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McCullough — Weed Control in Turf (Nov 2017)
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McCullough — Weed Control in Turf (Nov 2017)
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2026-03-17 11:25:27 -04:00
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Czarnota — Weed Control in Landscape & Nursery (Nov 2021)
2026-03-17 11:25:27 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:15:39 -04:00
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2026-03-17 11:25:27 -04:00
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2026-03-17 11:25:27 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:15:39 -04:00
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2026-03-17 11:25:27 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:15:39 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:15:39 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
Marble — Weed Control in Ornamentals (Jul 2023)
2026-03-17 14:15:39 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:15:39 -04:00
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2026-03-17 11:25:27 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 11:25:27 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 11:25:27 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 11:25:27 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:15:39 -04:00
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2026-03-17 11:25:27 -04:00
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2026-03-17 11:25:27 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 11:25:27 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 11:25:27 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 11:25:27 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
Graziosi — Tree Pests (Jan 2026)
2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:15:39 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:15:39 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:15:39 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:15:39 -04:00
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Klein — Urban Tree BMPs (Jan 2026)
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Klein — Urban Tree BMPs (Jan 2026)
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Archive Summary
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Prose Transcript
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Transcript Corrections
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Platform Versions
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Platform Versions
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< a href = "../../../green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/platforms/youtube/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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YouTube
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< / a >
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Website
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< / a >
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< a href = "../../../green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/platforms/ext-agent/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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Extension Agent
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Moodle Activities
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< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" > < / span >
< / label >
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Moodle Activities
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Quiz
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< / a >
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< a href = "../../../green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/activities/matching/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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Matching
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< / a >
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Review Prompts
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Downloads
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Downloads
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< ul class = "md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
Corrected SRT
< / span >
< / a >
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< / ul >
< / nav >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / nav >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / nav >
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Structural
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Structural
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Scharf — Insecticide MOA (Oct 2017)
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Scharf — Insecticide MOA (Oct 2017)
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< a href = "../../../structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/archive-summary/" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
Archive Summary
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< a href = "../../../structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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Prose Transcript
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< a href = "../../../structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/corrections/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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Transcript Corrections
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Platform Versions
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< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" > < / span >
Platform Versions
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< a href = "../../../structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/platforms/youtube/" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
YouTube
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< a href = "../../../structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/platforms/website/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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Website
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Extension Agent
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Moodle Activities
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< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" > < / span >
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< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" > < / span >
Moodle Activities
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Quiz
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< a href = "../../../structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/matching/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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Matching
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Downloads
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< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" > < / span >
Downloads
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Corrected SRT
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< / nav >
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Writing Projects
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Writing Projects
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Insecticide Basics Bulletin
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Insecticide Basics Bulletin
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Bulletin Outline
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Reference Compendium
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< / label >
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< a href = "./" class = "md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
Reference Compendium
< / span >
< / a >
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< nav class = "md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label = "Table of contents" >
< label class = "md-nav__title" for = "__toc" >
< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" > < / span >
Table of contents
< / label >
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< a href = "#extracted-from-dr-michael-scharfs-gtbop-presentation-october-18-2017" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
Extracted from Dr. Michael Scharf's GTBOP Presentation (October 18, 2017)
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< / a >
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< a href = "#purpose" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
Purpose
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< a href = "#table-1-master-classification-all-nine-insecticide-classes" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
TABLE 1: Master Classification — All Nine Insecticide Classes
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< / a >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "#neurotoxic-insecticides-5-classes" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
Neurotoxic Insecticides (5 classes)
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "#non-neurotoxic-insecticides-4-classes" class = "md-nav__link" >
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Non-Neurotoxic Insecticides (4 classes)
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< / li >
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< a href = "#table-2-four-basic-modes-of-action" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
TABLE 2: Four Basic Modes of Action
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< / a >
< / li >
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< a href = "#table-3-target-sites-on-the-neuron-spatial-relationships" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
TABLE 3: Target Sites on the Neuron — Spatial Relationships
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< / a >
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< a href = "#table-4-products-and-active-ingredients-mentioned" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
TABLE 4: Products and Active Ingredients Mentioned
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< / a >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "#table-5-combination-products" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
TABLE 5: Combination Products
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< / li >
< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "#table-6-insect-specificity-spectrum" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
TABLE 6: Insect-Specificity Spectrum
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "#table-7-practical-field-indicators-mentioned" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
TABLE 7: Practical Field Indicators Mentioned
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "#table-8-key-physiological-barriers-to-insecticide-penetration" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
TABLE 8: Key Physiological Barriers to Insecticide Penetration
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< / li >
< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "#table-9-key-terminology-and-definitions-from-presentation" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
TABLE 9: Key Terminology and Definitions from Presentation
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< / a >
< / li >
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< a href = "#cross-reference-same-target-site-different-effects" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
Cross-Reference: Same Target Site, Different Effects
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< / nav >
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< / li >
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< a href = "../source-guide/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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Source Guide
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< / li >
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< / nav >
< / li >
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< div class = "md-sidebar__scrollwrap" >
< div class = "md-sidebar__inner" >
< nav class = "md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label = "Table of contents" >
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< label class = "md-nav__title" for = "__toc" >
< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" > < / span >
Table of contents
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "#extracted-from-dr-michael-scharfs-gtbop-presentation-october-18-2017" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
Extracted from Dr. Michael Scharf's GTBOP Presentation (October 18, 2017)
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "#purpose" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
Purpose
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< a href = "#table-1-master-classification-all-nine-insecticide-classes" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
TABLE 1: Master Classification — All Nine Insecticide Classes
< / span >
< / a >
< nav class = "md-nav" aria-label = "TABLE 1: Master Classification — All Nine Insecticide Classes" >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "#neurotoxic-insecticides-5-classes" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
Neurotoxic Insecticides (5 classes)
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "#non-neurotoxic-insecticides-4-classes" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
Non-Neurotoxic Insecticides (4 classes)
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< / ul >
< / nav >
< / li >
< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "#table-2-four-basic-modes-of-action" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
TABLE 2: Four Basic Modes of Action
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "#table-3-target-sites-on-the-neuron-spatial-relationships" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
TABLE 3: Target Sites on the Neuron — Spatial Relationships
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "#table-4-products-and-active-ingredients-mentioned" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
TABLE 4: Products and Active Ingredients Mentioned
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "#table-5-combination-products" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
TABLE 5: Combination Products
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "#table-6-insect-specificity-spectrum" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
TABLE 6: Insect-Specificity Spectrum
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "md-nav__item" >
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TABLE 7: Practical Field Indicators Mentioned
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< a href = "#table-8-key-physiological-barriers-to-insecticide-penetration" class = "md-nav__link" >
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TABLE 8: Key Physiological Barriers to Insecticide Penetration
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< a href = "#table-9-key-terminology-and-definitions-from-presentation" class = "md-nav__link" >
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TABLE 9: Key Terminology and Definitions from Presentation
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
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Cross-Reference: Same Target Site, Different Effects
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2026-03-17 11:25:27 -04:00
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2026-03-17 21:56:36 -04:00
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< h1 id = "insecticide-mode-of-action-quick-reference-compendium" > Insecticide Mode of Action — Quick Reference Compendium< a class = "headerlink" href = "#insecticide-mode-of-action-quick-reference-compendium" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ < / a > < / h1 >
< h2 id = "extracted-from-dr-michael-scharfs-gtbop-presentation-october-18-2017" > Extracted from Dr. Michael Scharf's GTBOP Presentation (October 18, 2017)< a class = "headerlink" href = "#extracted-from-dr-michael-scharfs-gtbop-presentation-october-18-2017" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ < / a > < / h2 >
< p > < strong > Prepared by:< / strong > Rich Braman, UGA Cooperative Extension / Center for Urban Agriculture
< strong > For:< / strong > Dr. Dan Suiter & Dr. Michael Scharf — Bulletin revision reference
< strong > Source:< / strong > GTBOP_ProseTranscript_2017-10-18_InsecticideMOA.md< / p >
< hr / >
< h2 id = "purpose" > Purpose< a class = "headerlink" href = "#purpose" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ < / a > < / h2 >
< p > This document consolidates every insecticide class, target site, product name, and relationship mentioned in Dr. Scharf's presentation into reference tables. These can serve as:< / p >
< ul >
< li > Quick-check references during the writing process< / li >
< li > Source material for bulletin tables and figures< / li >
< li > Verification that all content is accounted for in the revised bulletin< / li >
< / ul >
< p > All content below is derived exclusively from the presentation transcript. Items marked with ⚠️ may benefit from updating with current information.< / p >
< hr / >
< h2 id = "table-1-master-classification-all-nine-insecticide-classes" > TABLE 1: Master Classification — All Nine Insecticide Classes< a class = "headerlink" href = "#table-1-master-classification-all-nine-insecticide-classes" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ < / a > < / h2 >
< h3 id = "neurotoxic-insecticides-5-classes" > Neurotoxic Insecticides (5 classes)< a class = "headerlink" href = "#neurotoxic-insecticides-5-classes" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ < / a > < / h3 >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > #< / th >
< th > Class< / th >
< th > Target Site< / th >
< th > Location on Neuron< / th >
< th > Mode of Action< / th >
< th > Effect on Insect< / th >
< th > Representative Products< / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td > 1< / td >
< td > Pyrethroids / Pyrethrins / DDT< / td >
< td > Sodium channels< / td >
< td > Axon< / td >
< td > Stimulation (modulation)< / td >
< td > Excitation → knockdown, incoordination< / td >
< td > Pyrethroids (various), pyrethrins< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 2a< / td >
< td > Oxadiazines< / td >
< td > Sodium channels< / td >
< td > Axon< / td >
< td > Blockage< / td >
< td > Inhibition → paralysis ("on switch stuck off")< / td >
< td > Indoxacarb< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 2b< / td >
< td > Semicarbazones< / td >
< td > Sodium channels< / td >
< td > Axon< / td >
< td > Blockage< / td >
< td > Inhibition → paralysis< / td >
< td > Metaflumizone< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 3a< / td >
< td > Phenylpyrazoles< / td >
< td > Chloride channels (GABA receptor)< / td >
< td > Post-synaptic< / td >
< td > Blockage< / td >
< td > Excitation (blocks mellowing effect)< / td >
< td > Fipronil< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 3b< / td >
< td > Isoxazolines< / td >
< td > Chloride channels< / td >
< td > Post-synaptic< / td >
< td > Blockage< / td >
< td > Excitation< / td >
< td > Fluralaner, sarolaner< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 3c< / td >
< td > Avermectins< / td >
< td > Chloride channels (glutamate receptor)< / td >
< td > Post-synaptic< / td >
< td > Stimulation< / td >
< td > Inhibition → paralysis (opposite of fipronil)< / td >
< td > Abamectin< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 4a< / td >
< td > Neonicotinoids / Nicotinoids< / td >
< td > Acetylcholine receptor< / td >
< td > Post-synaptic (synapse)< / td >
< td > Stimulation< / td >
< td > Excitation< / td >
< td > Imidacloprid (nicotinoid), clothianidin (neonicotinoid)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 4b< / td >
< td > Sulfoximines< / td >
< td > Acetylcholine receptor< / td >
< td > Post-synaptic (synapse)< / td >
< td > Stimulation< / td >
< td > Excitation< / td >
< td > Sulfoxaflor< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 4c< / td >
< td > Spinosyns< / td >
< td > Acetylcholine receptor< / td >
< td > Post-synaptic (synapse)< / td >
< td > Stimulation< / td >
< td > Excitation< / td >
< td > Spinosad< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 5< / td >
< td > Organophosphates / Carbamates< / td >
< td > Acetylcholinesterase enzyme< / td >
< td > Synapse< / td >
< td > Inhibition< / td >
< td > Excitation (ACh accumulates)< / td >
< td > Various ⚠️< / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< h3 id = "non-neurotoxic-insecticides-4-classes" > Non-Neurotoxic Insecticides (4 classes)< a class = "headerlink" href = "#non-neurotoxic-insecticides-4-classes" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ < / a > < / h3 >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > #< / th >
< th > Class< / th >
< th > Target Site< / th >
< th > Mode of Action< / th >
< th > Effect on Insect< / th >
< th > Representative Products< / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td > 6< / td >
< td > Diamides< / td >
< td > Neuromuscular calcium channels< / td >
< td > Stimulation< / td >
< td > Contraction → energy depletion → paralysis → death< / td >
< td > Chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 7a< / td >
< td > Juvenile hormone analogs (IGR)< / td >
< td > Hormonal regulation of molting< / td >
< td > Mimicry< / td >
< td > Cuticle deformation, extra juvenile stages, population crash< / td >
< td > Pyriproxyfen< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 7b< / td >
< td > Chitin synthesis inhibitors (IGR)< / td >
< td > Chitin synthesis enzyme< / td >
< td > Inhibition< / td >
< td > Death during molting; "jackknife effect" in termites< / td >
< td > Various ⚠️< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 8< / td >
< td > Mitochondrial respiration inhibitors< / td >
< td > Mitochondria (respiratory chain)< / td >
< td > Inhibition< / td >
< td > Energy production failure → death< / td >
< td > Hydramethylnon, chlorfenapyr, sulfuryl fluoride, methyl bromide ⚠️, DSOBTH, boric acid< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 9< / td >
< td > Cuticle dehydrating dusts< / td >
< td > Epicuticular wax layer< / td >
< td > Physical abrasion< / td >
< td > Water loss → dehydration → death< / td >
< td > Silica gel, diatomaceous earth< / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< hr / >
< h2 id = "table-2-four-basic-modes-of-action" > TABLE 2: Four Basic Modes of Action< a class = "headerlink" href = "#table-2-four-basic-modes-of-action" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ < / a > < / h2 >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > Mode of Action< / th >
< th > What It Does< / th >
< th > Example Target< / th >
< th > Example Insecticide Class< / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Stimulation< / strong > < / td >
< td > Causes target to become more active< / td >
< td > Sodium channels → fire more< / td >
< td > Pyrethroids< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Blockage< / strong > < / td >
< td > Shuts target off< / td >
< td > Sodium channels → can't fire< / td >
< td > Indoxacarb< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Modulation< / strong > < / td >
< td > Subtly changes target shape/function< / td >
< td > Sodium channel conformation< / td >
< td > Pyrethroids (also modulators)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Inhibition< / strong > < / td >
< td > Prevents an enzyme from functioning< / td >
< td > Acetylcholinesterase → can't degrade ACh< / td >
< td > Organophosphates, carbamates< / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< p > < em > Note: Scharf emphasized that ALL insecticide effects can be categorized into just these four types.< / em > < / p >
< hr / >
< h2 id = "table-3-target-sites-on-the-neuron-spatial-relationships" > TABLE 3: Target Sites on the Neuron — Spatial Relationships< a class = "headerlink" href = "#table-3-target-sites-on-the-neuron-spatial-relationships" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ < / a > < / h2 >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > Location< / th >
< th > Structure< / th >
< th > Natural Function< / th >
< th > Insecticides Targeting It< / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Axon< / strong > (long body of nerve)< / td >
< td > Sodium channels< / td >
< td > "On switch" — opening initiates nerve impulse< / td >
< td > Pyrethroids, pyrethrins, DDT (stimulate); Indoxacarb, metaflumizone (block)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Post-synaptic membrane< / strong > < / td >
< td > GABA-gated chloride channels< / td >
< td > "Mellowing" — negative chloride dampens activity< / td >
< td > Fipronil, isoxazolines (block → excitation)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Post-synaptic membrane< / strong > < / td >
< td > Glutamate-gated chloride channels< / td >
< td > "Mellowing" — inhibitory< / td >
< td > Avermectins/abamectin (stimulate → paralysis)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Post-synaptic membrane< / strong > < / td >
< td > Acetylcholine receptors (nAChR)< / td >
< td > Carry signal across synapse (sodium channel)< / td >
< td > Neonicotinoids, sulfoximines, spinosyns (stimulate)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Synapse< / strong > < / td >
< td > Acetylcholinesterase enzyme< / td >
< td > Breaks down ACh after signal transmission< / td >
< td > Organophosphates, carbamates (inhibit)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Neuromuscular junction< / strong > < / td >
< td > Calcium channels< / td >
< td > Trigger muscle contraction< / td >
< td > Diamides (stimulate → sustained contraction)< / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< hr / >
< h2 id = "table-4-products-and-active-ingredients-mentioned" > TABLE 4: Products and Active Ingredients Mentioned< a class = "headerlink" href = "#table-4-products-and-active-ingredients-mentioned" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ < / a > < / h2 >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > Active Ingredient / Product< / th >
< th > Chemical Class< / th >
< th > Target Site< / th >
< th > Primary Use Mentioned< / th >
< th > Notes< / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td > Pyrethrins< / td >
< td > Natural pyrethroid< / td >
< td > Sodium channels< / td >
< td > General knockdown< / td >
< td > Rapid knockdown; repellent< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Pyrethroids (various)< / td >
< td > Synthetic pyrethroids< / td >
< td > Sodium channels< / td >
< td > General pest control< / td >
< td > "Like pepper spray" — highly repellent; widespread bedbug resistance< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > DDT< / td >
< td > Organochlorine< / td >
< td > Sodium channels< / td >
< td > Historical reference< / td >
< td > Same target site as pyrethroids< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Indoxacarb< / td >
< td > Oxadiazine< / td >
< td > Sodium channels (blocker)< / td >
< td > Urban pest control< / td >
< td > "Really big urban insecticide"< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Metaflumizone< / td >
< td > Semicarbazone< / td >
< td > Sodium channels (blocker)< / td >
< td > Ectoparasites; possible urban< / td >
< td > Newer product at time of presentation< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Fipronil< / td >
< td > Phenylpyrazole< / td >
< td > Chloride channels (blocker)< / td >
< td > Urban pest control< / td >
< td > Off-patent; consumer products available; "one of our biggest"< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Fluralaner< / td >
< td > Isoxazoline< / td >
< td > Chloride channels< / td >
< td > Veterinary/pet (fleas)< / td >
< td > Cross-resistance potential with fipronil< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Sarolaner< / td >
< td > Isoxazoline< / td >
< td > Chloride channels< / td >
< td > Veterinary/pet (fleas)< / td >
< td > Cross-resistance potential with fipronil< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Abamectin< / td >
< td > Avermectin< / td >
< td > Chloride channels (stimulator)< / td >
< td > Gel baits< / td >
< td > Opposite effect from fipronil despite similar target< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Imidacloprid< / td >
< td > Nicotinoid< / td >
< td > Acetylcholine receptor< / td >
< td > Various< / td >
< td > Example of "nicotinoid" (looks more like nicotine)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Clothianidin< / td >
< td > Neonicotinoid< / td >
< td > Acetylcholine receptor< / td >
< td > Various< / td >
< td > Example of "neonicotinoid" (structurally evolved from nicotine)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Sulfoxaflor< / td >
< td > Sulfoximine< / td >
< td > Acetylcholine receptor< / td >
< td > Newer product< / td >
< td > New class at same target site as neonics< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Spinosad< / td >
< td > Spinosyn< / td >
< td > Acetylcholine receptor< / td >
< td > Landscape market< / td >
< td > Same target site as neonics< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Nicotine< / td >
< td > Natural alkaloid< / td >
< td > Acetylcholine receptor< / td >
< td > Historical (tobacco)< / td >
< td > The original — toxic to insects and mammals< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Organophosphates (various)< / td >
< td > Organophosphate< / td >
< td > Acetylcholinesterase< / td >
< td > Declining urban use< / td >
< td > Not insect-specific; heavy restrictions< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Carbamates (various)< / td >
< td > Carbamate< / td >
< td > Acetylcholinesterase< / td >
< td > Declining urban use< / td >
< td > Not insect-specific; heavy restrictions< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Chlorantraniliprole< / td >
< td > Diamide< / td >
< td > Calcium channels (muscle)< / td >
< td > Various< / td >
< td > No signal word required by EPA; manufacturers added "Caution"< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Cyantraniliprole< / td >
< td > Diamide< / td >
< td > Calcium channels (muscle)< / td >
< td > Various< / td >
< td > Newer diamide< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Pyriproxyfen< / td >
< td > Juvenile hormone analog< / td >
< td > Hormonal (IGR)< / td >
< td > Cockroach control< / td >
< td > Wing twist indicator in cockroaches< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Hydramethylnon< / td >
< td > Amidinohydrazone< / td >
< td > Mitochondria< / td >
< td > Cockroach bait< / td >
< td > Energy production inhibitor< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Chlorfenapyr< / td >
< td > Pyrrole< / td >
< td > Mitochondria< / td >
< td > Various (has food label)< / td >
< td > Relatively safe; resistance potential noted< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Sulfuryl fluoride< / td >
< td > Inorganic fluoride< / td >
< td > Mitochondria< / td >
< td > Fumigation< / td >
< td > < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Methyl bromide< / td >
< td > Halogenated hydrocarbon< / td >
< td > Mitochondria< / td >
< td > Fumigation< / td >
< td > ⚠️ Largely phased out< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > DSOBTH< / td >
< td > Borate< / td >
< td > Mitochondria/respiration< / td >
< td > Wood treatment< / td >
< td > Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Boric acid< / td >
< td > Borate< / td >
< td > Mitochondria + gut lining< / td >
< td > Various< / td >
< td > Dual mode: chemical (respiration) + physical (abrasive/desiccant)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Silica gel< / td >
< td > Inorganic dust< / td >
< td > Epicuticular wax< / td >
< td > Dust application< / td >
< td > Physical mode — abrades waxy layer< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Diatomaceous earth< / td >
< td > Inorganic dust (biogenic)< / td >
< td > Epicuticular wax< / td >
< td > Dust application< / td >
< td > Silicon from ground diatom exoskeletons< / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< hr / >
< h2 id = "table-5-combination-products" > TABLE 5: Combination Products< a class = "headerlink" href = "#table-5-combination-products" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ < / a > < / h2 >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > Component 1< / th >
< th > Component 2< / th >
< th > Mechanism< / th >
< th > Notes< / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td > Neonicotinoid (acetylcholine receptor)< / td >
< td > Pyrethroid (sodium channels)< / td >
< td > Potentiation — two target sites simultaneously; "1+1=3" synergy< / td >
< td > "All start with tea"; dual resistance observed in roach populations; still require rotation< / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< hr / >
< h2 id = "table-6-insect-specificity-spectrum" > TABLE 6: Insect-Specificity Spectrum< a class = "headerlink" href = "#table-6-insect-specificity-spectrum" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ < / a > < / h2 >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > Insecticide Class< / th >
< th > Mammalian Safety< / th >
< th > Notes< / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Diamides< / strong > < / td >
< td > Extremely high< / td >
< td > No signal word required by EPA; 10,000+ x selectivity< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Avermectins< / strong > < / td >
< td > High< / td >
< td > Insect-specific target< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Isoxazolines< / strong > < / td >
< td > High< / td >
< td > Primarily vet/pet products< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > IGRs (JH analogs, CSIs)< / strong > < / td >
< td > High< / td >
< td > Target insect-specific developmental processes< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Neonicotinoids< / strong > < / td >
< td > Moderate-High< / td >
< td > Insect-specific receptor but systemic/pollinator concerns< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Fipronil< / strong > < / td >
< td > Moderate-High< / td >
< td > GABA receptor differences provide selectivity< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Pyrethroids< / strong > < / td >
< td > Moderate< / td >
< td > Generally safe for mammals but repellent to insects< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Organophosphates / Carbamates< / strong > < / td >
< td > < strong > Low< / strong > < / td >
< td > < strong > Not insect-specific; work against mammals equally< / strong > < / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< p > < em > Spectrum based on Scharf's characterizations in the presentation. Not a quantitative ranking.< / em > < / p >
< hr / >
< h2 id = "table-7-practical-field-indicators-mentioned" > TABLE 7: Practical Field Indicators Mentioned< a class = "headerlink" href = "#table-7-practical-field-indicators-mentioned" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ < / a > < / h2 >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > What You See< / th >
< th > What It Means< / th >
< th > Relevant Product/Class< / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td > Immediate knockdown/incoordination< / td >
< td > Sodium channel excitation< / td >
< td > Pyrethroids, pyrethrins< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Paralysis (insect immobile but alive)< / td >
< td > Sodium channel blockage OR chloride stimulation< / td >
< td > Indoxacarb, abamectin< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Wing twist in cockroach nymphs/adults< / td >
< td > Juvenile hormone disruption< / td >
< td > Pyriproxyfen (JH analog IGR)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > "Jackknife" body curl in termites< / td >
< td > Malformed cuticle from chitin synthesis disruption< / td >
< td > Chitin synthesis inhibitors< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Lethargy and desiccation< / td >
< td > Epicuticular wax loss< / td >
< td > Silica gel, diatomaceous earth< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Sustained muscle contraction → stillness< / td >
< td > Calcium channel stimulation → energy depletion< / td >
< td > Diamides (chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole)< / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< hr / >
< h2 id = "table-8-key-physiological-barriers-to-insecticide-penetration" > TABLE 8: Key Physiological Barriers to Insecticide Penetration< a class = "headerlink" href = "#table-8-key-physiological-barriers-to-insecticide-penetration" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ < / a > < / h2 >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > Barrier< / th >
< th > Location< / th >
< th > Challenge for Insecticide< / th >
< th > Relevant Formulation Strategy< / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td > Cuticle< / td >
< td > External body surface< / td >
< td > Multi-layered; waterproof; waxy epicuticle< / td >
< td > Contact formulations must penetrate all layers< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Gut lining< / td >
< td > Digestive tract interior< / td >
< td > The "tube" inside is technically external to the body< / td >
< td > Baits must cross gut wall to reach internal targets< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Tracheal system< / td >
< td > Throughout body< / td >
< td > Physical tubes, not blood-carried oxygen< / td >
< td > Fumigants exploit this unique insect anatomy< / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< hr / >
< h2 id = "table-9-key-terminology-and-definitions-from-presentation" > TABLE 9: Key Terminology and Definitions from Presentation< a class = "headerlink" href = "#table-9-key-terminology-and-definitions-from-presentation" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ < / a > < / h2 >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > Term< / th >
< th > Definition (as explained by Scharf)< / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td > < strong > LD50< / strong > < / td >
< td > Lethal dose that kills 50% of test population; inverse relationship with toxicity (lower LD50 = more toxic)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Mode of action< / strong > < / td >
< td > The action of an insecticide at its target site (stimulation, blockage, modulation, or inhibition)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Target site< / strong > < / td >
< td > The specific protein or physiological location within the insect where an insecticide acts< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Signal word< / strong > < / td >
< td > EPA-required label indicator of acute toxicity (Danger, Warning, Caution); diamides so safe none was required< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Potentiation< / strong > < / td >
< td > Synergistic effect from hitting two target sites simultaneously; "one plus one equals three"< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Trophallaxis< / strong > < / td >
< td > Food sharing among social insects (from mouth and anus); insecticide transfer mechanism< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Allogrooming< / strong > < / td >
< td > Mutual grooming among social insects; insecticide transfer mechanism< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Secondary kill< / strong > < / td >
< td > Death of an individual from consuming insecticide-contaminated feces or carcass of a treated individual< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Tertiary kill< / strong > < / td >
< td > Death of a third individual from insecticide passed through two prior digestive tracts< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > IRAC< / strong > < / td >
< td > Insecticide Resistance Action Committee; industry body that classifies MOAs and publishes rotation guidance< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Wing twist< / strong > < / td >
< td > Visible cuticle deformation in cockroaches exposed to juvenile hormone analog IGRs; field diagnostic indicator< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Jackknife effect< / strong > < / td >
< td > Body curling in termites with malformed cuticle from chitin synthesis inhibitor exposure< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Epicuticle< / strong > < / td >
< td > Outermost waxy/oily layer of insect cuticle; target of dehydrating dusts< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Synapse< / strong > < / td >
< td > Gap between neurons where electrical signals convert to chemical (neurotransmitter) signals< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Acetylcholine< / strong > < / td >
< td > Primary neurotransmitter that crosses synapses in the insect nervous system< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > GABA receptor< / strong > < / td >
< td > Chloride channel type at post-synaptic membrane; target of fipronil< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Glutamate receptor< / strong > < / td >
< td > Chloride channel type; target of avermectins< / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< hr / >
< h2 id = "cross-reference-same-target-site-different-effects" > Cross-Reference: Same Target Site, Different Effects< a class = "headerlink" href = "#cross-reference-same-target-site-different-effects" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ < / a > < / h2 >
< p > One of the presentation's key teaching points was that different insecticide classes can target the same site but have opposite effects:< / p >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > Target Site< / th >
< th > Insecticide A< / th >
< th > Effect A< / th >
< th > Insecticide B< / th >
< th > Effect B< / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td > Sodium channels< / td >
< td > Pyrethroids< / td >
< td > Stimulation → excitation< / td >
< td > Indoxacarb< / td >
< td > Blockage → paralysis< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Chloride channels< / td >
< td > Fipronil< / td >
< td > Blockage → excitation< / td >
< td > Abamectin< / td >
< td > Stimulation → paralysis< / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< p > < em > This contrast is valuable for teaching and for resistance management — switching between classes at the same site may still provide different selection pressures.< / em > < / p >
2026-03-17 11:25:27 -04:00
< hr / >
2026-03-17 22:16:54 -04:00
< p > < em > All data extracted exclusively from the October 18, 2017 GTBOP presentation by Dr. Michael Scharf as transcribed and corrected through the GTBOP archive pipeline. Items marked ⚠️ may have changed since the presentation date.< / em > < / p >
2026-03-17 11:25:27 -04:00
2026-03-17 21:56:36 -04:00
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