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McCullough — Weed Control in Turf (Nov 2017)
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McCullough — Weed Control in Turf (Nov 2017)
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Czarnota — Weed Control in Landscape & Nursery (Nov 2021)
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< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" ></ span >
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Czarnota — Weed Control in Landscape & Nursery (Nov 2021)
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
Archive Summary
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< a href = "../../../green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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Prose Transcript
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< a href = "../../../green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/corrections/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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Transcript Corrections
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Platform Versions
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Platform Versions
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< a href = "../../../green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/platforms/youtube/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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YouTube
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Website
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Extension Agent
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Moodle Activities
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< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" ></ span >
Moodle Activities
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Quiz
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< a href = "../../../green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/matching/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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Matching
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< a href = "../../../green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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Review Prompts
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< a href = "../../../green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/processing-log/" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
Processing Log
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< a href = "../../../green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/" class = "md-nav__link " >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
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Marble — Weed Control in Ornamentals (Jul 2023)
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< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" ></ span >
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Marble — Weed Control in Ornamentals (Jul 2023)
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
Archive Summary
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< a href = "../../../green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
Prose Transcript
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< a href = "../../../green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/corrections/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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Transcript Corrections
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Platform Versions
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Platform Versions
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YouTube
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Website
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< a href = "../../../green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/" class = "md-nav__link" >
2026-03-17 11:25:27 -04:00
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Extension Agent
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2026-03-17 11:25:27 -04:00
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Moodle Activities
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< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" ></ span >
Moodle Activities
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Quiz
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Matching
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2026-03-17 11:25:27 -04:00
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Review Prompts
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
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< a href = "../../../green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
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Processing Log
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< a href = "../../../green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/" class = "md-nav__link " >
2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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Graziosi — Tree Pests (Jan 2026)
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< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" ></ span >
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Graziosi — Tree Pests (Jan 2026)
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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Archive Summary
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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Prose Transcript
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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Transcript Corrections
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2026-03-17 14:15:39 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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Platform Versions
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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YouTube
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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Website
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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Extension Agent
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2026-03-17 14:15:39 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
2026-03-17 14:15:39 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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Moodle Activities
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2026-03-17 14:15:39 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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Moodle Activities
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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Quiz
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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Matching
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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Review Prompts
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2026-03-17 14:15:39 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
2026-03-17 14:15:39 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:15:39 -04:00
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2026-03-17 12:26:46 -04:00
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2026-03-17 14:33:54 -04:00
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Corrected SRT
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< a href = "../../../green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/" class = "md-nav__link " >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
Klein — Urban Tree BMPs (Jan 2026)
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Klein — Urban Tree BMPs (Jan 2026)
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Archive Summary
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< a href = "../../../green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/prose-transcript/" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
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Platform Versions
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YouTube
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Website
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Extension Agent
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Moodle Activities
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Moodle Activities
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Quiz
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Matching
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Review Prompts
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Corrected SRT
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Structural
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Structural
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Scharf — Insecticide MOA (Oct 2017)
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Scharf — Insecticide MOA (Oct 2017)
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Archive Summary
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Prose Transcript
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Transcript Corrections
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Platform Versions
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Platform Versions
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YouTube
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Website
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Extension Agent
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Moodle Activities
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Moodle Activities
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Quiz
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Matching
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Downloads
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Downloads
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Corrected SRT
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Writing Projects
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Insecticide Basics Bulletin
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Insecticide Basics Bulletin
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Bulletin Outline
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Reference Compendium
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Reference Compendium
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Table of contents
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Extracted from Dr. Michael Scharf's GTBOP Presentation (October 18, 2017)
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Purpose
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TABLE 1: Master Classification — All Nine Insecticide Classes
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Neurotoxic Insecticides (5 classes)
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Non-Neurotoxic Insecticides (4 classes)
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TABLE 2: Four Basic Modes of Action
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TABLE 3: Target Sites on the Neuron — Spatial Relationships
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TABLE 4: Products and Active Ingredients Mentioned
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TABLE 5: Combination Products
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TABLE 6: Insect-Specificity Spectrum
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TABLE 7: Practical Field Indicators Mentioned
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TABLE 8: Key Physiological Barriers to Insecticide Penetration
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TABLE 9: Key Terminology and Definitions from Presentation
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Cross-Reference: Same Target Site, Different Effects
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Source Guide
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</ li >
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Table of contents
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Extracted from Dr. Michael Scharf's GTBOP Presentation (October 18, 2017)
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Purpose
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TABLE 1: Master Classification — All Nine Insecticide Classes
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Neurotoxic Insecticides (5 classes)
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< a href = "#non-neurotoxic-insecticides-4-classes" class = "md-nav__link" >
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Non-Neurotoxic Insecticides (4 classes)
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TABLE 2: Four Basic Modes of Action
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< a href = "#table-3-target-sites-on-the-neuron-spatial-relationships" class = "md-nav__link" >
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TABLE 3: Target Sites on the Neuron — Spatial Relationships
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< a href = "#table-4-products-and-active-ingredients-mentioned" class = "md-nav__link" >
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TABLE 4: Products and Active Ingredients Mentioned
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TABLE 5: Combination Products
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TABLE 6: Insect-Specificity Spectrum
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< a href = "#table-7-practical-field-indicators-mentioned" class = "md-nav__link" >
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TABLE 7: Practical Field Indicators Mentioned
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< a href = "#table-8-key-physiological-barriers-to-insecticide-penetration" class = "md-nav__link" >
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TABLE 8: Key Physiological Barriers to Insecticide Penetration
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TABLE 9: Key Terminology and Definitions from Presentation
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< a href = "#cross-reference-same-target-site-different-effects" class = "md-nav__link" >
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Cross-Reference: Same Target Site, Different Effects
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< h1 id = "insecticide-mode-of-action-quick-reference-compendium" > Insecticide Mode of Action — Quick Reference Compendium< a class = "headerlink" href = "#insecticide-mode-of-action-quick-reference-compendium" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ </ a ></ h1 >
< h2 id = "extracted-from-dr-michael-scharfs-gtbop-presentation-october-18-2017" > Extracted from Dr. Michael Scharf's GTBOP Presentation (October 18, 2017)< a class = "headerlink" href = "#extracted-from-dr-michael-scharfs-gtbop-presentation-october-18-2017" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ </ a ></ h2 >
< p >< strong > Prepared by:</ strong > Rich Braman, UGA Cooperative Extension / Center for Urban Agriculture
< strong > For:</ strong > Dr. Dan Suiter & Dr. Michael Scharf — Bulletin revision reference
< strong > Source:</ strong > GTBOP_ProseTranscript_2017-10-18_InsecticideMOA.md</ p >
< hr />
< h2 id = "purpose" > Purpose< a class = "headerlink" href = "#purpose" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ </ a ></ h2 >
< p > This document consolidates every insecticide class, target site, product name, and relationship mentioned in Dr. Scharf's presentation into reference tables. These can serve as:</ p >
< ul >
< li > Quick-check references during the writing process</ li >
< li > Source material for bulletin tables and figures</ li >
< li > Verification that all content is accounted for in the revised bulletin</ li >
</ ul >
< p > All content below is derived exclusively from the presentation transcript. Items marked with ⚠️ may benefit from updating with current information.</ p >
< hr />
< h2 id = "table-1-master-classification-all-nine-insecticide-classes" > TABLE 1: Master Classification — All Nine Insecticide Classes< a class = "headerlink" href = "#table-1-master-classification-all-nine-insecticide-classes" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ </ a ></ h2 >
< h3 id = "neurotoxic-insecticides-5-classes" > Neurotoxic Insecticides (5 classes)< a class = "headerlink" href = "#neurotoxic-insecticides-5-classes" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ </ a ></ h3 >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > #</ th >
< th > Class</ th >
< th > Target Site</ th >
< th > Location on Neuron</ th >
< th > Mode of Action</ th >
< th > Effect on Insect</ th >
< th > Representative Products</ th >
</ tr >
</ thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td > 1</ td >
< td > Pyrethroids / Pyrethrins / DDT</ td >
< td > Sodium channels</ td >
< td > Axon</ td >
< td > Stimulation (modulation)</ td >
< td > Excitation → knockdown, incoordination</ td >
< td > Pyrethroids (various), pyrethrins</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > 2a</ td >
< td > Oxadiazines</ td >
< td > Sodium channels</ td >
< td > Axon</ td >
< td > Blockage</ td >
< td > Inhibition → paralysis ("on switch stuck off")</ td >
< td > Indoxacarb</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > 2b</ td >
< td > Semicarbazones</ td >
< td > Sodium channels</ td >
< td > Axon</ td >
< td > Blockage</ td >
< td > Inhibition → paralysis</ td >
< td > Metaflumizone</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > 3a</ td >
< td > Phenylpyrazoles</ td >
< td > Chloride channels (GABA receptor)</ td >
< td > Post-synaptic</ td >
< td > Blockage</ td >
< td > Excitation (blocks mellowing effect)</ td >
< td > Fipronil</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > 3b</ td >
< td > Isoxazolines</ td >
< td > Chloride channels</ td >
< td > Post-synaptic</ td >
< td > Blockage</ td >
< td > Excitation</ td >
< td > Fluralaner, sarolaner</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > 3c</ td >
< td > Avermectins</ td >
< td > Chloride channels (glutamate receptor)</ td >
< td > Post-synaptic</ td >
< td > Stimulation</ td >
< td > Inhibition → paralysis (opposite of fipronil)</ td >
< td > Abamectin</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > 4a</ td >
< td > Neonicotinoids / Nicotinoids</ td >
< td > Acetylcholine receptor</ td >
< td > Post-synaptic (synapse)</ td >
< td > Stimulation</ td >
< td > Excitation</ td >
< td > Imidacloprid (nicotinoid), clothianidin (neonicotinoid)</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > 4b</ td >
< td > Sulfoximines</ td >
< td > Acetylcholine receptor</ td >
< td > Post-synaptic (synapse)</ td >
< td > Stimulation</ td >
< td > Excitation</ td >
< td > Sulfoxaflor</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > 4c</ td >
< td > Spinosyns</ td >
< td > Acetylcholine receptor</ td >
< td > Post-synaptic (synapse)</ td >
< td > Stimulation</ td >
< td > Excitation</ td >
< td > Spinosad</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > 5</ td >
< td > Organophosphates / Carbamates</ td >
< td > Acetylcholinesterase enzyme</ td >
< td > Synapse</ td >
< td > Inhibition</ td >
< td > Excitation (ACh accumulates)</ td >
< td > Various ⚠️</ td >
</ tr >
</ tbody >
</ table >
< h3 id = "non-neurotoxic-insecticides-4-classes" > Non-Neurotoxic Insecticides (4 classes)< a class = "headerlink" href = "#non-neurotoxic-insecticides-4-classes" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ </ a ></ h3 >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > #</ th >
< th > Class</ th >
< th > Target Site</ th >
< th > Mode of Action</ th >
< th > Effect on Insect</ th >
< th > Representative Products</ th >
</ tr >
</ thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td > 6</ td >
< td > Diamides</ td >
< td > Neuromuscular calcium channels</ td >
< td > Stimulation</ td >
< td > Contraction → energy depletion → paralysis → death</ td >
< td > Chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > 7a</ td >
< td > Juvenile hormone analogs (IGR)</ td >
< td > Hormonal regulation of molting</ td >
< td > Mimicry</ td >
< td > Cuticle deformation, extra juvenile stages, population crash</ td >
< td > Pyriproxyfen</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > 7b</ td >
< td > Chitin synthesis inhibitors (IGR)</ td >
< td > Chitin synthesis enzyme</ td >
< td > Inhibition</ td >
< td > Death during molting; "jackknife effect" in termites</ td >
< td > Various ⚠️</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > 8</ td >
< td > Mitochondrial respiration inhibitors</ td >
< td > Mitochondria (respiratory chain)</ td >
< td > Inhibition</ td >
< td > Energy production failure → death</ td >
< td > Hydramethylnon, chlorfenapyr, sulfuryl fluoride, methyl bromide ⚠️, DSOBTH, boric acid</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > 9</ td >
< td > Cuticle dehydrating dusts</ td >
< td > Epicuticular wax layer</ td >
< td > Physical abrasion</ td >
< td > Water loss → dehydration → death</ td >
< td > Silica gel, diatomaceous earth</ td >
</ tr >
</ tbody >
</ table >
< hr />
< h2 id = "table-2-four-basic-modes-of-action" > TABLE 2: Four Basic Modes of Action< a class = "headerlink" href = "#table-2-four-basic-modes-of-action" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ </ a ></ h2 >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > Mode of Action</ th >
< th > What It Does</ th >
< th > Example Target</ th >
< th > Example Insecticide Class</ th >
</ tr >
</ thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Stimulation</ strong ></ td >
< td > Causes target to become more active</ td >
< td > Sodium channels → fire more</ td >
< td > Pyrethroids</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Blockage</ strong ></ td >
< td > Shuts target off</ td >
< td > Sodium channels → can't fire</ td >
< td > Indoxacarb</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Modulation</ strong ></ td >
< td > Subtly changes target shape/function</ td >
< td > Sodium channel conformation</ td >
< td > Pyrethroids (also modulators)</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Inhibition</ strong ></ td >
< td > Prevents an enzyme from functioning</ td >
< td > Acetylcholinesterase → can't degrade ACh</ td >
< td > Organophosphates, carbamates</ td >
</ tr >
</ tbody >
</ table >
< p >< em > Note: Scharf emphasized that ALL insecticide effects can be categorized into just these four types.</ em ></ p >
< hr />
< h2 id = "table-3-target-sites-on-the-neuron-spatial-relationships" > TABLE 3: Target Sites on the Neuron — Spatial Relationships< a class = "headerlink" href = "#table-3-target-sites-on-the-neuron-spatial-relationships" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ </ a ></ h2 >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > Location</ th >
< th > Structure</ th >
< th > Natural Function</ th >
< th > Insecticides Targeting It</ th >
</ tr >
</ thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Axon</ strong > (long body of nerve)</ td >
< td > Sodium channels</ td >
< td > "On switch" — opening initiates nerve impulse</ td >
< td > Pyrethroids, pyrethrins, DDT (stimulate); Indoxacarb, metaflumizone (block)</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Post-synaptic membrane</ strong ></ td >
< td > GABA-gated chloride channels</ td >
< td > "Mellowing" — negative chloride dampens activity</ td >
< td > Fipronil, isoxazolines (block → excitation)</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Post-synaptic membrane</ strong ></ td >
< td > Glutamate-gated chloride channels</ td >
< td > "Mellowing" — inhibitory</ td >
< td > Avermectins/abamectin (stimulate → paralysis)</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Post-synaptic membrane</ strong ></ td >
< td > Acetylcholine receptors (nAChR)</ td >
< td > Carry signal across synapse (sodium channel)</ td >
< td > Neonicotinoids, sulfoximines, spinosyns (stimulate)</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Synapse</ strong ></ td >
< td > Acetylcholinesterase enzyme</ td >
< td > Breaks down ACh after signal transmission</ td >
< td > Organophosphates, carbamates (inhibit)</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Neuromuscular junction</ strong ></ td >
< td > Calcium channels</ td >
< td > Trigger muscle contraction</ td >
< td > Diamides (stimulate → sustained contraction)</ td >
</ tr >
</ tbody >
</ table >
< hr />
< h2 id = "table-4-products-and-active-ingredients-mentioned" > TABLE 4: Products and Active Ingredients Mentioned< a class = "headerlink" href = "#table-4-products-and-active-ingredients-mentioned" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ </ a ></ h2 >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > Active Ingredient / Product</ th >
< th > Chemical Class</ th >
< th > Target Site</ th >
< th > Primary Use Mentioned</ th >
< th > Notes</ th >
</ tr >
</ thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td > Pyrethrins</ td >
< td > Natural pyrethroid</ td >
< td > Sodium channels</ td >
< td > General knockdown</ td >
< td > Rapid knockdown; repellent</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Pyrethroids (various)</ td >
< td > Synthetic pyrethroids</ td >
< td > Sodium channels</ td >
< td > General pest control</ td >
< td > "Like pepper spray" — highly repellent; widespread bedbug resistance</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > DDT</ td >
< td > Organochlorine</ td >
< td > Sodium channels</ td >
< td > Historical reference</ td >
< td > Same target site as pyrethroids</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Indoxacarb</ td >
< td > Oxadiazine</ td >
< td > Sodium channels (blocker)</ td >
< td > Urban pest control</ td >
< td > "Really big urban insecticide"</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Metaflumizone</ td >
< td > Semicarbazone</ td >
< td > Sodium channels (blocker)</ td >
< td > Ectoparasites; possible urban</ td >
< td > Newer product at time of presentation</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Fipronil</ td >
< td > Phenylpyrazole</ td >
< td > Chloride channels (blocker)</ td >
< td > Urban pest control</ td >
< td > Off-patent; consumer products available; "one of our biggest"</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Fluralaner</ td >
< td > Isoxazoline</ td >
< td > Chloride channels</ td >
< td > Veterinary/pet (fleas)</ td >
< td > Cross-resistance potential with fipronil</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Sarolaner</ td >
< td > Isoxazoline</ td >
< td > Chloride channels</ td >
< td > Veterinary/pet (fleas)</ td >
< td > Cross-resistance potential with fipronil</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Abamectin</ td >
< td > Avermectin</ td >
< td > Chloride channels (stimulator)</ td >
< td > Gel baits</ td >
< td > Opposite effect from fipronil despite similar target</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Imidacloprid</ td >
< td > Nicotinoid</ td >
< td > Acetylcholine receptor</ td >
< td > Various</ td >
< td > Example of "nicotinoid" (looks more like nicotine)</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Clothianidin</ td >
< td > Neonicotinoid</ td >
< td > Acetylcholine receptor</ td >
< td > Various</ td >
< td > Example of "neonicotinoid" (structurally evolved from nicotine)</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Sulfoxaflor</ td >
< td > Sulfoximine</ td >
< td > Acetylcholine receptor</ td >
< td > Newer product</ td >
< td > New class at same target site as neonics</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Spinosad</ td >
< td > Spinosyn</ td >
< td > Acetylcholine receptor</ td >
< td > Landscape market</ td >
< td > Same target site as neonics</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Nicotine</ td >
< td > Natural alkaloid</ td >
< td > Acetylcholine receptor</ td >
< td > Historical (tobacco)</ td >
< td > The original — toxic to insects and mammals</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Organophosphates (various)</ td >
< td > Organophosphate</ td >
< td > Acetylcholinesterase</ td >
< td > Declining urban use</ td >
< td > Not insect-specific; heavy restrictions</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Carbamates (various)</ td >
< td > Carbamate</ td >
< td > Acetylcholinesterase</ td >
< td > Declining urban use</ td >
< td > Not insect-specific; heavy restrictions</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Chlorantraniliprole</ td >
< td > Diamide</ td >
< td > Calcium channels (muscle)</ td >
< td > Various</ td >
< td > No signal word required by EPA; manufacturers added "Caution"</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Cyantraniliprole</ td >
< td > Diamide</ td >
< td > Calcium channels (muscle)</ td >
< td > Various</ td >
< td > Newer diamide</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Pyriproxyfen</ td >
< td > Juvenile hormone analog</ td >
< td > Hormonal (IGR)</ td >
< td > Cockroach control</ td >
< td > Wing twist indicator in cockroaches</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Hydramethylnon</ td >
< td > Amidinohydrazone</ td >
< td > Mitochondria</ td >
< td > Cockroach bait</ td >
< td > Energy production inhibitor</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Chlorfenapyr</ td >
< td > Pyrrole</ td >
< td > Mitochondria</ td >
< td > Various (has food label)</ td >
< td > Relatively safe; resistance potential noted</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Sulfuryl fluoride</ td >
< td > Inorganic fluoride</ td >
< td > Mitochondria</ td >
< td > Fumigation</ td >
< td ></ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Methyl bromide</ td >
< td > Halogenated hydrocarbon</ td >
< td > Mitochondria</ td >
< td > Fumigation</ td >
< td > ⚠️ Largely phased out</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > DSOBTH</ td >
< td > Borate</ td >
< td > Mitochondria/respiration</ td >
< td > Wood treatment</ td >
< td > Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Boric acid</ td >
< td > Borate</ td >
< td > Mitochondria + gut lining</ td >
< td > Various</ td >
< td > Dual mode: chemical (respiration) + physical (abrasive/desiccant)</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Silica gel</ td >
< td > Inorganic dust</ td >
< td > Epicuticular wax</ td >
< td > Dust application</ td >
< td > Physical mode — abrades waxy layer</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Diatomaceous earth</ td >
< td > Inorganic dust (biogenic)</ td >
< td > Epicuticular wax</ td >
< td > Dust application</ td >
< td > Silicon from ground diatom exoskeletons</ td >
</ tr >
</ tbody >
</ table >
< hr />
< h2 id = "table-5-combination-products" > TABLE 5: Combination Products< a class = "headerlink" href = "#table-5-combination-products" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ </ a ></ h2 >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > Component 1</ th >
< th > Component 2</ th >
< th > Mechanism</ th >
< th > Notes</ th >
</ tr >
</ thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td > Neonicotinoid (acetylcholine receptor)</ td >
< td > Pyrethroid (sodium channels)</ td >
< td > Potentiation — two target sites simultaneously; "1+1=3" synergy</ td >
< td > "All start with tea"; dual resistance observed in roach populations; still require rotation</ td >
</ tr >
</ tbody >
</ table >
< hr />
< h2 id = "table-6-insect-specificity-spectrum" > TABLE 6: Insect-Specificity Spectrum< a class = "headerlink" href = "#table-6-insect-specificity-spectrum" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ </ a ></ h2 >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > Insecticide Class</ th >
< th > Mammalian Safety</ th >
< th > Notes</ th >
</ tr >
</ thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Diamides</ strong ></ td >
< td > Extremely high</ td >
< td > No signal word required by EPA; 10,000+ x selectivity</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Avermectins</ strong ></ td >
< td > High</ td >
< td > Insect-specific target</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Isoxazolines</ strong ></ td >
< td > High</ td >
< td > Primarily vet/pet products</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > IGRs (JH analogs, CSIs)</ strong ></ td >
< td > High</ td >
< td > Target insect-specific developmental processes</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Neonicotinoids</ strong ></ td >
< td > Moderate-High</ td >
< td > Insect-specific receptor but systemic/pollinator concerns</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Fipronil</ strong ></ td >
< td > Moderate-High</ td >
< td > GABA receptor differences provide selectivity</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Pyrethroids</ strong ></ td >
< td > Moderate</ td >
< td > Generally safe for mammals but repellent to insects</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Organophosphates / Carbamates</ strong ></ td >
< td >< strong > Low</ strong ></ td >
< td >< strong > Not insect-specific; work against mammals equally</ strong ></ td >
</ tr >
</ tbody >
</ table >
< p >< em > Spectrum based on Scharf's characterizations in the presentation. Not a quantitative ranking.</ em ></ p >
< hr />
< h2 id = "table-7-practical-field-indicators-mentioned" > TABLE 7: Practical Field Indicators Mentioned< a class = "headerlink" href = "#table-7-practical-field-indicators-mentioned" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ </ a ></ h2 >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > What You See</ th >
< th > What It Means</ th >
< th > Relevant Product/Class</ th >
</ tr >
</ thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td > Immediate knockdown/incoordination</ td >
< td > Sodium channel excitation</ td >
< td > Pyrethroids, pyrethrins</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Paralysis (insect immobile but alive)</ td >
< td > Sodium channel blockage OR chloride stimulation</ td >
< td > Indoxacarb, abamectin</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Wing twist in cockroach nymphs/adults</ td >
< td > Juvenile hormone disruption</ td >
< td > Pyriproxyfen (JH analog IGR)</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > "Jackknife" body curl in termites</ td >
< td > Malformed cuticle from chitin synthesis disruption</ td >
< td > Chitin synthesis inhibitors</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Lethargy and desiccation</ td >
< td > Epicuticular wax loss</ td >
< td > Silica gel, diatomaceous earth</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Sustained muscle contraction → stillness</ td >
< td > Calcium channel stimulation → energy depletion</ td >
< td > Diamides (chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole)</ td >
</ tr >
</ tbody >
</ table >
< hr />
< h2 id = "table-8-key-physiological-barriers-to-insecticide-penetration" > TABLE 8: Key Physiological Barriers to Insecticide Penetration< a class = "headerlink" href = "#table-8-key-physiological-barriers-to-insecticide-penetration" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ </ a ></ h2 >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > Barrier</ th >
< th > Location</ th >
< th > Challenge for Insecticide</ th >
< th > Relevant Formulation Strategy</ th >
</ tr >
</ thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td > Cuticle</ td >
< td > External body surface</ td >
< td > Multi-layered; waterproof; waxy epicuticle</ td >
< td > Contact formulations must penetrate all layers</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Gut lining</ td >
< td > Digestive tract interior</ td >
< td > The "tube" inside is technically external to the body</ td >
< td > Baits must cross gut wall to reach internal targets</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Tracheal system</ td >
< td > Throughout body</ td >
< td > Physical tubes, not blood-carried oxygen</ td >
< td > Fumigants exploit this unique insect anatomy</ td >
</ tr >
</ tbody >
</ table >
< hr />
< h2 id = "table-9-key-terminology-and-definitions-from-presentation" > TABLE 9: Key Terminology and Definitions from Presentation< a class = "headerlink" href = "#table-9-key-terminology-and-definitions-from-presentation" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ </ a ></ h2 >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > Term</ th >
< th > Definition (as explained by Scharf)</ th >
</ tr >
</ thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td >< strong > LD50</ strong ></ td >
< td > Lethal dose that kills 50% of test population; inverse relationship with toxicity (lower LD50 = more toxic)</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Mode of action</ strong ></ td >
< td > The action of an insecticide at its target site (stimulation, blockage, modulation, or inhibition)</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Target site</ strong ></ td >
< td > The specific protein or physiological location within the insect where an insecticide acts</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Signal word</ strong ></ td >
< td > EPA-required label indicator of acute toxicity (Danger, Warning, Caution); diamides so safe none was required</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Potentiation</ strong ></ td >
< td > Synergistic effect from hitting two target sites simultaneously; "one plus one equals three"</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Trophallaxis</ strong ></ td >
< td > Food sharing among social insects (from mouth and anus); insecticide transfer mechanism</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Allogrooming</ strong ></ td >
< td > Mutual grooming among social insects; insecticide transfer mechanism</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Secondary kill</ strong ></ td >
< td > Death of an individual from consuming insecticide-contaminated feces or carcass of a treated individual</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Tertiary kill</ strong ></ td >
< td > Death of a third individual from insecticide passed through two prior digestive tracts</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > IRAC</ strong ></ td >
< td > Insecticide Resistance Action Committee; industry body that classifies MOAs and publishes rotation guidance</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Wing twist</ strong ></ td >
< td > Visible cuticle deformation in cockroaches exposed to juvenile hormone analog IGRs; field diagnostic indicator</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Jackknife effect</ strong ></ td >
< td > Body curling in termites with malformed cuticle from chitin synthesis inhibitor exposure</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Epicuticle</ strong ></ td >
< td > Outermost waxy/oily layer of insect cuticle; target of dehydrating dusts</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Synapse</ strong ></ td >
< td > Gap between neurons where electrical signals convert to chemical (neurotransmitter) signals</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Acetylcholine</ strong ></ td >
< td > Primary neurotransmitter that crosses synapses in the insect nervous system</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > GABA receptor</ strong ></ td >
< td > Chloride channel type at post-synaptic membrane; target of fipronil</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td >< strong > Glutamate receptor</ strong ></ td >
< td > Chloride channel type; target of avermectins</ td >
</ tr >
</ tbody >
</ table >
< hr />
< h2 id = "cross-reference-same-target-site-different-effects" > Cross-Reference: Same Target Site, Different Effects< a class = "headerlink" href = "#cross-reference-same-target-site-different-effects" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ </ a ></ h2 >
< p > One of the presentation's key teaching points was that different insecticide classes can target the same site but have opposite effects:</ p >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > Target Site</ th >
< th > Insecticide A</ th >
< th > Effect A</ th >
< th > Insecticide B</ th >
< th > Effect B</ th >
</ tr >
</ thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td > Sodium channels</ td >
< td > Pyrethroids</ td >
< td > Stimulation → excitation</ td >
< td > Indoxacarb</ td >
< td > Blockage → paralysis</ td >
</ tr >
< tr >
< td > Chloride channels</ td >
< td > Fipronil</ td >
< td > Blockage → excitation</ td >
< td > Abamectin</ td >
< td > Stimulation → paralysis</ td >
</ tr >
</ tbody >
</ table >
< p >< em > This contrast is valuable for teaching and for resistance management — switching between classes at the same site may still provide different selection pressures.</ em ></ p >
2026-03-17 11:25:27 -04:00
< hr />
2026-03-17 22:16:54 -04:00
< p >< em > All data extracted exclusively from the October 18, 2017 GTBOP presentation by Dr. Michael Scharf as transcribed and corrected through the GTBOP archive pipeline. Items marked ⚠️ may have changed since the presentation date.</ em ></ p >
2026-03-17 11:25:27 -04:00
2026-03-17 21:56:36 -04:00
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