Strategies","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#dr-ignazio-graziosi-january-15-2026","title":"Dr. Ignazio Graziosi \u2014 January 15, 2026","text":"<p>Source: Corrected SRT transcript (Stage 1) + Archive Package (Stage 2) Questions: 15 Difficulty Distribution: 6 Recall (40%) | 6 Application (40%) | 3 Analysis (20%) Coverage: Disease triangle/decline spiral (Q1\u2013Q3), EAB (Q4\u2013Q8), CMBS (Q9\u2013Q12), Orange-striped oakworm (Q13\u2013Q15)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-1","title":"Question 1","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 1:28 \u2013 2:32 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>According to Dr. Graziosi, the disease triangle describes the interaction of which three components that together cause tree damage?</p> <p>a) Pest, pathogen, and predator b) Pest, host tree, and environment c) Climate, soil, and genetics d) Insects, fungi, and nematodes</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Dr. Graziosi introduced the disease triangle as the interaction of the pest, the tree (host), and the environment, emphasizing that the pest alone is not sufficient to cause damage. Source in transcript: ~2:04\u20132:32, blocks 33\u201335</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-2","title":"Question 2","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 3:02 \u2013 5:58 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>In the spiral of tree decline diagram, which of the following is classified as a predisposing factor?</p> <p>a) Defoliating insects b) Wood-boring insects c) Soil compaction d) Fungal pathogens</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Dr. Graziosi identified soil compaction as a predisposing factor in the outermost spiral, calling it \"often the number one issue for many trees.\" Defoliating insects are inciting factors, and wood-boring insects and fungi are contributing factors. Source in transcript: ~4:08\u20134:31, blocks 49\u201352</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-3","title":"Question 3","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 5:04 \u2013 6:06 Difficulty: Analysis</p> <p>Dr. Graziosi explained that in the spiral of tree decline, each spiral level contains factors that can \"cut through\" directly to tree death. What is the practical significance of this for a tree care professional?</p> <p>a) Only contributing factors can kill a tree b) A single stressor from any level can be severe enough to kill a tree on its own, without the other factors c) Trees can only die when all three levels of stressors are present simultaneously d) Predisposing factors must always precede inciting factors before decline begins</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Dr. Graziosi specifically demonstrated that individual factors from any spiral level \u2014 for example, urban environment alone or soil compaction alone \u2014 can cut through the different layers and bring the tree directly to death, without requiring all other stressor levels to be present. Source in transcript: ~5:32\u20135:54, blocks 64\u201366</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-4","title":"Question 4","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 8:23 \u2013 9:10 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>Which of the following is a key diagnostic sign that a tree is being attacked by the emerald ash borer?</p> <p>a) Sooty mold on branches b) Skeletonized leaves c) Water sprouts on the trunk d) Pink egg masses on bark</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Dr. Graziosi described water sprouts as \"a very important diagnostic feature in order to understand if a tree is attacked by the emerald ash borer,\" noting they are the tree's desperate attempt to produce new growth in response to larval damage under the bark. Source in transcript: ~8:56\u20139:10, blocks 98\u2013100</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-5","title":"Question 5","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 10:04 \u2013 10:47 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>What is the characteristic shape of the exit hole left by an adult emerald ash borer emerging from a tree?</p> <p>a) Circular b) Oval c) D-shaped d) T-shaped</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Dr. Graziosi described the \"very characteristic, the famous D-shaped exit hole\" left when the adult beetle emerges from the tree. Source in transcript: ~10:11\u201310:15, block 110</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-6","title":"Question 6","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 10:48 \u2013 11:42 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A landscape manager in southern Georgia discovers EAB in local ash trees and plans a treatment schedule based on a single annual emergence. Based on Dr. Graziosi's presentation, what important consideration might this manager be overlooking?</p> <p>a) EAB only emerges every two years in all locations b) A portion of the local EAB population may require two years to develop, meaning adults could emerge in both years c) EAB does not complete its life cycle in southern climates d) EAB only feeds on ash trees in northern states</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Dr. Graziosi explained that while EAB is mostly a one-generation-per-year insect, there is always a portion of the population that requires two years to develop. This is more pronounced at northern latitudes but occurs in any location, and it is important to know when planning control. Source in transcript: ~10:48\u201311:42, blocks 116\u2013124</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-7","title":"Question 7","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 13:02 \u2013 13:46 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>According to the presentation, what was the single most important factor responsible for the rapid spread of the emerald ash borer across North America?</p> <p>a) Natural flight dispersal b) Nursery stock trade c) Movement of infested firewood d) Wind currents carrying adult beetles</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Dr. Graziosi identified firewood as the primary culprit, explaining that campers and travelers moved infested firewood, and researchers were able to connect the pattern of EAB spread closely with the highway and freeway system. Source in transcript: ~13:00\u201313:46, blocks 136\u2013141</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-8","title":"Question 8","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 15:26 \u2013 16:44 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>An arborist inventorying trees in a Georgia neighborhood finds that all the ash trees have been killed by EAB but notices white fringetrees appear healthy. Based on Dr. Graziosi's presentation, should the arborist be concerned about EAB affecting the white fringetrees?</p> <p>a) No, because white fringetrees are not in the same plant family as ash b) No, because EAB only attacks ash species c) Yes, because white fringetree was discovered to be an alternate host for EAB and could serve as a population reservoir d) Yes, but only if the white fringetrees are under drought stress</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Dr. Graziosi explained that in 2014 it was discovered that EAB could expand its host range to attack white fringetree (same family, Oleaceae). More importantly, white fringetree can function as a reservoir for EAB populations even after all ash trees in an area are gone. Source in transcript: ~15:26\u201316:44, blocks 162\u2013172</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-9","title":"Question 9","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 31:47 \u2013 33:28 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A pest control operator inspects a crapemyrtle in December and finds both mature adult females and small mobile nymphs on the bark. Based on the presentation, is this finding unusual?</p> <p>a) Yes, all CMBS should be in a dormant stage during winter b) Yes, nymphs should only be present during summer months c) No, CMBS has overlapping generations, so multiple life stages can be present at any time of year d) No, but only adults should be present \u2014 the nymphs are likely a different insect</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Dr. Graziosi explained that CMBS can have up to five overlapping generations, meaning different stages of the insect can be found at any point. He showed a photo taken in Athens one month prior (winter) that contained both nymphs (crawlers) and adults. Source in transcript: ~33:10\u201333:47, blocks 327\u2013329</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-10","title":"Question 10","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 36:42 \u2013 37:17 Difficulty: Analysis</p> <p>Dr. Graziosi discussed urban heat island effects in relation to crapemyrtle bark scale. Which of the following best explains why urban heat islands create a \"double advantage\" for scale insects?</p> <p>a) Heat kills natural enemies while attracting more scales to the area b) Heat increases tree growth rate, providing more food for scales c) Heat stresses the host tree, increasing its susceptibility, while simultaneously accelerating the insect's development d) Heat causes scales to produce more sooty mold, which protects them from predators</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Dr. Graziosi described two specific effects of urban heat islands: first, it stresses trees, making them more susceptible to pests; second, it accelerates the development of the insect itself. He noted that scales are particularly good at taking advantage of urban heat. Source in transcript: ~36:57\u201337:21, blocks 363\u2013368</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-11","title":"Question 11","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 38:06 \u2013 38:29 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A landscape company wants to use trunk injection of systemic insecticides to control a crapemyrtle bark scale infestation. Based on the presentation, what should they know?</p> <p>a) Trunk injection is the most effective method for CMBS control b) Trunk injection works but must be applied in fall c) Trunk injection is not a viable option because crapemyrtle absorbs systemic insecticides through the trunk very slowly d) Trunk injection is effective only on trees over 6 inches in diameter</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Dr. Graziosi specifically stated that chemical control of CMBS is complicated by the fact that crapemyrtle is not good at absorbing systemic insecticide through trunk injection, and that the chemical moves very slowly, making it not a viable option. Source in transcript: ~38:14\u201338:30, blocks 378\u2013380</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-12","title":"Question 12","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 38:31 \u2013 41:44 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>Which of the following is NOT one of the native predators Dr. Graziosi identified as feeding on crapemyrtle bark scale?</p> <p>a) Twice-stabbed lady beetle b) Green lacewing c) Bigeminal lady beetle d) Parasitoid wasp specialist from Asia</p> <p>Correct Answer: d Explanation: Dr. Graziosi identified three lady beetle species (twice-stabbed, bigeminal, and Harlequin) and green lacewings (particularly the red-lipped green lacewing) as predators of CMBS in North America. He specifically noted that no effective parasitoid had yet been found for CMBS in the US, unlike the situation in Asia. Source in transcript: ~38:48\u201341:00, blocks 385\u2013409</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-13","title":"Question 13","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 42:25 \u2013 43:35 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>According to the presentation, the orange-striped oakworm moth primarily feeds on which group of trees?</p> <p>a) Ash species b) Crapemyrtles c) Red oaks, but also hickory, birch, and maple d) Pines and other conifers</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Dr. Graziosi described the orange-striped oakworm as a well-known pest of oaks, especially red oaks, but noted it can also feed on hickory, birch, and maple. Source in transcript: ~42:43\u201342:59, blocks 422\u2013423</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-14","title":"Question 14","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 44:51 \u2013 46:10 Difficulty: Analysis</p> <p>Dr. Graziosi discussed Nuttall oaks on the UGA Athens campus as an example of vulnerability to the orange-striped oakworm. What underlying principle does this example illustrate about urban tree pest management?</p> <p>a) Nuttall oaks are a non-native species poorly adapted to Georgia b) Monoculture plantings of clonal nursery stock create genetically uniform populations where susceptibility in one tree means susceptibility in all c) Nuttall oaks are particularly attractive to oakworm moths due to their leaf chemistry d) Older trees are always more resistant to defoliating insects than younger ones</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Dr. Graziosi explained that urban trees often come from nurseries as clonal trees with very low genetic variability \u2014 \"they are basically the same tree.\" Therefore the susceptibility of one tree reflects the susceptibility of all trees of that clone on campus, making them uniformly vulnerable. Source in transcript: ~45:00\u201346:05, blocks 452\u2013460</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-15","title":"Question 15","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 47:56 \u2013 49:05 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A homeowner calls about an oak tree losing leaves in late September to orange-striped oakworm caterpillars. About 30% of the canopy has been defoliated. Based on Dr. Graziosi's decision framework, what is the most appropriate recommendation?</p> <p>a) Immediately apply a broad-spectrum systemic insecticide via soil drench b) Apply Btk foliar spray urgently before the tree dies c) Consider that late-season defoliation is less harmful because the tree has already stored nutrients, and monitor rather than treat aggressively d) Remove and replace the tree, as 30% defoliation is always fatal</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Dr. Graziosi outlined two key considerations: the 25% defoliation threshold distinguishes aesthetic from actual damage, and late-season defoliation (even if substantial) is less harmful because the tree has already stored its nutrients. A mature oak at 30% defoliation in late September, while above the threshold, benefits from the seasonal timing, suggesting monitoring may be more appropriate than aggressive chemical intervention. Source in transcript: ~48:05\u201348:44, blocks 482\u2013486</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#verification-checklist","title":"Verification Checklist","text":"<ul> <li>[x] All 15 questions derived exclusively from presentation content</li> <li>[x] Timestamp references verified against corrected transcript</li> <li>[x] No external knowledge required to answer correctly</li> <li>[x] Difficulty distribution: 6 Recall / 6 Application / 3 Analysis</li> <li>[x] Coverage spans early (disease triangle), middle (EAB, CMBS), and late (oakworm) content</li> <li>[x] Answer keys unambiguous based on speaker's statements</li> <li>[x] Distractors plausible but clearly incorrect per presentation</li> <li>[x] No \"all of the above\" or \"none of the above\" options used</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/review-prompts/","title":"GTBOP Moodle Review Prompts","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/review-prompts/#understanding-tree-pests-disease-interactions-invasive-threats-and-management-strategies","title":"Understanding Tree Pests: Disease Interactions, Invasive Threats, and Management Strategies","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/review-prompts/#dr-ignazio-graziosi-january-15-2026","title":"Dr. Ignazio Graziosi \u2014 January 15, 2026","text":"<p>Source: Corrected SRT transcript (Stage 1) + Archive Package (Stage 2) Prompts: 6 timestamp-linked review tasks</p> <p>These short review tasks structure self-paced viewing by directing students to specific video segments and asking them to identify key points.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-1","title":"Review Task 1","text":"<p>Watch: 1:28 \u2013 6:06 Task: Identify the three components of the disease triangle and the three levels of the spiral of tree decline. For each spiral level, list one example factor that Dr. Graziosi names. Key Points to Identify: - Disease triangle: pest, host tree, environment - Predisposing factors (e.g., soil compaction, urban environment, genetic potential) - Inciting factors (e.g., defoliating insects, drought) - Contributing factors (e.g., wood-boring insects, nematodes, Armillaria)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-2","title":"Review Task 2","text":"<p>Watch: 8:23 \u2013 10:47 Task: Follow Dr. Graziosi's description of the emerald ash borer life cycle. List the diagnostic signs he describes for identifying an EAB-infested tree, and note the typical generation time. Key Points to Identify: - Larval galleries under bark disrupting phloem, cambium, and outer xylem - Water sprouts as a diagnostic feature - D-shaped exit holes from adult emergence - Primarily one generation per year, but a portion of the population takes two years</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-3","title":"Review Task 3","text":"<p>Watch: 18:20 \u2013 21:31 Task: Dr. Graziosi presents the invasion curve diagram. Describe how pest prevalence changes over time and explain why early detection matters for control options and cost. Key Points to Identify: - Introduction \u2192 low prevalence \u2192 exponential growth \u2192 carrying capacity (plateau) - Early: eradication may be possible; prevention effective - Late: only local control (individual tree protection); costs increase dramatically - Land managers become aware before the general public</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-4","title":"Review Task 4","text":"<p>Watch: 23:57 \u2013 28:00 Task: Describe the importation biological control program for EAB. Identify the three parasitoid wasp species' targets (what life stage each attacks) and explain why being specialists is an advantage. Key Points to Identify: - Two wasp species attack EAB larvae under bark (one uses vibrational cues and ovipositor to drill through bark) - One wasp species attacks EAB eggs - Specialists only attack EAB \u2014 won't waste their potential on other insects - Release technology: parasitized logs hung on trees; egg parasitoid released via small container (\"O-binator\")</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-5","title":"Review Task 5","text":"<p>Watch: 29:42 \u2013 38:30 Task: Compare crapemyrtle bark scale to the emerald ash borer in terms of: (a) host specificity, (b) available biological control, and (c) effectiveness of trunk injection. Note specific differences Dr. Graziosi highlights. Key Points to Identify: - CMBS is a generalist (feeds on apple, soybean, fig, beautyberry, St. John's wort in addition to crapemyrtle); EAB is more host-specific (ash + white fringetree) - No effective specialist parasitoid found for CMBS in the US; EAB has imported specialist parasitoids - Trunk injection not viable for CMBS (crapemyrtle absorbs poorly); trunk injection is a viable option for EAB in ash</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-6","title":"Review Task 6","text":"<p>Watch: 42:25 \u2013 49:19 Task: Explain Dr. Graziosi's two-part decision framework for determining whether to treat orange-striped oakworm. Then describe why clonal urban plantings are particularly vulnerable to this native pest. Key Points to Identify: - Part 1: Distinguish aesthetic vs. actual damage \u2014 threshold is ~25% defoliation - Part 2: Assess season \u2014 late-season defoliation less harmful (tree already stored nutrients) - Clonal nursery stock = low genetic variability = uniform susceptibility across all trees of the same clone - Urban heat island compounds the problem by accelerating insect development</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/review-prompts/#verification-checklist","title":"Verification Checklist","text":"<ul> <li>[x] All review tasks reference specific, verifiable video segments</li> <li>[x] Key points match content actually presented in those segments</li> <li>[x] No external knowledge needed to complete tasks</li> <li>[x] Tasks progress through the full presentation (early \u2192 middle \u2192 late)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/ext-agent/","title":"GTBOP Webinar \u2014 Extension Agent Resource","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/ext-agent/#understanding-tree-pests-disease-interactions-invasive-threats-and-management-strategies","title":"Understanding Tree Pests: Disease Interactions, Invasive Threats, and Management Strategies","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/ext-agent/#webinar-details","title":"Webinar Details","text":"Field Details Date January 15, 2026 Speaker Dr. Ignazio Graziosi, Assistant Professor, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia Moderator Dr. Bodie Pennisi, UGA Horticulturist Duration 52 minutes, 11 seconds Series Green & Commercial CEU Categories TBD"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/ext-agent/#ceu-information","title":"CEU Information","text":"<p>Applicable License Categories (pending confirmation): - Category 24 \u2014 Ornamental and Turf Pest Control (likely primary) - Category 27 \u2014 Right-of-Way Pest Control (possible secondary)</p> <p>Credit Hours: TBD</p> <p>Viewing Instructions for Asynchronous CEU Delivery: This archived webinar may be used for self-paced continuing education. Viewers should watch the full presentation (approximately 52 minutes), complete any required assessment activities, and submit documentation per county or program requirements. Sign-in sheets should be submitted to gtbop@uga.edu or mailed to the address printed at the top of the sign-in sheet.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/ext-agent/#content-summary","title":"Content Summary","text":"<p>Dr. Ignazio Graziosi presents a framework for understanding tree pest damage using the disease triangle (pest, host tree, environment) and spiral of tree decline. The presentation is organized around three case studies that cover the major pest-host interaction scenarios landscape professionals encounter:</p> <p>Case Study 1 \u2014 Emerald Ash Borer (EAB): Non-native pest on native trees Covers EAB life cycle and damage identification (water sprouts, D-shaped exit holes, canopy dieback), the role of firewood in spreading the invasion, Georgia's ash species diversity and the white fringetree as an alternate host, the invasion curve concept, importation biological control using specialist parasitoid wasps from Asia, and chemical protection methods (tree injection, bark spray, soil drench). Relevant for agents advising on ash tree conservation and urban forest management.</p> <p>Case Study 2 \u2014 Crapemyrtle Bark Scale (CMBS): Non-native pest on non-native trees Covers CMBS identification (white females, pink eggs, sooty mold), overlapping generations, host range expansion to American beautyberry and St. John's wort, urban heat island effects, chemical control options (soil drench, soil injection, foliar spray \u2014 note trunk injection is not effective for crapemyrtle), and the role of lady beetles and green lacewings as predators. Particularly relevant for Georgia agents, as the invasion is still at an early stage in much of the state.</p> <p>Case Study 3 \u2014 Orange-Striped Oakworm Moth: Native pest on native trees Covers life cycle and seasonal timing (late summer/fall, two generations in the South), vulnerability of clonal urban tree plantings with low genetic diversity, natural enemies, and a practical decision framework: 25% defoliation threshold for treatment, and the reduced harm of late-season defoliation. Btk (Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki) as a selective foliar spray is the recommended first option.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/ext-agent/#key-concepts-for-agent-programs","title":"Key Concepts for Agent Programs","text":"<p>These concepts from the presentation are well-suited for county programming and client consultations:</p> <p>Disease Triangle \u2014 Damage is an interaction of pest, host, and environment. Helps clients understand why the same pest causes different levels of damage in different settings.</p> <p>Spiral of Tree Decline \u2014 Multiple stressor categories (predisposing, inciting, contributing) interact. Soil compaction alone can bring a tree to death. Useful for educating clients on urban tree care beyond pest control.</p> <p>Invasion Curve \u2014 Early detection enables more effective and less costly control. Relevant for CMBS messaging in counties where the pest has not yet established at high levels.</p> <p>Urban Heat Island Effects \u2014 Stresses trees while accelerating insect development. Relevant for any agent working in urban/suburban landscapes.</p> <p>Aesthetic vs. Actual Damage \u2014 The 25% defoliation threshold and seasonal timing consideration help agents advise clients on when treatment is and isn't warranted.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/ext-agent/#suggested-pairings","title":"Suggested Pairings","text":"<p>This webinar complements other GTBOP content covering urban tree care, scale insect management, and integrated pest management principles. It pairs well with presentations on ornamental pest identification, systemic insecticide application, and biological control in landscape settings.</p> <p>Getting the Best of Pests (GTBOP) | UGA Center for Urban Agriculture For questions about CEU delivery or archived webinar use, contact gtbop@uga.edu</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/website/","title":"GTBOP Webinar Archive","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/website/#understanding-tree-pests-disease-interactions-invasive-threats-and-management-strategies","title":"Understanding Tree Pests: Disease Interactions, Invasive Threats, and Management Strategies","text":"<p>Webinar Date: January 15, 2026 Speaker: Dr. Ignazio Graziosi, Assistant Professor, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia Moderator: Dr. Bodie Pennisi, UGA Horticulturist Duration: 52:11 Series: Green & Commercial CEU Categories: TBD</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/website/#summary","title":"Summary","text":"<p>Dr. Ignazio Graziosi, an assistant professor in the Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources at the University of Georgia, presents a framework for understanding tree pest damage through ecological interactions. Using the disease triangle and spiral of tree decline, he examines how the pest, host tree, and environment interact to produce damage \u2014 particularly in stressful urban settings.</p> <p>Three case studies illustrate different ecological scenarios. The emerald ash borer (EAB), a non-native pest devastating native ash, demonstrates the value of importation biological control using specialist parasitoid wasps from Asia, the invasion curve concept, and the continued importance of chemical protection for high-value trees. Crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS), a non-native pest on non-native crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica), highlights challenges including overlapping generations, expanding host range to American beautyberry and St. John's wort, urban heat island effects, and the limitations of generalist native predators. The orange-striped oakworm moth, a native pest of native oaks, illustrates how low genetic diversity in clonal urban plantings and environmental stress create vulnerability, with practical guidance on the 25% defoliation threshold and Btk (Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki) as a selective foliar treatment.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/website/#video-chapters","title":"Video Chapters","text":"<p>0:00 Introduction and speaker credentials 1:28 The disease triangle: pest, tree, and environment 3:02 The spiral of tree decline 6:07 Native vs. non-native pest and tree interactions 7:22 Example 1: Emerald ash borer (EAB) \u2014 overview 8:23 EAB life cycle and damage symptoms 10:48 EAB generation time and temperature effects 11:57 EAB spread across North America and firewood 13:47 EAB in Georgia and native ash species diversity 15:26 White fringetree as alternate EAB host 16:43 Global trade and non-native species introductions 18:20 The invasion curve: detection, eradication, and control 21:32 Why EAB is not a pest in Asia 22:34 Chemical control methods for EAB 23:57 Importation biological control: parasitoid wasps 28:01 Native natural enemies and the goal of balance 29:42 Example 2: Crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS) \u2014 overview 31:47 CMBS biology, life cycle, and overlapping generations 33:47 CMBS invasion timeline and early detection 35:02 CMBS and the invasion curve in Georgia 36:06 CMBS host range expansion in North America 36:42 Urban heat island effects on scales 37:28 Chemical control options for CMBS 38:31 Natural enemies: lady beetles and lacewings 42:04 Balancing chemical and biological control for CMBS 42:25 Example 3: Orange-striped oakworm moth \u2014 overview 43:53 Oakworm life cycle and seasonal timing 44:51 Why urban and clonal trees are vulnerable 46:35 Natural enemies of the oakworm 47:56 Control decisions: damage thresholds and Btk 49:19 Presentation wrap-up and key takeaways 50:01 Moderator comments on CMBS expansion in Georgia</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/website/#questions-answers","title":"Questions & Answers","text":"<p>Q: What is the disease triangle, and why is it important for understanding tree pest damage? A: The disease triangle describes how damage to a tree results from the interaction of three components: the pest, the host tree, and the environment. Damage is not caused by the pest alone \u2014 a susceptible tree in a stressful environment amplifies the impact. Dr. Graziosi emphasized that this framework helps professionals identify which factors they can influence when managing pest problems, particularly in urban settings where environmental stress is high.</p> <p>Q: What is the spiral of tree decline, and how does it relate to tree death in urban environments? A: The spiral of tree decline is a diagram with three levels of stressors \u2014 predisposing factors (such as soil compaction and genetic potential), inciting factors (such as defoliating insects and drought), and contributing factors (such as wood-boring insects, nematodes, and Armillaria). Each level can independently bring a tree to death, and urban environments intensify these stressors. The key takeaway is that tree death typically results from multiple interacting factors rather than a single cause.</p> <p>Q: How does firewood movement contribute to the spread of the emerald ash borer? A: The movement of infested firewood by campers and travelers was the primary pathway for EAB's rapid spread across North America. Researchers were able to connect the pattern of EAB spread closely with the highway and freeway system. This led to the \"Don't Move Firewood\" campaign, which also helps contain other invasive insects such as the Asian longhorned beetle.</p> <p>Q: Why is the emerald ash borer not considered a pest in its native range in Asia? A: Two main reasons explain this. First, native Asian ash species co-evolved with the EAB and are resistant or less susceptible \u2014 only very weak, stressed trees are attacked there. Second, a community of specialist natural enemies, including parasitoid wasps, keeps EAB populations low in Asia. This understanding directly informed both the chemical protection approach (making North American trees artificially resistant) and the importation biological control program.</p> <p>Q: What are the chemical control options for protecting ash trees from the emerald ash borer? A: Three main application methods are available: tree injection, bark spray, and soil drench. Some products can be applied by homeowners while others require a professional applicator. Timing is important \u2014 for example, soil drench needs to be applied in spring before leaves emerge. Dr. Graziosi noted that chemical protection remains critical for saving individual high-value trees, since biological control has not yet been fully successful for EAB in North America.</p> <p>Q: Why is trunk injection not effective for controlling crapemyrtle bark scale? A: Crapemyrtle does not absorb systemic insecticides well through trunk injection \u2014 the chemical moves very slowly through the plant, making it an ineffective delivery method. Instead, soil drench, soil injection, and foliar sprays are the recommended chemical control approaches for CMBS. Soaps can also be used to target crawlers, the young mobile nymphs.</p> <p>Q: What native predators help control crapemyrtle bark scale, and what are their limitations? A: Three lady beetle species \u2014 the twice-stabbed lady beetle, the bigeminal lady beetle, and the non-native Harlequin lady beetle \u2014 are active predators of CMBS, feeding on both nymphs and adults. Green lacewings, particularly the red-lipped green lacewing, also prey on CMBS nymphs and eggs and are commercially available. However, these predators are generalists that often arrive late in the season and do not build sustained populations on infested trees, limiting their effectiveness as standalone control agents.</p> <p>Q: How should a landscape professional decide whether to treat for orange-striped oakworm? A: Dr. Graziosi outlined a two-part decision framework. First, distinguish between aesthetic damage and actual harm to the tree \u2014 the threshold is approximately 25% defoliation. Second, assess the season: late-season defoliation, even if substantial, is less harmful because the tree has already stored its nutrients. Treatment is most warranted for young or small trees experiencing significant early-season defoliation.</p> <p>Q: Why are urban landscape trees particularly vulnerable to the orange-striped oakworm? A: Urban landscape trees are often clonal nursery stock with very low genetic variability. Dr. Graziosi used the example of Nuttall oaks on the UGA Athens campus \u2014 beautiful, high-quality trees that are essentially genetically identical, meaning the susceptibility of one tree is the susceptibility of all. Combined with urban heat island effects that accelerate insect development, this creates conditions favoring pest outbreaks.</p> <p>Q: What is importation biological control, and how has it been applied to the emerald ash borer? A: Importation biological control involves studying the natural enemies that effectively control a pest in its native range and introducing them to the invaded region. USDA conducted risk assessments and introduced three specialist parasitoid wasp species from Asia to target EAB. Two species attack EAB larvae under the bark using ovipositors to locate them through vibrational cues, while the third parasitizes EAB eggs. These wasps are specialists that only attack EAB, ensuring they won't harm other insects.</p> <p>Q: What is the significance of the white fringetree for emerald ash borer management in Georgia? A: The white fringetree, which belongs to the same family (Oleaceae) as ash, was discovered in 2014 to be an alternate host for the EAB. This is significant not only because it means another native plant species is at risk, but more importantly because white fringetree can serve as a population reservoir, allowing EAB to persist in an area even after all ash trees are gone. This has direct implications for long-term management strategies in Georgia.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/website/#additional-resources","title":"Additional Resources","text":"<ul> <li>Dr. Graziosi referenced QR codes linking to UGA publications on EAB status and control in Georgia, the full insecticide protocol for EAB, and CMBS biology and management.</li> <li>The iTree tool suite for calculating ecosystem services and benefits of trees, and for right-tree-right-place selection, is available at itreetools.org.</li> <li>Submit sign-in sheets for CEU credit to gtbop@uga.edu or mail to the address on the sign-in sheet.</li> </ul> <p>Getting the Best of Pests (GTBOP) is a continuing education webinar series for pest management and Green Industry professionals, hosted by the University of Georgia Center for Urban Agriculture.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/youtube/","title":"GTBOP YouTube Description","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/youtube/#understanding-tree-pests-disease-interactions-invasive-threats-and-management-strategies","title":"Understanding Tree Pests: Disease Interactions, Invasive Threats, and Management Strategies","text":"<p>Copy everything below this line into the YouTube description field:</p> <p>Understanding Tree Pests: Disease Interactions, Invasive Threats, and Management Strategies | GTBOP Webinar Series</p> <p>Dr. Ignazio Graziosi, Assistant Professor in the Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources at the University of Georgia, presents a framework for understanding tree pest damage through ecological interactions. Using the disease triangle and spiral of tree decline, he examines how the pest, host tree, and environment interact to produce damage \u2014 particularly in stressful urban settings.</p> <p>Three case studies illustrate different ecological scenarios: the emerald ash borer (EAB), a non-native pest devastating native ash; crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS), a non-native pest on non-native crapemyrtle; and the orange-striped oakworm moth, a native pest on native oaks. For each, Dr. Graziosi explores host susceptibility, environmental factors, natural enemies, and chemical and biological control strategies, providing a practical decision-making framework for landscape professionals.</p> <p>Presented January 15, 2026 | Getting the Best of Pests (GTBOP) Webinar Series | Green & Commercial Hosted by the UGA Center for Urban Agriculture Moderator: Dr. Bodie Pennisi, UGA Horticulturist</p> <p>\u23f1\ufe0f TIMESTAMPS 0:00 Introduction and speaker credentials 1:28 The disease triangle: pest, tree, and environment 3:02 The spiral of tree decline 6:07 Native vs. non-native pest and tree interactions 7:22 Example 1: Emerald ash borer (EAB) \u2014 overview 8:23 EAB life cycle and damage symptoms 10:48 EAB generation time and temperature effects 11:57 EAB spread across North America and firewood 13:47 EAB in Georgia and native ash species diversity 15:26 White fringetree as alternate EAB host 16:43 Global trade and non-native species introductions 18:20 The invasion curve: detection, eradication, and control 21:32 Why EAB is not a pest in Asia 22:34 Chemical control methods for EAB 23:57 Importation biological control: parasitoid wasps 28:01 Native natural enemies and the goal of balance 29:42 Example 2: Crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS) \u2014 overview 31:47 CMBS biology, life cycle, and overlapping generations 33:47 CMBS invasion timeline and early detection 35:02 CMBS and the invasion curve in Georgia 36:06 CMBS host range expansion in North America 36:42 Urban heat island effects on scales 37:28 Chemical control options for CMBS 38:31 Natural enemies: lady beetles and lacewings 42:04 Balancing chemical and biological control for CMBS 42:25 Example 3: Orange-striped oakworm moth \u2014 overview 43:53 Oakworm life cycle and seasonal timing 44:51 Why urban and clonal trees are vulnerable 46:35 Natural enemies of the oakworm 47:56 Control decisions: damage thresholds and Btk 49:19 Presentation wrap-up and key takeaways 50:01 Moderator comments on CMBS expansion in Georgia</p> <p>\u2753 Q&A HIGHLIGHTS</p> <p>Q: What is the disease triangle? A: Damage results from the interaction of the pest, the host tree, and the environment \u2014 not the pest alone.</p> <p>Q: How does firewood spread the emerald ash borer? A: Infested firewood was the primary pathway for EAB's rapid spread, closely matching the highway system and leading to the \"Don't Move Firewood\" campaign.</p> <p>Q: Why is trunk injection ineffective for crapemyrtle bark scale? A: Crapemyrtle absorbs systemic insecticides very slowly. Soil drench, soil injection, and foliar sprays are recommended instead.</p> <p>Q: When should you treat for orange-striped oakworm? A: The threshold is about 25% defoliation. Late-season defoliation is less harmful. Btk is effective against young larvae with minimal impact on natural enemies.</p> <p>\ud83d\udcda RESOURCES \u2022 Submit sign-in sheets for CEU credit: gtbop@uga.edu \u2022 iTree tools for calculating tree benefits: itreetools.org \u2022 QR codes for UGA extension publications on EAB and CMBS were shown during the presentation</p> <p>\ud83d\udd17 ABOUT GTBOP Getting the Best of Pests (GTBOP) is a continuing education webinar series for pest management and Green Industry professionals, hosted by the University of Georgia Center for Urban Agriculture.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/youtube/#treehealth-emeraldashborer-crapemyrtlebarkscale-pestmanagement-ipm-arboriculture-uga-gtbop-continuingeducation-urbanforestry-biologicalcontrol","title":"TreeHealth #EmeraldAshBorer #CrapemyrtleBarkScale #PestManagement #IPM #Arboriculture #UGA #GTBOP #ContinuingEducation #UrbanForestry #BiologicalControl","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/","title":"Dr. Ryan Klein \u2014 Best Management Practices for Urban Trees","text":"<p>Webinar Date: January 15, 2026 Speaker: Dr. Ryan Klein, University of Florida, Arboriculture Moderator: Beth Horne, Extension Associate Series: Green & Commercial CEU Categories: Category 24 (Ornamental and Turf)</p>","tags":["Green & Commercial","Arboriculture","Klein"]},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/#deliverables","title":"Deliverables","text":"Deliverable Stage Description Archive Summary 2 Narrative summary, YouTube timestamps, Q&A Prose Transcript 5 Full presentation in readable prose Transcript Corrections 1 Correction log and verification YouTube Version 3 Character-limited YouTube description Website Version 3 Full web publication version Extension Agent Version 3 CEU-focused asynchronous version Quiz 4 Multiple choice assessment Matching 4 Term-to-definition exercises Review Prompts 4 Timestamp-linked review tasks Corrected SRT 1 Download corrected subtitle file <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>","tags":["Green & Commercial","Arboriculture","Klein"]},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/archive-summary/","title":"Archive Summary \u2014 Klein, Urban Tree BMPs","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 2 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/corrections/","title":"Transcript Corrections \u2014 Klein, Urban Tree BMPs","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 1 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/downloads/","title":"Downloads \u2014 Klein, Urban Tree BMPs","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/downloads/#corrected-srt-file","title":"Corrected SRT File","text":"<p>Place the corrected SRT file in this folder alongside this page. MkDocs will serve it as a static asset.</p> Detail Value Filename <code>GTBOP_Transcript_2026-01-15_UrbanTreeBMPs.srt</code> Blocks \u2014 Time range \u2014 <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/prose-transcript/","title":"Prose Transcript \u2014 Klein, Urban Tree BMPs","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 5 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/activities/matching/","title":"Matching Exercises \u2014 Klein, Urban Tree BMPs","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 4 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/activities/quiz/","title":"Moodle Quiz \u2014 Klein, Urban Tree BMPs","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 4 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/activities/review-prompts/","title":"Review Prompts \u2014 Klein, Urban Tree BMPs","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 4 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/platforms/ext-agent/","title":"Extension Agent Version \u2014 Klein, Urban Tree BMPs","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 3 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/platforms/website/","title":"Website Version \u2014 Klein, Urban Tree BMPs","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 3 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/platforms/youtube/","title":"YouTube Description \u2014 Klein, Urban Tree BMPs","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 3 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"projects/","title":"Writing Projects","text":"<p>Collaborative writing resources derived from GTBOP webinar content. Each project reorganizes presentation material into publication-ready toolkits for subject matter experts.</p>","tags":["Writing Projects"]},{"location":"projects/#active-projects","title":"Active Projects","text":"Project Source Webinar Collaborators Status Insecticide Basics Bulletin Scharf \u2014 Insecticide MOA (Oct 2017) Dr. Dan Suiter, Dr. Michael Scharf In progress <p>UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Writing Projects</p>","tags":["Writing Projects"]},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/","title":"Insecticide Basics Bulletin \u2014 Writing Toolkit","text":"<p>Source Webinar: Dr. Michael Scharf \u2014 Principles of Insecticide Classification and Mode of Action (October 18, 2017) Collaborators: Dr. Dan Suiter (UGA), Dr. Michael Scharf (Purdue) Target Publication: UGA extension bulletin on insecticide classification and mode of action for pest control professionals</p>","tags":["Writing Projects","Insecticides","Scharf","Suiter"]},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/#how-this-toolkit-works","title":"How This Toolkit Works","text":"<p>This set of writing resources reorganizes Dr. Scharf's GTBOP presentation into a publication-ready structure. All content derives exclusively from the corrected transcript \u2014 no external information has been introduced.</p> Document Purpose Bulletin Outline Publication structure with content notes, transcript pointers, and writing notes Reference Compendium Consolidated tables of insecticide classes, active ingredients, MOA groups, and terminology Source Guide Maps publication sections to exact transcript locations and video timestamps","tags":["Writing Projects","Insecticides","Scharf","Suiter"]},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/#using-these-documents","title":"Using These Documents","text":"<p>The Outline is your drafting roadmap \u2014 it tells you what goes where and flags areas needing current updates with \u26a0\ufe0f markers. The Compendium is your quick-reference sheet for verifying classifications and relationships while writing. The Source Guide tells you exactly where to look in the video or transcript to verify any specific claim.</p> <p>\u26a0\ufe0f markers indicate content that may need updating since the 2017 presentation. These are flags for the subject matter experts, not corrections \u2014 the writing resources preserve what the speaker actually said.</p> <p>Source: GTBOP Structural Pest Control Series / Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture</p>","tags":["Writing Projects","Insecticides","Scharf","Suiter"]},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/compendium/","title":"Reference Compendium \u2014 Insecticide Basics","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 6 reference compendium here.</p> <p>Source: Dr. Michael Scharf, GTBOP Structural \u2014 October 18, 2017 Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/","title":"Bulletin Outline \u2014 Insecticide Basics","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 6 bulletin outline here.</p> <p>Source: Dr. Michael Scharf, GTBOP Structural \u2014 October 18, 2017 Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/source-guide/","title":"Source Guide \u2014 Insecticide Basics","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 6 source guide here.</p> <p>Source: Dr. Michael Scharf, GTBOP Structural \u2014 October 18, 2017 Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"structural/","title":"Structural Pest Control Series","text":"<p>Webinar archives for licensed pest control operators. Content serves Category 35 (Industrial, Institutional, Structural and Health Related) continuing education.</p>","tags":["Structural"]},{"location":"structural/#processed-sessions","title":"Processed Sessions","text":"Date Speaker Topic Stages Oct 18, 2017 Dr. Michael Scharf Insecticide MOA 1\u20136 <p>UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Structural Pest Control Series</p>","tags":["Structural"]},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/","title":"Dr. Michael Scharf \u2014 Principles of Insecticide Classification and Mode of Action","text":"<p>Webinar Date: October 18, 2017 Speaker: Dr. Michael Scharf, Purdue University, Department of Entomology Moderator: Dr. Dan Suiter, Extension Entomologist, UGA Series: Structural Pest Control CEU Categories: Category 35 (Industrial, Institutional, Structural and Health Related)</p>","tags":["Structural","Entomology","Scharf","Insecticides"]},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/#deliverables","title":"Deliverables","text":"Deliverable Stage Description Archive Summary 2 Narrative summary, YouTube timestamps, Q&A Prose Transcript 5 Full presentation in readable prose Transcript Corrections 1 Correction log and verification YouTube Version 3 Character-limited YouTube description Website Version 3 Full web publication version Extension Agent Version 3 CEU-focused asynchronous version Quiz 4 Multiple choice assessment Matching 4 Term-to-definition exercises Corrected SRT 1 Download corrected subtitle file","tags":["Structural","Entomology","Scharf","Insecticides"]},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/#writing-resources","title":"Writing Resources","text":"Resource Description Bulletin Outline Publication structure mapped to presentation content Reference Compendium Consolidated tables of classifications, products, and terminology Source Guide Transcript-to-publication navigation map <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>","tags":["Structural","Entomology","Scharf","Insecticides"]},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/archive-summary/","title":"Archive Summary \u2014 Scharf, Insecticide MOA","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 2 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/corrections/","title":"Transcript Corrections \u2014 Scharf, Insecticide MOA","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 1 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/downloads/","title":"Downloads \u2014 Scharf, Insecticide MOA","text":""},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/downloads/#corrected-srt-file","title":"Corrected SRT File","text":"<p>Place the corrected SRT file in this folder alongside this page. MkDocs will serve it as a static asset.</p> Detail Value Filename <code>GTBOP_Transcript_2017-10-18_InsecticideMOA.srt</code> Blocks \u2014 Time range \u2014 <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/","title":"Prose Transcript \u2014 Scharf, Insecticide MOA","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 5 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/matching/","title":"Matching Exercises \u2014 Scharf, Insecticide MOA","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 4 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/quiz/","title":"Moodle Quiz \u2014 Scharf, Insecticide MOA","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 4 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/platforms/ext-agent/","title":"Extension Agent Version \u2014 Scharf, Insecticide MOA","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 3 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/platforms/website/","title":"Website Version \u2014 Scharf, Insecticide MOA","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 3 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/platforms/youtube/","title":"YouTube Description \u2014 Scharf, Insecticide MOA","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 3 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"}]} |