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Rich Braman 1b4b58139c Re-publish Scharf Insecticide MOA session with updated deliverables 
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-03-17 22:16:54 -04:00

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Extracted from Dr. Michael Scharf's GTBOP Presentation (October 18, 2017)
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<h1 id="insecticide-mode-of-action-quick-reference-compendium">Insecticide Mode of Action — Quick Reference Compendium<a class="headerlink" href="#insecticide-mode-of-action-quick-reference-compendium" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<h2 id="extracted-from-dr-michael-scharfs-gtbop-presentation-october-18-2017">Extracted from Dr. Michael Scharf's GTBOP Presentation (October 18, 2017)<a class="headerlink" href="#extracted-from-dr-michael-scharfs-gtbop-presentation-october-18-2017" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p><strong>Prepared by:</strong> Rich Braman, UGA Cooperative Extension / Center for Urban Agriculture
<strong>For:</strong> Dr. Dan Suiter &amp; Dr. Michael Scharf — Bulletin revision reference
<strong>Source:</strong> GTBOP_ProseTranscript_2017-10-18_InsecticideMOA.md</p>
<hr />
<h2 id="purpose">Purpose<a class="headerlink" href="#purpose" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>This document consolidates every insecticide class, target site, product name, and relationship mentioned in Dr. Scharf's presentation into reference tables. These can serve as:</p>
<ul>
<li>Quick-check references during the writing process</li>
<li>Source material for bulletin tables and figures</li>
<li>Verification that all content is accounted for in the revised bulletin</li>
</ul>
<p>All content below is derived exclusively from the presentation transcript. Items marked with ⚠️ may benefit from updating with current information.</p>
<hr />
<h2 id="table-1-master-classification-all-nine-insecticide-classes">TABLE 1: Master Classification — All Nine Insecticide Classes<a class="headerlink" href="#table-1-master-classification-all-nine-insecticide-classes" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<h3 id="neurotoxic-insecticides-5-classes">Neurotoxic Insecticides (5 classes)<a class="headerlink" href="#neurotoxic-insecticides-5-classes" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>#</th>
<th>Class</th>
<th>Target Site</th>
<th>Location on Neuron</th>
<th>Mode of Action</th>
<th>Effect on Insect</th>
<th>Representative Products</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>Pyrethroids / Pyrethrins / DDT</td>
<td>Sodium channels</td>
<td>Axon</td>
<td>Stimulation (modulation)</td>
<td>Excitation → knockdown, incoordination</td>
<td>Pyrethroids (various), pyrethrins</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2a</td>
<td>Oxadiazines</td>
<td>Sodium channels</td>
<td>Axon</td>
<td>Blockage</td>
<td>Inhibition → paralysis ("on switch stuck off")</td>
<td>Indoxacarb</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2b</td>
<td>Semicarbazones</td>
<td>Sodium channels</td>
<td>Axon</td>
<td>Blockage</td>
<td>Inhibition → paralysis</td>
<td>Metaflumizone</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3a</td>
<td>Phenylpyrazoles</td>
<td>Chloride channels (GABA receptor)</td>
<td>Post-synaptic</td>
<td>Blockage</td>
<td>Excitation (blocks mellowing effect)</td>
<td>Fipronil</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3b</td>
<td>Isoxazolines</td>
<td>Chloride channels</td>
<td>Post-synaptic</td>
<td>Blockage</td>
<td>Excitation</td>
<td>Fluralaner, sarolaner</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3c</td>
<td>Avermectins</td>
<td>Chloride channels (glutamate receptor)</td>
<td>Post-synaptic</td>
<td>Stimulation</td>
<td>Inhibition → paralysis (opposite of fipronil)</td>
<td>Abamectin</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4a</td>
<td>Neonicotinoids / Nicotinoids</td>
<td>Acetylcholine receptor</td>
<td>Post-synaptic (synapse)</td>
<td>Stimulation</td>
<td>Excitation</td>
<td>Imidacloprid (nicotinoid), clothianidin (neonicotinoid)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4b</td>
<td>Sulfoximines</td>
<td>Acetylcholine receptor</td>
<td>Post-synaptic (synapse)</td>
<td>Stimulation</td>
<td>Excitation</td>
<td>Sulfoxaflor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4c</td>
<td>Spinosyns</td>
<td>Acetylcholine receptor</td>
<td>Post-synaptic (synapse)</td>
<td>Stimulation</td>
<td>Excitation</td>
<td>Spinosad</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td>Organophosphates / Carbamates</td>
<td>Acetylcholinesterase enzyme</td>
<td>Synapse</td>
<td>Inhibition</td>
<td>Excitation (ACh accumulates)</td>
<td>Various ⚠️</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="non-neurotoxic-insecticides-4-classes">Non-Neurotoxic Insecticides (4 classes)<a class="headerlink" href="#non-neurotoxic-insecticides-4-classes" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>#</th>
<th>Class</th>
<th>Target Site</th>
<th>Mode of Action</th>
<th>Effect on Insect</th>
<th>Representative Products</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>6</td>
<td>Diamides</td>
<td>Neuromuscular calcium channels</td>
<td>Stimulation</td>
<td>Contraction → energy depletion → paralysis → death</td>
<td>Chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7a</td>
<td>Juvenile hormone analogs (IGR)</td>
<td>Hormonal regulation of molting</td>
<td>Mimicry</td>
<td>Cuticle deformation, extra juvenile stages, population crash</td>
<td>Pyriproxyfen</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7b</td>
<td>Chitin synthesis inhibitors (IGR)</td>
<td>Chitin synthesis enzyme</td>
<td>Inhibition</td>
<td>Death during molting; "jackknife effect" in termites</td>
<td>Various ⚠️</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8</td>
<td>Mitochondrial respiration inhibitors</td>
<td>Mitochondria (respiratory chain)</td>
<td>Inhibition</td>
<td>Energy production failure → death</td>
<td>Hydramethylnon, chlorfenapyr, sulfuryl fluoride, methyl bromide ⚠️, DSOBTH, boric acid</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>9</td>
<td>Cuticle dehydrating dusts</td>
<td>Epicuticular wax layer</td>
<td>Physical abrasion</td>
<td>Water loss → dehydration → death</td>
<td>Silica gel, diatomaceous earth</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr />
<h2 id="table-2-four-basic-modes-of-action">TABLE 2: Four Basic Modes of Action<a class="headerlink" href="#table-2-four-basic-modes-of-action" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Mode of Action</th>
<th>What It Does</th>
<th>Example Target</th>
<th>Example Insecticide Class</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>Stimulation</strong></td>
<td>Causes target to become more active</td>
<td>Sodium channels → fire more</td>
<td>Pyrethroids</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Blockage</strong></td>
<td>Shuts target off</td>
<td>Sodium channels → can't fire</td>
<td>Indoxacarb</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Modulation</strong></td>
<td>Subtly changes target shape/function</td>
<td>Sodium channel conformation</td>
<td>Pyrethroids (also modulators)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Inhibition</strong></td>
<td>Prevents an enzyme from functioning</td>
<td>Acetylcholinesterase → can't degrade ACh</td>
<td>Organophosphates, carbamates</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><em>Note: Scharf emphasized that ALL insecticide effects can be categorized into just these four types.</em></p>
<hr />
<h2 id="table-3-target-sites-on-the-neuron-spatial-relationships">TABLE 3: Target Sites on the Neuron — Spatial Relationships<a class="headerlink" href="#table-3-target-sites-on-the-neuron-spatial-relationships" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Location</th>
<th>Structure</th>
<th>Natural Function</th>
<th>Insecticides Targeting It</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>Axon</strong> (long body of nerve)</td>
<td>Sodium channels</td>
<td>"On switch" — opening initiates nerve impulse</td>
<td>Pyrethroids, pyrethrins, DDT (stimulate); Indoxacarb, metaflumizone (block)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Post-synaptic membrane</strong></td>
<td>GABA-gated chloride channels</td>
<td>"Mellowing" — negative chloride dampens activity</td>
<td>Fipronil, isoxazolines (block → excitation)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Post-synaptic membrane</strong></td>
<td>Glutamate-gated chloride channels</td>
<td>"Mellowing" — inhibitory</td>
<td>Avermectins/abamectin (stimulate → paralysis)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Post-synaptic membrane</strong></td>
<td>Acetylcholine receptors (nAChR)</td>
<td>Carry signal across synapse (sodium channel)</td>
<td>Neonicotinoids, sulfoximines, spinosyns (stimulate)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Synapse</strong></td>
<td>Acetylcholinesterase enzyme</td>
<td>Breaks down ACh after signal transmission</td>
<td>Organophosphates, carbamates (inhibit)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Neuromuscular junction</strong></td>
<td>Calcium channels</td>
<td>Trigger muscle contraction</td>
<td>Diamides (stimulate → sustained contraction)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr />
<h2 id="table-4-products-and-active-ingredients-mentioned">TABLE 4: Products and Active Ingredients Mentioned<a class="headerlink" href="#table-4-products-and-active-ingredients-mentioned" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Active Ingredient / Product</th>
<th>Chemical Class</th>
<th>Target Site</th>
<th>Primary Use Mentioned</th>
<th>Notes</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Pyrethrins</td>
<td>Natural pyrethroid</td>
<td>Sodium channels</td>
<td>General knockdown</td>
<td>Rapid knockdown; repellent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pyrethroids (various)</td>
<td>Synthetic pyrethroids</td>
<td>Sodium channels</td>
<td>General pest control</td>
<td>"Like pepper spray" — highly repellent; widespread bedbug resistance</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DDT</td>
<td>Organochlorine</td>
<td>Sodium channels</td>
<td>Historical reference</td>
<td>Same target site as pyrethroids</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Indoxacarb</td>
<td>Oxadiazine</td>
<td>Sodium channels (blocker)</td>
<td>Urban pest control</td>
<td>"Really big urban insecticide"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Metaflumizone</td>
<td>Semicarbazone</td>
<td>Sodium channels (blocker)</td>
<td>Ectoparasites; possible urban</td>
<td>Newer product at time of presentation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fipronil</td>
<td>Phenylpyrazole</td>
<td>Chloride channels (blocker)</td>
<td>Urban pest control</td>
<td>Off-patent; consumer products available; "one of our biggest"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fluralaner</td>
<td>Isoxazoline</td>
<td>Chloride channels</td>
<td>Veterinary/pet (fleas)</td>
<td>Cross-resistance potential with fipronil</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sarolaner</td>
<td>Isoxazoline</td>
<td>Chloride channels</td>
<td>Veterinary/pet (fleas)</td>
<td>Cross-resistance potential with fipronil</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Abamectin</td>
<td>Avermectin</td>
<td>Chloride channels (stimulator)</td>
<td>Gel baits</td>
<td>Opposite effect from fipronil despite similar target</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Imidacloprid</td>
<td>Nicotinoid</td>
<td>Acetylcholine receptor</td>
<td>Various</td>
<td>Example of "nicotinoid" (looks more like nicotine)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Clothianidin</td>
<td>Neonicotinoid</td>
<td>Acetylcholine receptor</td>
<td>Various</td>
<td>Example of "neonicotinoid" (structurally evolved from nicotine)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sulfoxaflor</td>
<td>Sulfoximine</td>
<td>Acetylcholine receptor</td>
<td>Newer product</td>
<td>New class at same target site as neonics</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Spinosad</td>
<td>Spinosyn</td>
<td>Acetylcholine receptor</td>
<td>Landscape market</td>
<td>Same target site as neonics</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Nicotine</td>
<td>Natural alkaloid</td>
<td>Acetylcholine receptor</td>
<td>Historical (tobacco)</td>
<td>The original — toxic to insects and mammals</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Organophosphates (various)</td>
<td>Organophosphate</td>
<td>Acetylcholinesterase</td>
<td>Declining urban use</td>
<td>Not insect-specific; heavy restrictions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Carbamates (various)</td>
<td>Carbamate</td>
<td>Acetylcholinesterase</td>
<td>Declining urban use</td>
<td>Not insect-specific; heavy restrictions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Chlorantraniliprole</td>
<td>Diamide</td>
<td>Calcium channels (muscle)</td>
<td>Various</td>
<td>No signal word required by EPA; manufacturers added "Caution"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cyantraniliprole</td>
<td>Diamide</td>
<td>Calcium channels (muscle)</td>
<td>Various</td>
<td>Newer diamide</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pyriproxyfen</td>
<td>Juvenile hormone analog</td>
<td>Hormonal (IGR)</td>
<td>Cockroach control</td>
<td>Wing twist indicator in cockroaches</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hydramethylnon</td>
<td>Amidinohydrazone</td>
<td>Mitochondria</td>
<td>Cockroach bait</td>
<td>Energy production inhibitor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Chlorfenapyr</td>
<td>Pyrrole</td>
<td>Mitochondria</td>
<td>Various (has food label)</td>
<td>Relatively safe; resistance potential noted</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sulfuryl fluoride</td>
<td>Inorganic fluoride</td>
<td>Mitochondria</td>
<td>Fumigation</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Methyl bromide</td>
<td>Halogenated hydrocarbon</td>
<td>Mitochondria</td>
<td>Fumigation</td>
<td>⚠️ Largely phased out</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DSOBTH</td>
<td>Borate</td>
<td>Mitochondria/respiration</td>
<td>Wood treatment</td>
<td>Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Boric acid</td>
<td>Borate</td>
<td>Mitochondria + gut lining</td>
<td>Various</td>
<td>Dual mode: chemical (respiration) + physical (abrasive/desiccant)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Silica gel</td>
<td>Inorganic dust</td>
<td>Epicuticular wax</td>
<td>Dust application</td>
<td>Physical mode — abrades waxy layer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Diatomaceous earth</td>
<td>Inorganic dust (biogenic)</td>
<td>Epicuticular wax</td>
<td>Dust application</td>
<td>Silicon from ground diatom exoskeletons</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr />
<h2 id="table-5-combination-products">TABLE 5: Combination Products<a class="headerlink" href="#table-5-combination-products" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Component 1</th>
<th>Component 2</th>
<th>Mechanism</th>
<th>Notes</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Neonicotinoid (acetylcholine receptor)</td>
<td>Pyrethroid (sodium channels)</td>
<td>Potentiation — two target sites simultaneously; "1+1=3" synergy</td>
<td>"All start with tea"; dual resistance observed in roach populations; still require rotation</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr />
<h2 id="table-6-insect-specificity-spectrum">TABLE 6: Insect-Specificity Spectrum<a class="headerlink" href="#table-6-insect-specificity-spectrum" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Insecticide Class</th>
<th>Mammalian Safety</th>
<th>Notes</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>Diamides</strong></td>
<td>Extremely high</td>
<td>No signal word required by EPA; 10,000+ x selectivity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Avermectins</strong></td>
<td>High</td>
<td>Insect-specific target</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Isoxazolines</strong></td>
<td>High</td>
<td>Primarily vet/pet products</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>IGRs (JH analogs, CSIs)</strong></td>
<td>High</td>
<td>Target insect-specific developmental processes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Neonicotinoids</strong></td>
<td>Moderate-High</td>
<td>Insect-specific receptor but systemic/pollinator concerns</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Fipronil</strong></td>
<td>Moderate-High</td>
<td>GABA receptor differences provide selectivity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Pyrethroids</strong></td>
<td>Moderate</td>
<td>Generally safe for mammals but repellent to insects</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Organophosphates / Carbamates</strong></td>
<td><strong>Low</strong></td>
<td><strong>Not insect-specific; work against mammals equally</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><em>Spectrum based on Scharf's characterizations in the presentation. Not a quantitative ranking.</em></p>
<hr />
<h2 id="table-7-practical-field-indicators-mentioned">TABLE 7: Practical Field Indicators Mentioned<a class="headerlink" href="#table-7-practical-field-indicators-mentioned" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>What You See</th>
<th>What It Means</th>
<th>Relevant Product/Class</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Immediate knockdown/incoordination</td>
<td>Sodium channel excitation</td>
<td>Pyrethroids, pyrethrins</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Paralysis (insect immobile but alive)</td>
<td>Sodium channel blockage OR chloride stimulation</td>
<td>Indoxacarb, abamectin</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Wing twist in cockroach nymphs/adults</td>
<td>Juvenile hormone disruption</td>
<td>Pyriproxyfen (JH analog IGR)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"Jackknife" body curl in termites</td>
<td>Malformed cuticle from chitin synthesis disruption</td>
<td>Chitin synthesis inhibitors</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Lethargy and desiccation</td>
<td>Epicuticular wax loss</td>
<td>Silica gel, diatomaceous earth</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sustained muscle contraction → stillness</td>
<td>Calcium channel stimulation → energy depletion</td>
<td>Diamides (chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr />
<h2 id="table-8-key-physiological-barriers-to-insecticide-penetration">TABLE 8: Key Physiological Barriers to Insecticide Penetration<a class="headerlink" href="#table-8-key-physiological-barriers-to-insecticide-penetration" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Barrier</th>
<th>Location</th>
<th>Challenge for Insecticide</th>
<th>Relevant Formulation Strategy</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cuticle</td>
<td>External body surface</td>
<td>Multi-layered; waterproof; waxy epicuticle</td>
<td>Contact formulations must penetrate all layers</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Gut lining</td>
<td>Digestive tract interior</td>
<td>The "tube" inside is technically external to the body</td>
<td>Baits must cross gut wall to reach internal targets</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tracheal system</td>
<td>Throughout body</td>
<td>Physical tubes, not blood-carried oxygen</td>
<td>Fumigants exploit this unique insect anatomy</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr />
<h2 id="table-9-key-terminology-and-definitions-from-presentation">TABLE 9: Key Terminology and Definitions from Presentation<a class="headerlink" href="#table-9-key-terminology-and-definitions-from-presentation" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Term</th>
<th>Definition (as explained by Scharf)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>LD50</strong></td>
<td>Lethal dose that kills 50% of test population; inverse relationship with toxicity (lower LD50 = more toxic)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Mode of action</strong></td>
<td>The action of an insecticide at its target site (stimulation, blockage, modulation, or inhibition)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Target site</strong></td>
<td>The specific protein or physiological location within the insect where an insecticide acts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Signal word</strong></td>
<td>EPA-required label indicator of acute toxicity (Danger, Warning, Caution); diamides so safe none was required</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Potentiation</strong></td>
<td>Synergistic effect from hitting two target sites simultaneously; "one plus one equals three"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Trophallaxis</strong></td>
<td>Food sharing among social insects (from mouth and anus); insecticide transfer mechanism</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Allogrooming</strong></td>
<td>Mutual grooming among social insects; insecticide transfer mechanism</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Secondary kill</strong></td>
<td>Death of an individual from consuming insecticide-contaminated feces or carcass of a treated individual</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Tertiary kill</strong></td>
<td>Death of a third individual from insecticide passed through two prior digestive tracts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>IRAC</strong></td>
<td>Insecticide Resistance Action Committee; industry body that classifies MOAs and publishes rotation guidance</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Wing twist</strong></td>
<td>Visible cuticle deformation in cockroaches exposed to juvenile hormone analog IGRs; field diagnostic indicator</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Jackknife effect</strong></td>
<td>Body curling in termites with malformed cuticle from chitin synthesis inhibitor exposure</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Epicuticle</strong></td>
<td>Outermost waxy/oily layer of insect cuticle; target of dehydrating dusts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Synapse</strong></td>
<td>Gap between neurons where electrical signals convert to chemical (neurotransmitter) signals</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Acetylcholine</strong></td>
<td>Primary neurotransmitter that crosses synapses in the insect nervous system</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>GABA receptor</strong></td>
<td>Chloride channel type at post-synaptic membrane; target of fipronil</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Glutamate receptor</strong></td>
<td>Chloride channel type; target of avermectins</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr />
<h2 id="cross-reference-same-target-site-different-effects">Cross-Reference: Same Target Site, Different Effects<a class="headerlink" href="#cross-reference-same-target-site-different-effects" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>One of the presentation's key teaching points was that different insecticide classes can target the same site but have opposite effects:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Target Site</th>
<th>Insecticide A</th>
<th>Effect A</th>
<th>Insecticide B</th>
<th>Effect B</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Sodium channels</td>
<td>Pyrethroids</td>
<td>Stimulation → excitation</td>
<td>Indoxacarb</td>
<td>Blockage → paralysis</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Chloride channels</td>
<td>Fipronil</td>
<td>Blockage → excitation</td>
<td>Abamectin</td>
<td>Stimulation → paralysis</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><em>This contrast is valuable for teaching and for resistance management — switching between classes at the same site may still provide different selection pressures.</em></p>
<hr />
<p><em>All data extracted exclusively from the October 18, 2017 GTBOP presentation by Dr. Michael Scharf as transcribed and corrected through the GTBOP archive pipeline. Items marked ⚠️ may have changed since the presentation date.</em></p>
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