Rich Braman
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786 KiB
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{"config":{"lang":["en"],"separator":"[\\s\\-]+","pipeline":["stopWordFilter"],"fields":{"title":{"boost":1000.0},"text":{"boost":1.0},"tags":{"boost":1000000.0}}},"docs":[{"location":"","title":"GTBOP Webinar Archives","text":"<p>Getting the Best of Pests \u2014 Processed webinar archives for the UGA Center for Urban Agriculture.</p> <p>This site hosts the complete pipeline output for processed GTBOP webinar sessions: corrected transcripts, archive summaries, platform-optimized versions, Moodle course activities, prose transcripts, and collaborative writing resources.</p>","tags":["Home"]},{"location":"#series","title":"Series","text":"<ul> <li> <p> Green & Commercial</p> <p>Ornamental, turf, and landscape pest management for commercial and private pesticide applicators (Category 24/27).</p> <p> Browse sessions</p> </li> <li> <p> Structural Pest Control</p> <p>Industrial, institutional, and structural pest management for licensed pest control operators (Category 35).</p> <p> Browse sessions</p> </li> <li> <p> Writing Projects</p> <p>Collaborative writing resources derived from webinar content \u2014 bulletin outlines, reference compendia, and source guides.</p> <p> Browse projects</p> </li> </ul>","tags":["Home"]},{"location":"#about-the-pipeline","title":"About the Pipeline","text":"<p>Each webinar is processed through a six-stage pipeline:</p> <ol> <li>Transcript Correction \u2014 Raw Whisper SRT corrected for technical terminology, speaker names, and domain vocabulary</li> <li>Archive Package \u2014 Narrative summary, YouTube timestamps, and Q&A pairs</li> <li>Platform Optimization \u2014 YouTube, website, and extension agent versions</li> <li>Moodle Activities \u2014 Quiz questions, matching exercises, and review prompts for certificate courses</li> <li>Prose Transcript \u2014 Corrected SRT converted to readable, structured markdown</li> <li>Writing Resources \u2014 Content reorganized into publication-ready toolkits</li> </ol> <p>All content derives from the corrected transcript as the authoritative source document. No external information is introduced at any stage.</p> <p>UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Webinar Series</p>","tags":["Home"]},{"location":"tags/","title":"Tags","text":"<p>Browse all archived sessions and resources by tag.</p>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:arboriculture","title":"Arboriculture","text":"<ul> <li> Dr. Ryan Klein \u2014 Best Management Practices for Urban Trees </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:czarnota","title":"Czarnota","text":"<ul> <li> Weed Control in the Landscape & Nursery </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:entomology","title":"Entomology","text":"<ul> <li> Dr. Ignazio Graziosi \u2014 Tree Pests of the Southeast </li> <li> Insecticide Classification and Mode of Action </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:graziosi","title":"Graziosi","text":"<ul> <li> Dr. Ignazio Graziosi \u2014 Tree Pests of the Southeast </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:green--commercial","title":"Green & Commercial","text":"<ul> <li> Dr. Ignazio Graziosi \u2014 Tree Pests of the Southeast </li> <li> Dr. Ryan Klein \u2014 Best Management Practices for Urban Trees </li> <li> Green & Commercial Series </li> <li> Weed Control in Ornamentals for the Nursery and Landscape </li> <li> Weed Control in Turf \u2014 A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates </li> <li> Weed Control in the Landscape & Nursery </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:home","title":"Home","text":"<ul> <li> Home </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:insecticides","title":"Insecticides","text":"<ul> <li> Insecticide Classification and Mode of Action </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:klein","title":"Klein","text":"<ul> <li> Dr. Ryan Klein \u2014 Best Management Practices for Urban Trees </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:marble","title":"Marble","text":"<ul> <li> Weed Control in Ornamentals for the Nursery and Landscape </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:mccullough","title":"McCullough","text":"<ul> <li> Weed Control in Turf \u2014 A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:scharf","title":"Scharf","text":"<ul> <li> Insecticide Classification and Mode of Action </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:structural","title":"Structural","text":"<ul> <li> Insecticide Classification and Mode of Action </li> <li> Structural Pest Control Series </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:weed-science","title":"Weed Science","text":"<ul> <li> Weed Control in Ornamentals for the Nursery and Landscape </li> <li> Weed Control in Turf \u2014 A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates </li> <li> Weed Control in the Landscape & Nursery </li> </ul>"},{"location":"tags/#tag:writing-projects","title":"Writing Projects","text":"<ul> <li> Writing Projects </li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/","title":"Green & Commercial Series","text":"<p>Webinar archives for commercial and private pesticide applicators in the ornamental, turf, and landscape industries. Content serves Category 24 (Ornamental and Turf) and Category 27 (Right-of-Way) continuing education.</p>","tags":["Green & Commercial"]},{"location":"green-commercial/#processed-sessions","title":"Processed Sessions","text":"Date Speaker Topic Stages Nov 17, 2017 Dr. Patrick McCullough Weed Control in Turf 1\u20135 Nov 18, 2021 Dr. Mark Czarnota Weed Control in Landscape & Nursery 1\u20135 Jul 13, 2023 Dr. Chris Marble Weed Control in Ornamentals 1\u20135 Jan 15, 2026 Dr. Ignazio Graziosi Tree Pests 1\u20135 Jan 15, 2026 Dr. Ryan Klein Urban Tree BMPs 1\u20135 <p>UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Green & Commercial Series</p>","tags":["Green & Commercial"]},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/","title":"Weed Control in Turf \u2014 A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates","text":"<p>Webinar Date: November 17, 2017 (pre-recorded November 10, 2017) Speaker: Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia Moderator: N/A (pre-recorded presentation) Series: Green & Commercial Duration: 1:10:00 CEU Categories: Category 24 (Ornamental and Turf Pest Control)</p>","tags":["Green & Commercial","Weed Science","McCullough"]},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/#deliverables","title":"Deliverables","text":"Deliverable Stage Description Archive Summary 2 Narrative summary, YouTube timestamps, Q&A Prose Transcript 5 Full presentation in readable prose Transcript Corrections 1 Correction log and verification YouTube Version 3 Character-limited YouTube description Website Version 3 Full web publication version Extension Agent Version 3 CEU-focused asynchronous version Quiz 4 Multiple choice assessment Matching 4 Term-to-definition exercises Review Prompts 4 Timestamp-linked review tasks Corrected SRT 1 Download corrected subtitle file","tags":["Green & Commercial","Weed Science","McCullough"]},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/#session-overview","title":"Session Overview","text":"<p>Dr. Patrick McCullough delivers a comprehensive review of turfgrass weed management fundamentals paired with updates on herbicide resistance issues and new product introductions for the 2018 season. The presentation covers weed identification principles, the importance of cultural practices such as mowing height and irrigation management, and the science behind pre-emergent herbicide timing and activation. McCullough presents field and greenhouse data on widespread Poa annua resistance to dinitroaniline and sulfonylurea herbicides across Georgia, demonstrating how combining modes of action can restore control. The session concludes with previews of new products including halauxifen-based herbicides (RELZAR, Game On, Switchblade), Vexis, Solero, Dismiss NXT, and Coastal.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives Source: Corrected SRT \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt (649 blocks)</p>","tags":["Green & Commercial","Weed Science","McCullough"]},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/archive-summary/","title":"GTBOP Webinar Archive Summary","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/archive-summary/#weed-control-in-turf-a-review-of-the-basics-and-recent-updates","title":"Weed Control in Turf \u2014 A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates","text":"<p>Webinar Date: November 17, 2017 (pre-recorded November 10, 2017) Speaker: Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia Moderator: N/A (pre-recorded presentation) Duration: 1:10:00 Series: Green & Commercial CEU Categories: Category 24 (Ornamental and Turf Pest Control)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/archive-summary/#narrative-summary","title":"NARRATIVE SUMMARY","text":"<p>Dr. Patrick McCullough, weed scientist at the University of Georgia, delivers a comprehensive review of turfgrass weed management fundamentals paired with updates on herbicide resistance issues and new product introductions for the 2018 season. The presentation covers the full scope of practical weed science knowledge that turfgrass managers need for effective control programs.</p> <p>McCullough begins with weed identification principles, recommending two key reference books \u2014 the Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds and UGA's Weeds of Southern Turfgrass \u2014 and walking through diagnostic characteristics including seed heads, ligules, flowers, leaf arrangement, pubescence, and leaf markings. He illustrates these with specific examples such as distinguishing bahiagrass from dallisgrass by seed head structure, differentiating crabgrass species by hair patterns, and separating white clover from spotted burr clover by leaf markings. Understanding weed lifecycles \u2014 winter annuals, summer annuals, simple perennials, and complex perennials \u2014 is essential because each group requires different management strategies and timing.</p> <p>Cultural practices receive substantial attention. McCullough presents research showing that raising tall fescue mowing height from one to four inches reduced crabgrass cover from 95% to essentially zero, and a three-year Florida study demonstrating that daily irrigation increased dollarweed cover five- to six-fold compared to as-needed watering. He emphasizes planting certified seed to avoid introducing weed species, citing an NTEP trial where seedlot contamination introduced broadleaf dock into a single plot.</p> <p>The core of the presentation covers pre-emergent herbicide science \u2014 how these products bind in the upper soil profile, inhibit cell division in germinating seedlings, and require timely activation through irrigation or rainfall. McCullough details application timing by Georgia region, residual activity differences among products, and the advantages of split applications for extending seasonal control.</p> <p>Herbicide resistance emerges as a major theme. McCullough presents field and greenhouse data showing widespread Poa annua (Poa annua) resistance to dinitroaniline and sulfonylurea herbicides across Georgia golf courses, sod farms, and lawns, along with halosulfuron-resistant sedge (Cyperus compressus) populations. He demonstrates how combining modes of action \u2014 such as pairing a sulfonylurea with simazine \u2014 controlled resistant biotypes at all three golf course test sites. The presentation concludes with updates on new 2018 products: RELZAR, Game On, and Switchblade (all containing the new active ingredient halauxifen from Dow); Vexis (pyrimisulfan + penoxsulam); Solero (mesosulfuron from Nufarm); Dismiss NXT (sulfentrazone + carfentrazone from FMC); and Coastal (simazine + imazaquin + prodiamine from Sipcam).</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/archive-summary/#youtube-timestamps","title":"YOUTUBE TIMESTAMPS","text":"Timestamp Topic 0:00 Introduction 0:46 Weed Identification Books and Resources 2:00 Weed Categories: Grassy, Broadleaf, and Grass-Like 2:43 Identification by Seed Heads 3:57 Comparing Bahiagrass and Dallisgrass 5:13 Poa annua Seed Head Identification 5:34 Using Ligules for Grassy Weed Identification 6:50 Broadleaf Weed Flowers and Day Flower Species 7:52 Leaf Arrangement and Hair Characteristics 9:34 Leaf Markings: White Clover vs. Spotted Burr Clover 10:16 Weed Lifecycles: Winter and Summer Annuals 12:05 Perennial Weeds: Simple and Complex 16:02 Scouting, Early Detection, and Cultural Practices 17:08 Mowing Height Effects on Crabgrass Competition 20:07 Irrigation Influence on Weed Populations 22:05 Seed Quality and Seedlot Contamination 24:07 How Pre-Emergent Herbicides Work 27:00 Pre-Emergent Product Overview and Formulations 29:00 Pre-Emergent Targets and Limitations 29:38 Herbicide Activation: Sprayable vs. Granular 31:07 Spring Application Timing by Georgia Region 32:52 Residual Activity and Product Selection 34:48 Fall Pre-Emergent Timing for Winter Annuals 35:11 Split Applications for Extended Control 36:21 Fall Products for Poa annua Management 37:31 Herbicide Resistance: Overview and Mechanisms 41:01 Poa annua Resistance in Georgia 43:34 Fall Post-Emergent Timing and Sulfonylurea Programs 48:55 Poa annua Control Programs by Turfgrass Species 51:38 Sedge Resistance to Sulfonylureas 53:44 Other Herbicide-Resistant Weed Species 55:01 New for 2018: Halauxifen Products (RELZAR, Game On, Switchblade) 1:01:22 New for 2018: Vexis (Pyrimisulfan + Penoxsulam) 1:05:31 Solero (Mesosulfuron) from Nufarm 1:06:27 Dismiss NXT (Sulfentrazone + Carfentrazone) 1:08:19 Coastal: Three-Way Pre + Post Combination from Sipcam 1:09:53 Conclusion"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/archive-summary/#questions-answers","title":"QUESTIONS & ANSWERS","text":"<p>Q: What are the three main categories used to classify weeds in turfgrass? A: Weeds are classified as grassy weeds (monocots), broadleaf weeds (dicots), and grass-like weeds. The grass-like category is a miscellaneous grouping that includes sedges, wild garlic, wild onion, and plants like Star of Bethlehem that don't fit neatly into the other two categories.</p> <p>Q: Why is it important to distinguish bahiagrass from dallisgrass when planning herbicide treatments? A: Although both are warm-season perennial Paspalum species with similar seed head spikes, they have very different selective control options. Bahiagrass can be effectively controlled with metsulfuron and various warm-season species herbicides, while dallisgrass requires very specific application programs. Misidentifying one for the other could lead to ineffective treatments.</p> <p>Q: How does mowing height affect crabgrass populations in tall fescue? A: Research conducted in North Carolina showed that raising the mowing height of tall fescue from one inch to four inches reduced crabgrass cover from 95% to essentially 0%. The taller fescue was able to shade out crabgrass and prevent its establishment through increased competition.</p> <p>Q: How do pre-emergent herbicides work, and do they prevent weed seed germination? A: Pre-emergent herbicides do not prevent germination. They bind to the upper half inch of the soil profile and are absorbed by the roots and shoots of germinating seedlings. Most pre-emergent herbicides inhibit cell division, so seedlings that take in the herbicide fail to establish a healthy root system and die. Well-established turfgrass with roots penetrating below the treated zone is generally not affected.</p> <p>Q: Why are split applications of pre-emergent herbicides recommended over single applications? A: Splitting a pre-emergent application \u2014 for example, applying half a pound of prodiamine per acre in March and the other half in late May or June \u2014 provides a fresh supply of herbicide to the soil and extends residual control beyond what a single full-rate application achieves. This approach improves control of late-season flushes of crabgrass and other annual weeds.</p> <p>Q: What is herbicide resistance, and how does it develop in weed populations? A: Herbicide resistance develops through selection pressure. A naturally occurring resistant biotype \u2014 perhaps one in a thousand or one in a million plants \u2014 survives treatment because of an altered target site where the herbicide cannot bind properly. When the same herbicide is applied repeatedly over multiple years, susceptible plants are killed while the resistant biotype reproduces and spreads, eventually shifting the population toward resistance. This is not a change caused by the herbicide, but a selection of pre-existing genetic traits.</p> <p>Q: What herbicide resistance problems is Georgia currently experiencing with Poa annua? A: Georgia is seeing widespread Poa annua resistance to dinitroaniline pre-emergent herbicides (pendimethalin, prodiamine) with cross-resistance to Dimension (dithiopyr). Sulfonylurea post-emergent resistance is also prevalent. McCullough's greenhouse testing showed a resistant biotype survived rates up to 300 times the labeled rate of Monument, demonstrating classic target-site resistance. These resistance issues are increasing on lawns, golf courses, sod farms, and other turfgrass areas throughout the state.</p> <p>Q: What resistance management strategy does McCullough recommend for Poa annua control in bermudagrass and zoysiagrass? A: McCullough recommends combining two modes of action \u2014 a sulfonylurea herbicide (such as Revolver, Monument, Katana, or Tribute Total) with a triazine herbicide (simazine) at a quart per acre. In field trials across three golf courses with different resistance profiles, this tank mixture provided complete Poa control at all locations, even where individual products had failed. Simazine adds a second mode of action for approximately $5 per acre.</p> <p>Q: What is halauxifen, and what new products will contain it? A: Halauxifen is a new synthetic auxin (Group 4) active ingredient from Dow with very rapid broadleaf weed activity \u2014 typically five to seven days to visible response. Three products containing halauxifen were set for 2018 release: RELZAR (halauxifen + florasulam) for all major turfgrass species; Game On (halauxifen + 2,4-D choline + fluroxypyr) primarily for cool-season grasses and bermudagrass; and Switchblade (halauxifen + dicamba + fluroxypyr) for warm- and cool-season grasses including centipedegrass and St. Augustinegrass. All three showed promising activity on doveweed.</p> <p>Q: How does Dismiss NXT differ from standard Dismiss? A: Dismiss NXT combines sulfentrazone (the active ingredient in Dismiss) with carfentrazone (the active ingredient in Quicksilver). The primary advantage is speed of control \u2014 Dismiss NXT provides rapid knockdown of sedges and kyllinga, with visible results within seven days. However, McCullough's research did not show a significant difference in long-term control levels compared to straight Dismiss. The rapid visual response can be valuable for client satisfaction.</p> <p>Q: What is the Coastal combination product, and why is it significant? A: Coastal is a three-way combination from Sipcam containing simazine, imazaquin, and prodiamine. It provides both post-emergent activity (simazine and imazaquin controlling broadleaf weeds, sedges, and Poa annua with two different modes of action) and pre-emergent residual control (prodiamine for grassy weeds). McCullough sees this type of multi-chemistry combination product as a model for future turfgrass herbicide development, particularly for managing resistant weed populations.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/archive-summary/#additional-resources","title":"ADDITIONAL RESOURCES","text":"<ul> <li>GeorgiaWeather.net \u2014 Weather station network for tracking local soil temperatures to time pre-emergent applications (referenced by speaker)</li> <li>Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds \u2014 Published by GCSAA, available through Amazon and other retailers</li> <li>Weeds of Southern Turfgrass \u2014 UGA publication, available through the Athens bookstore and online retailers</li> </ul> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt (649 blocks)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/","title":"SRT Transcript Correction Summary","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#file-weed-control-in-turf-a-review-of-the-basics-and-recent-updates","title":"File: Weed Control in Turf \u2014 A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates","text":"<p>Date Corrected: March 12, 2026 Webinar Date: November 17, 2017 (pre-recorded November 10, 2017) Series: Green & Commercial Topic: Weed Science / Turfgrass Speaker: Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia Moderator: None (pre-recorded presentation, no live Q&A)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#source-verification","title":"SOURCE VERIFICATION","text":"<ul> <li>Original blocks: 649</li> <li>Corrected blocks: 649 \u2713 MATCH CONFIRMED</li> <li>Time range: 00:00:11,300 to 01:10:22,200</li> <li>Runtime: ~70 minutes</li> <li>File reading: COMPLETE \u2713</li> <li>Coverage proof:</li> <li>Early [~02:50]: Seed head identification characteristics; dallisgrass alternating spikes vs crowfootgrass spikes joining at base</li> <li>Middle [~38:00]: Herbicide resistance through selection pressure; one resistant biotype in year one spreading to dominant population by year five</li> <li>Late [~1:05:30]: Solero (mesosulfuron) from Nufarm for sedge control; comparable to Monument and Certainty</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#correction-assessment","title":"Correction Assessment","text":"<p>This transcript required unusually heavy correction. Whisper struggled systematically with herbicide active ingredient names, product trade names, and weed science terminology throughout the 70-minute presentation. The most extreme case was the new active ingredient \"halauxifen,\" which Whisper rendered at least five different ways across the transcript. The term \"sulfonylurea\" was garbled in nearly every instance. Several Whisper substitution errors were semantically plausible but wrong (\"pre-inversion\" for \"pre-emergent,\" \"paint mix\" for \"tank mix,\" \"wheat\" for \"weed\").</p> <p>Approximately 150 lines required correction across 649 subtitle blocks.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#corrections-applied","title":"Corrections Applied","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#chemicalactive-ingredient-names-dominant-error-category","title":"Chemical/Active Ingredient Names (Dominant Error Category)","text":"<ul> <li>\"phyloxephen\" / \"Chaloxifen\" / \"hyloxipin\" / \"heloxifen\" \u2192 \"halauxifen\" (Blocks 506, 509, 513, 535, 539, 556, 558)</li> <li>\"sulfentrizone\" / \"Sulfentrosone\" / \"Sulfendazone\" \u2192 \"sulfentrazone\" (Blocks 451, 478, 484, 489, 613, 614)</li> <li>\"Carpentersone\" \u2192 \"carfentrazone\" (Blocks 615, 616)</li> <li>\"sulfamilurea\" / \"sulfamilia urea\" / \"sulfamilia\" \u2192 \"sulfonylurea\" (Blocks 412, 447, 448, 449, 467, 468, 471, 484)</li> <li>\"hallow-sulfuron\" / \"how low sulfur on\" \u2192 \"halosulfuron\" (Blocks 477, 609)</li> <li>\"Mazisulfuron\" \u2192 \"mesosulfuron\" (Block 603)</li> <li>\"metzulfuron\" \u2192 \"metsulfuron\" (Block 42)</li> <li>\"phleroxapyr\" / \"cloroxypyr\" \u2192 \"fluroxypyr\" (Blocks 536, 558)</li> <li>\"Florazolam\" \u2192 \"florasulam\" (Block 515)</li> <li>\"pendimethylene\" / \"pentamethylin\" / \"pendimethylin\" / \"penimethylene\" \u2192 \"pendimethalin\" (Blocks 300, 329, 369, 373)</li> <li>\"panoxyslum\" \u2192 \"penoxsulam\" (Block 562)</li> <li>\"imazoquin\" / \"imazoquine\" \u2192 \"imazaquin\" (Blocks 630, 631)</li> <li>\"isoxifen\" \u2192 \"isoxaben\" (Block 254)</li> <li>\"oxidiazone\" \u2192 \"oxadiazon\" (Block 301)</li> <li>\"Remsulfuron\" / \"rib sulfur on\" \u2192 \"rimsulfuron\" (Blocks 449, 461)</li> <li>\"dinitroanulins\" / \"dinitroanlin\" / \"dinitroanilins\" \u2192 \"dinitroanilines\" / \"dinitroaniline\" (Blocks 332, 371, 410, 471)</li> <li>\"phryzine\" \u2192 \"triazine\" (Block 410)</li> <li>\"In Dazaflam\" \u2192 \"indaziflam\" (Block 331)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#producttrade-names","title":"Product/Trade Names","text":"<ul> <li>\"Spectacle\" / \"spectacle\" \u2192 \"Specticle\" (Blocks 330, 430, 458)</li> <li>\"sedge hammer\" \u2192 \"SedgeHammer\" (Block 481, 609)</li> <li>\"Newfarm\" \u2192 \"Nufarm\" (Blocks 603, 604)</li> <li>\"Valen\" \u2192 \"Valent\" (Block 604)</li> <li>\"Vexus\" / \"vexus\" / \"nexus\" \u2192 \"Vexis\" (Blocks 562, 577, 579, 587, 589)</li> <li>\"Dismis\" / \"dismissed\" \u2192 \"Dismiss\" (Blocks 478, 617, 624)</li> <li>\"Dismiss NXP\" \u2192 \"Dismiss NXT\" (Blocks 623, 624)</li> <li>\"transit\" \u2192 \"TranXit\" (Block 450)</li> <li>\"freeham\" \u2192 \"Freehand\" (Block 491)</li> <li>\"GAMON\" \u2192 \"Game On\" (Blocks 550, 551)</li> <li>\"Sidgeron 2%\" \u2192 \"siduron,\" (Block 299) \u2014 see Flagged for Verification</li> <li>\"Basagrin\" / \"vasagrin\" \u2192 \"Basagran\" (Blocks 479, 486)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#grass-species-names-compound-standardization","title":"Grass Species Names (Compound Standardization)","text":"<ul> <li>\"Dallas grass\" \u2192 \"dallisgrass\" (Blocks 31, 39, 43, 46)</li> <li>\"bahia grass\" / \"bahay grass\" \u2192 \"bahiagrass\" (Blocks 42, 45)</li> <li>\"turf grass\" / \"Turf grass\" \u2192 \"turfgrass\" (Throughout \u2014 ~30+ instances)</li> <li>\"Bermuda grass\" / \"bermuda grass\" / \"Bermuda brass\" \u2192 \"bermudagrass\" (Blocks 122, 133, 138, 139, 442, 467, 541, 547)</li> <li>\"centipede grass\" / \"Centipede grass\" \u2192 \"centipedegrass\" (Blocks 134\u2013135, 175, 448, 460, 462, 522, 559)</li> <li>\"zoysia grass\" / \"Zoysia grass\" \u2192 \"zoysiagrass\" (Blocks 135, 442, 467, 522)</li> <li>\"barnyard grass\" \u2192 \"barnyardgrass\" (Blocks 58, 59)</li> <li>\"crowfoot grass\" \u2192 \"crowfootgrass\" (Block 32)</li> <li>\"St. Augustine grass\" \u2192 \"St. Augustinegrass\" (Blocks 529, 539, 559)</li> <li>\"nut sedge\" \u2192 \"nutsedge\" (Blocks 481, 489)</li> <li>\"dove weed\" / \"Dove weed\" \u2192 \"doveweed\" (Blocks 105, 530, 550, 554)</li> <li>\"dollar weed\" / \"Dollar weed\" \u2192 \"dollarweed\" (Blocks 181, 184)</li> <li>\"lawn burr weed\" / \"lawn burrow weed\" \u2192 \"lawn burweed\" (Blocks 585, 586)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#weed-species-scientific-names","title":"Weed Species / Scientific Names","text":"<ul> <li>\"Cyperis compressus\" \u2192 \"Cyperus compressus\" (Block 475)</li> <li>\"past palum\" \u2192 \"Paspalum\" (Blocks 37\u201338)</li> <li>\"Poa annula\" / \"Pola Angula\" / \"Poet Annua\" / \"Poa Annual\" / \"POA annual\" / \"po-annual\" \u2192 \"Poa annua\" (Blocks 326, 373, 435, 448, 502, 633)</li> <li>\"POA\" (standalone) \u2192 \"Poa\" (Blocks 425, 429, 430, 431, 435, 437, 443, 472)</li> <li>\"polo\" / \"pook\" \u2192 \"Poa\" (Blocks 432, 441, 463, 466, 467, 473)</li> <li>\"Kalinga\" / \"colingus\" \u2192 \"kyllinga\" (Blocks 489, 605, 617, 619, 620, 621)</li> <li>\"common Lestadiza\" \u2192 \"common lespedeza\" (Block 531)</li> <li>\"parsley pert\" \u2192 \"parsley-piert\" (Block 579)</li> <li>\"spittercress\" \u2192 \"bittercress\" (Block 94)</li> <li>\"hopped clovers\" \u2192 \"hop clovers\" (Block 94)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#whisper-substitution-errors","title":"Whisper Substitution Errors","text":"<ul> <li>\"pre-inversion\" / \"pre-imversion\" \u2192 \"pre-emergent\" (Blocks 111, 212, 266)</li> <li>\"post-immersion\" / \"post-imversion\" \u2192 \"post-emergent\" (Block 392, 567)</li> <li>\"wheat seed\" / \"wheat\" \u2192 \"weed\" / \"weed species\" (Blocks 36, 86, 209)</li> <li>\"paint mix\" / \"paint mixture\" \u2192 \"tank mix\" / \"tank mixture\" (Blocks 465, 479)</li> <li>\"action greening\" / \"active greening\" \u2192 \"active ingredient\" (Blocks 454, 473)</li> <li>\"Long Care\" \u2192 \"lawn care\" (Blocks 308, 330)</li> <li>\"munigrass\" \u2192 \"bermudagrass\" (Block 549)</li> <li>\"NTEF\" \u2192 \"NTEP\" (Block 196)</li> <li>\"disease is\" \u2192 \"This is\" (Block 74)</li> <li>\"Falls is\" \u2192 \"Fall is\" (Block 392)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#institutions-and-locations","title":"Institutions and Locations","text":"<ul> <li>\"georgiawether.net\" \u2192 \"georgiaweather.net\" (Blocks 288, 292)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#flagged-for-verification","title":"Flagged for Verification","text":"<ul> <li>Block 42\u201343: [VERIFY: \"metsulfuron and various / species\" \u2014 the phrase breaks awkwardly across blocks. Speaker may have said \"metsulfuron and various other products\" or similar; audio check recommended]</li> <li>Block 74: [VERIFY: \"disease is\" corrected to \"This is\" \u2014 confident correction but audio confirmation preferred since Whisper garbled the word boundary]</li> <li>Block 299: [VERIFY: \"Sidgeron 2%\" corrected to \"siduron,\" \u2014 likely the speaker said \"siduron 2G\" (2% granular formulation); the \"2%\" may have been \"2G\" in the audio]</li> <li>Block 439: [NOTE: Timestamp overlap \u2014 Block 439 (48:06\u201348:22) overlaps with Block 440 (48:08\u201348:14). Block 439 contains brief filler text \"So, we're going to have to do that.\" This appears to be a Whisper alignment artifact. Timestamps preserved per protocol.]</li> <li>Block 513 / RELZAR: [VERIFY: Trade name \"RELZAR\" \u2014 Whisper rendering appears consistent across multiple mentions; may be correct as-is. Confirm against audio or Dow/Corteva product records for the halauxifen + florasulam turf combination released in 2018]</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#srt-format-compliance","title":"SRT Format Compliance","text":"<p>\u2705 All timestamps preserved exactly as original \u2705 All sequence numbers maintained (1\u2013649) \u2705 Blank lines between segments preserved \u2705 Maximum 2 lines per subtitle segment maintained \u2705 No segments merged or split \u2705 Block count: 649 original = 649 corrected \u2713</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#new-correction-patterns-for-common-corrections-reference","title":"New Correction Patterns for Common Corrections Reference","text":"<p>The following Whisper error patterns were new to this transcript and should be added to the project reference:</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#chemicalsproducts-green-commercial-new","title":"Chemicals/Products \u2014 Green & Commercial (New)","text":"Whisper Output Correct Form phyloxephen / Chaloxifen / hyloxipin / heloxifen halauxifen phleroxapyr / cloroxypyr fluroxypyr Florazolam florasulam Mazisulfuron mesosulfuron pendimethylene / pentamethylin / penimethylene pendimethalin panoxyslum penoxsulam imazoquin / imazoquine imazaquin isoxifen isoxaben oxidiazone oxadiazon Remsulfuron / rib sulfur on rimsulfuron Sidgeron siduron phryzine triazine In Dazaflam indaziflam Vexus / nexus Vexis transit (product name) TranXit GAMON Game On Basagrin / vasagrin Basagran freeham Freehand Valen Valent how low sulfur on halosulfuron Cinezine simazine"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#weed-species-new","title":"Weed Species (New)","text":"Whisper Output Correct Form Kalinga / colingus kyllinga Cyperis Cyperus common Lestadiza common lespedeza parsley pert parsley-piert spittercress bittercress lawn burr weed / lawn burrow weed lawn burweed hopped clovers hop clovers past palum Paspalum"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections/#whisper-substitution-errors-new","title":"Whisper Substitution Errors (New)","text":"Whisper Output Correct Form Context action greening / active greening active ingredient product rate descriptions munigrass bermudagrass mid-sentence species reference NTEF NTEP National Turfgrass Evaluation Program <p>Total Corrections: ~200+ individual corrections across 150 affected lines Processing: Complete file (649 subtitle blocks, 2596 lines)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/downloads/","title":"Downloads \u2014 McCullough, Weed Control in Turf","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/downloads/#corrected-srt-file","title":"Corrected SRT File","text":"<p>Download Corrected SRT</p> Detail Value Filename <code>GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt</code> Blocks 649 Time range 00:00:00 \u2013 01:10:00 <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/processing-log/","title":"GTBOP Processing Log: Weed Control in Turf \u2014 Dr. Patrick McCullough","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/processing-log/#conversation-snapshot-march-16-2026","title":"Conversation Snapshot \u2014 March 16, 2026","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/processing-log/#webinar-details","title":"Webinar Details","text":"Field Details Title Weed Control in Turf: A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates Speaker Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia Moderator N/A (pre-recorded presentation) Webinar Date November 17, 2017 (pre-recorded November 10, 2017) Series Green & Commercial Duration 1:10:00 Topic Area Weed Science / Turfgrass CEU Categories Category 24 (Ornamental and Turf Pest Control)"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/processing-log/#pipeline-stages-completed","title":"Pipeline Stages Completed","text":"Stage Deliverable Filename Status 1 Corrected SRT <code>GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt</code> \u2713 Complete 1 Correction Summary <code>GTBOP_Corrections_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md</code> \u2713 Complete 2 Archive Package <code>GTBOP_Archive_Summary_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md</code> \u2713 Complete 3 YouTube Description <code>GTBOP_YouTube_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md</code> \u2713 Complete 3 Website Version <code>GTBOP_Website_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md</code> \u2713 Complete 3 Extension Agent Version <code>GTBOP_ExtAgent_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md</code> \u2713 Complete 4 Moodle Quiz <code>GTBOP_Quiz_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md</code> \u2713 Complete 4 Moodle Matching <code>GTBOP_Matching_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md</code> \u2713 Complete 4 Moodle Review Activities <code>GTBOP_Review_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md</code> \u2713 Complete 5 Prose Transcript <code>GTBOP_ProseTranscript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md</code> \u2713 Complete 6 Writing Resources \u2014 Not requested"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/processing-log/#stage-1-transcript-correction","title":"Stage 1: Transcript Correction","text":"<p>Source file: 649 subtitle blocks, 2,596 lines. File read in full using six sequential chunks with overlapping boundaries per Bedrock Protocol. Coverage proof confirmed from early (seed head identification), middle (herbicide resistance selection pressure), and late (Solero product from Nufarm) sections before processing began.</p> <p>Transcript quality assessment: This transcript required unusually heavy correction \u2014 approximately 200+ individual corrections across 150 affected lines. Whisper struggled systematically with herbicide chemistry vocabulary throughout the 70-minute presentation. The dominant error category was chemical and active ingredient names, which accounted for the bulk of corrections. McCullough's rapid, confident delivery of complex chemical nomenclature consistently overwhelmed Whisper's recognition.</p> <p>Dominant error patterns:</p> <p>The most extreme case was the new active ingredient \"halauxifen,\" which Whisper rendered five completely different ways across the transcript: \"phyloxephen,\" \"Chaloxifen,\" \"hyloxipin,\" \"heloxifen,\" and variants. The term \"sulfonylurea\" was garbled in nearly every instance as \"sulfamilurea,\" \"sulfamilia urea,\" or similar. Sulfentrazone appeared as \"sulfentrizone,\" \"Sulfentrosone,\" and \"Sulfendazone.\" Carfentrazone became \"Carpentersone.\" Halosulfuron was rendered as \"hallow-sulfuron\" and \"how low sulfur on.\"</p> <p>Beyond chemistry, Whisper produced several semantically plausible but incorrect substitutions: \"pre-inversion\" and \"pre-imversion\" for \"pre-emergent,\" \"post-immersion\" for \"post-emergent,\" \"paint mix\" for \"tank mix,\" \"action greening\" and \"active greening\" for \"active ingredient,\" \"wheat\" for \"weed,\" and \"Long Care\" for \"lawn care.\" These are particularly dangerous because they could pass casual review.</p> <p>Grass species standardization was needed throughout (Dallas grass \u2192 dallisgrass, bahia grass \u2192 bahiagrass, turf grass \u2192 turfgrass, Bermuda grass \u2192 bermudagrass, etc.). Weed species names required correction including \"Kalinga\" \u2192 kyllinga, \"Cyperis\" \u2192 Cyperus, \"spittercress\" \u2192 bittercress, and \"common Lestadiza\" \u2192 common lespedeza.</p> <p>Audio verification round: Five items were flagged for audio verification. The user confirmed corrections for all five:</p> <ul> <li>Block 42-43: Confirmed \"metsulfuron and various warm season species\" (Whisper had split the phrase awkwardly across blocks)</li> <li>Block 74: Confirmed \"disease is\" was a clipped continuation of \"species\" from the prior block</li> <li>Block 299: Confirmed \"Siduron, Tupersan,\" \u2014 Whisper had rendered this as \"Sidgeron 2%\"</li> <li>Block 439: Confirmed as a Whisper alignment artifact (timestamp overlap with filler text); timestamps preserved per protocol</li> <li>Block 513/RELZAR: Confirmed trade name is correct as RELZAR</li> </ul> <p>Verification metrics: Block count 649 original = 649 corrected. All timestamps preserved. All sequence numbers maintained. No blocks merged or split.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/processing-log/#stage-2-archive-package","title":"Stage 2: Archive Package","text":"<p>Narrative summary: 385 words covering the full presentation arc from identification fundamentals through cultural practices, pre-emergent science, resistance mechanisms and Georgia field data, to all seven new 2018 products. Written in flowing paragraphs with scientific names in parentheses on first mention.</p> <p>YouTube timestamps: 37 chapters spanning 0:00 to 1:09:53. Density is higher in the first half of the presentation (identification basics, where McCullough moves through topics quickly) and more spread out in the resistance and new products sections, which have longer sustained discussions. All timestamps verified against corrected transcript content.</p> <p>Q&A pairs: 11 pairs covering identification (2), cultural practices (1), pre-emergent science (2), resistance mechanisms and management (3), and new products (3). Since this was a pre-recorded presentation with no live Q&A segment, all pairs are derived from presentation content. All answers traceable to specific transcript sections.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/processing-log/#stage-3-platform-optimization","title":"Stage 3: Platform Optimization","text":"<p>Three versions produced:</p> <ul> <li>YouTube Description: 4,676 characters, within the ~5,000 character limit. Condensed Q&A from 11 to 5 highest-value pairs. All 37 timestamps retained. Hashtags added.</li> <li>Website Version: Full comprehensive archive package identical to Stage 2 output, formatted for web publication.</li> <li>Extension Agent Version: Reframed for county agent use with content broken into five labeled segments with time ranges, targeted viewing recommendations for partial-session assignments, and CEU category table. Noted the single-presentation format (no live Q&A).</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/processing-log/#stage-4-moodle-activities","title":"Stage 4: Moodle Activities","text":"<p>Quiz: 15 multiple-choice questions. Difficulty distribution: 6 Recall (40%), 5 Application (33%), 4 Analysis (27%). Coverage spans all five major presentation sections \u2014 4 questions on identification, 3 on lifecycles/cultural practices, 3 on pre-emergent science, 2 on resistance, and 3 on new products. Each question includes timestamp reference, difficulty label, explanation, and source location.</p> <p>Matching exercises: 3 exercises with 21 total pairs and 3 distractors (one per exercise). - Exercise 1: Weed lifecycle classification (8 species \u2192 4 lifecycle categories). Includes a note about McCullough's dual classification of white clover. - Exercise 2: Pre-emergent herbicide products and characteristics (6 products \u2192 distinguishing features). - Exercise 3: New 2018 products matched to active ingredients and key characteristics (7 products).</p> <p>Review activities: 6 timestamp-linked tasks covering the full presentation. Each directs learners to a specific 3\u20137 minute video segment with synthesis-oriented prompts (listing, comparing, tracing, correcting misconceptions). Designed for self-paced Moodle viewing in the Weed Science certificate course.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/processing-log/#stage-5-prose-transcript","title":"Stage 5: Prose Transcript","text":"<p>Word count: 9,697. H2 sections: 8 major sections plus header and conclusion. H3 subsections: 30. Speaker labels: 1 (solo pre-recorded presentation \u2014 label at first appearance only). Italicized scientific names: Poa annua, Cyperus compressus (the only binomial names used in the presentation).</p> <p>Section architecture: 1. Introduction 2. Weed Identification Fundamentals (7 subsections: Resources, Categories, Seed Heads, Ligules, Flowers/Leaf Characteristics, Pubescence, Leaf Markings) 3. Weed Lifecycles (3 subsections: Winter/Summer Annuals, Simple Perennials, Complex Perennials) 4. Scouting, Early Detection, and Cultural Practices (3 subsections: Mowing Height, Irrigation, Seed Quality) 5. Pre-Emergent Herbicide Science (8 subsections: Mechanism, Effects on Turf, Products, Activation, Spring Timing, Residual Activity, Fall Timing, Split Applications, Fall Poa Products) 6. Herbicide Resistance (7 subsections: Growing Problem, Selection Pressure, Poa Resistance, Sulfonylurea Programs, Golf Course Trials, Programs by Species, Sedge Resistance, Other Resistant Species) 7. New Herbicides for 2018 (8 subsections: Halauxifen overview, RELZAR, Game On, Switchblade, Vexis, Solero, Dismiss NXT, Coastal) 8. Conclusion</p> <p>McCullough's presentation style is well-organized with clear topic transitions, which mapped naturally to the section structure. All 649 subtitle blocks accounted for in flowing prose. No paraphrasing or editorial changes to speaker's words.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/processing-log/#presentation-content-overview","title":"Presentation Content Overview","text":"<p>This is a broad-scope weed science presentation covering fundamentals through advanced resistance management, aimed at turfgrass professionals across the spectrum \u2014 from lawn care operators needing identification refreshers to golf course superintendents dealing with resistant Poa annua. McCullough opens with practical identification skills (seed heads, ligules, flowers, pubescence, leaf markings) and weed lifecycle categories, then covers cultural practices with supporting research data (mowing height and irrigation studies). The middle third focuses on pre-emergent herbicide science \u2014 mechanism of action, formulation considerations, regional timing for Georgia, and split application strategies. The presentation shifts to herbicide resistance as a major theme, presenting field and greenhouse data from Georgia golf courses showing widespread Poa annua resistance to dinitroanilines and sulfonylureas, with a detailed walkthrough of a three-golf-course resistance management trial demonstrating the value of combining modes of action. The final segment profiles seven new products for 2018, with particular emphasis on halauxifen-based products from Dow and the combination product Coastal from Sipcam.</p> <p>The presentation is pre-recorded (November 10, 2017) with no live Q&A segment, making it a continuous single-speaker lecture. At 70 minutes with dense technical content, it is well-suited for the Weed Science certificate course bucket where it can be paired with other weed management sessions.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/processing-log/#notes-for-team","title":"Notes for Team","text":"<p>New Whisper correction patterns to incorporate: This webinar generated a substantial batch of new patterns for the Common Corrections Reference \u2014 approximately 20 new chemical/product entries and 8 new weed species entries. Key additions include: halauxifen (5 Whisper variants), fluroxypyr (2 variants), florasulam, mesosulfuron, pendimethalin (4 variants), penoxsulam, imazaquin, isoxaben, oxadiazon, rimsulfuron (2 variants), indaziflam, and several product trade names (Vexis, TranXit, Game On, Basagran, Freehand). Weed species additions include kyllinga (2 variants), Cyperus, lespedeza, parsley-piert, bittercress, lawn burweed, hop clovers, and Paspalum. New Whisper substitution patterns: \"action greening\" / \"active greening\" \u2192 \"active ingredient,\" \"munigrass\" \u2192 bermudagrass, \"NTEF\" \u2192 NTEP.</p> <p>Speaker roster: Dr. Patrick McCullough is already on the roster. No new speakers to add.</p> <p>CEU / certificate course notes: This session is tagged for the Weed Science certificate course. At 70 minutes it's one of the longer sessions. The Extension Agent version includes targeted viewing segments (4 segments ranging from 12\u201318 minutes) for agents who want to assign portions rather than the full recording. The review activities (Stage 4) are specifically designed for self-paced Moodle use in this course.</p> <p>Stage 6 not completed: No collaborative writing project was identified for this webinar. Stage 6 could be produced later if this content supports a publication project \u2014 the prose transcript is ready as input.</p> <p>Open items: None. All flagged items resolved through audio verification. All stages through Stage 5 complete.</p> <p>Processing completed March 16, 2026 Pipeline: Stages 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Project: GTBOP Webinar Archive Processing (v4.1 instructions)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/","title":"Weed Control in Turf: A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#gtbop-green-commercial-november-17-2017","title":"GTBOP Green & Commercial \u2014 November 17, 2017","text":"<p>Speaker: Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia Moderator: N/A (pre-recorded presentation) Duration: 1:10:00</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#introduction","title":"Introduction","text":"<p>Patrick McCullough: Good morning, everybody. This is Patrick McCullough. I have pre-recorded this for the meeting. Sorry I could not be with you today. I'm recording this on Friday, November 10th. And this presentation is going to cover weed control topics in turfgrass management. We're going to review the basics and also get some recent updates on some current trends and some new products that are coming out in the turfgrass industry for pre- and post-emergent weed control.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#weed-identification-fundamentals","title":"Weed Identification Fundamentals","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#identification-resources","title":"Identification Resources","text":"<p>Just to start off, going over some of the basics here. Books for weed identification are very important for turfgrass managers to have. We recommend two specific books for turfgrass managers to have to help identify weeds in their turf. One is the Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds. This is a hardback book published by the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America. The other is Weeds of Southern Turfgrass. This is a UGA publication that you can get to the Athens bookstore. Both of these books are available online. You can buy them through the Amazon site, eBay, and various other online sites and vendors. But weed identification is very critical. We need to first identify the weed species before we can select appropriate control options. And having a good book to reference can help you key out a weed species as you see new species emerging in your turf.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#weed-categories","title":"Weed Categories","text":"<p>Weed identification books are typically broken down into two main categories. The first is grassy weeds versus broadleaf weeds. Weeds are typically classified as either grasses or broadleaf weeds, monocots or dicots. There's also a third category that we often find in weed identification books, sort of a miscellaneous weed species section, and this is grass-like weeds. This includes everything from sedges, wild garlic, wild onion, plants like Star of Bethlehem. These plants typically don't fall under the category of grasses or broadleaf weeds, but they are in that third category of grass-like weeds.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#identification-by-seed-heads","title":"Identification by Seed Heads","text":"<p>Some of the key characteristics that can help you identify weed species, starting with seed heads. This is usually the first characteristic that I look for on a weed sample when we are trying to identify the species. Most grassy plants have a very distinct seed head that is indicative of a certain species. You can see here on this slide where we've got various seed heads on the top left there. That is dallisgrass where it's a group of alternating spikes on the seed head structure. The bottom left you can see crowfootgrass where the spikes join together at the main point at the end of the seed head stem there. So these are all very good characteristics that can help you quickly identify a weed species.</p> <p>Typically in turfgrass we don't always have seed heads present, especially during the growing season when we're constantly mowing off shoot growth and the seed head formation. But this is typically the best characteristic to quickly key out a weed species that you may have in your turf. Here's a good example looking at two Paspalum species here. You can see they have a very similar seed head spike there between bahiagrass and dallisgrass. These are two warm season perennial weedy species that have very different selective control options. We can get very good control of bahiagrass using herbicides like metsulfuron and various warm season species. Whereas dallisgrass, we need to have very specific application programs and certain turfgrass species. So getting the identification of those species keyed out can be critical. You can see bahiagrass has a B-shaped seed head where the spikes join at the base of the seed head versus dallisgrass that again has the alternating spike. So if you don't have that seed head structure present, it may be difficult to key out those two weed species in your turf. So a good example there where seed heads can help you identify the species of the weed.</p> <p>Here's a look at the Poa annua seed head. We're going to start seeing a lot more this here in the winter and the springtime. The panicle inflorescence where it's got multiple branches and this is also a great characteristic to determine Poa annua versus some of the other grassy weeds we may have present in turf.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#identification-by-ligules","title":"Identification by Ligules","text":"<p>Grassy weeds also have a very distinct structure on the base of the leaf blade called ligules. This is a structure that is found at the base of the leaf where it joins the stem. Grassy weeds have typically a very distinct ligule that can help you determine the species if you do not have a seed head present. Ligules can be tall, fleshy, white structures. They can be smooth there on the margins. Some weeds like barnyardgrass on the top right of this slide do not have a distinct ligule where that structure is absent from the plant. So if you do not see a ligule, very good chance it could be barnyardgrass in the summertime versus crabgrass that has a very similar appearance but has a fleshy ligule often with a fringe of hairs there at the base of the leaf. So ligules are distinct structures on grassy plants only, broadleaf weeds and sedges. We are not looking for ligules at the base of the leaf, but good characteristic to help identify grassy weed species.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#identification-by-flowers-and-leaf-characteristics","title":"Identification by Flowers and Leaf Characteristics","text":"<p>Broadleaf weeds often have distinct flowers. They can have colorful showy flowers like you see there on the top left with weeds like oxalis. Other weeds like henbit, purple dead nettle, can have very small flowers but can be very colorful, pink to purplish in color as the plant matures. We can also use flowers to determine one species from another based on the color of the petals on the flower. A good example here are the two day flowers where the species on the left has two blue petals and one white petal versus spreading day flower on the right that's got three blue petals. So good examples there where flowers can help you determine the species on broadleaf weed and the colors and the size of the flower also can be a good characteristic to help you identify a broadleaf weed in your turfgrass.</p> <p>Broadleaf weeds, we can also take a look at how the leaves are arranged on the stems. Some broadleaf weeds can have sort of the alternate arrangement of leaves there on the stem. Some can also have the opposite arrangement where the leaves sort of join together at the base of the stem of the plant. So something else to consider as you are trying to key out weed species. This is how are the leaves arranged on the stem of the plant.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#identification-by-pubescence","title":"Identification by Pubescence","text":"<p>Some weeds have dense hairs all over the leaves and the stems like you see there on the left with sticky chickweed. And then some plants have a few hairs or are smooth like you see with common chickweed on the right. Common chickweed typically has soft hairs on the margin of the leaf versus sticky chickweed, which is generally covered with hairs on the leaves and stems.</p> <p>Another good example where you can take a look at the hairs on the plant to help key out a grassy weed would be crabgrass. We have various crabgrass species that are found in turfgrass in Georgia. Smooth crabgrass gets its name because it is hairless. Large crabgrass is covered with hairs all over the stems and all over the leaves. And then southern crabgrass typically has hairy stems, hairy stolons, and has smooth leaves. So another good example where the hairs on the plant can help you identify the species of the weed.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#identification-by-leaf-markings","title":"Identification by Leaf Markings","text":"<p>And then of course leaf markings, other characteristics to key out broadleaf weeds. White clover on the left with the white markings on the base of the leaf versus spotted burr clover on the right that has the purplish dot there in the center of the leaf. This is important because we're looking at two different clover species. One is a cool season perennial white clover versus the winter annual spotted burr clover. Looking at characteristics, identifying the plant can help you determine when those weeds will emerge, how they're going to grow, and how we can plan weed control programs around their lifecycle.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#weed-lifecycles","title":"Weed Lifecycles","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#winter-and-summer-annuals","title":"Winter and Summer Annuals","text":"<p>Right now we're seeing many winter annual weeds begin to germinate. We're already seeing species like henbits, weeds like annual bluegrass, bittercress, and hop clovers. These are true winter annual weeds that are germinating in the fall. They are starting to grow actively in landscapes and in turfgrass. These plants go to seed in the springtime and then they will complete their life cycle and then die out in the summertime. And this is a good example of the annual life cycle that these weeds will grow for one year and then go to seed and then die out.</p> <p>The advantage of this life cycle is that it is predictable. We know when annual bluegrass begins to germinate in turfgrasses. We know when crabgrass begins to germinate in the late winter and springtime. And therefore, we can plan management programs around when these weeds begin to emerge in turfgrass. And we can apply pre-emergent herbicides to prevent their establishment based on when these weeds begin to germinate in the soil.</p> <p>Summer annual weeds include species like goosegrass, crabgrass, foxtail, sandbur. Some of the broadleaf weeds that are true summer annuals include species like spotted spurge, doveweed, purslane, these are all weeds that germinate in the springtime. They resume active growth throughout the summertime. They go to seed in the fall and then they transition out and die out in the wintertime. So they complete their lifecycle during the warm season of the year.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#simple-perennials","title":"Simple Perennials","text":"<p>Perennial weeds are much more difficult to control in turfgrass than the annuals because these plants can germinate from seed, but they can also regrow from tap roots and below ground plant parts, stolons, rhizomes, and tubers. Simple perennials can primarily be reproduced by a seed. We can partially control these plants by hand pulling and digging them out of the ground. Pre-emergent herbicides can be effective, but they are often providing erratic levels of control because these plants can also emerge from below ground vegetative structures. So perennials are less predictable on their establishment and their growth. They are much more difficult to control than the annual weeds that we have in turfgrass.</p> <p>A good example of a simple perennial that is starting to emerge in turf in the fall. Weeds like wild garlic, wild onion, they are emerging from not only seed, but they are also starting to establish from below ground bulbs that stay dormant during the summertime. As temperatures cool down, these plants will then begin to reemerge and wild garlic can be a very troublesome weed and dormant turfgrasses during the wintertime. So typically, pre-emergent herbicides do not control plants that are emerging from below ground vegetative structures, such as below ground bulbs like we see with wild garlic.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#complex-perennials","title":"Complex Perennials","text":"<p>Complex perennials are the most difficult weeds to control in turfgrass because they are going to survive multiple years. They primarily reproduce and spread through asexual reproduction, which includes stolons, rhizomes, tubers such as with the sedges. These weeds include species such as white clover, Canada thistle, ground ivy, bermudagrass, yellow nutsedge, purple nutsedge. These are all perennial weeds that are going to survive multiple years in our lawns and landscapes.</p> <p>Management implications here, we can hand pull and dig some of these plants out of the ground, but it's often not a long-term control strategy. Because these plants can spread laterally, because they can produce runners, those plants can then create daughter plants and trying to dig those plants out of the ground, we often leave behind some of the stems and stolons that are present in a turf. And when they're growing in patches, sometimes the best way to control these species, especially in turf, is to come in with non-selective options such as Roundup and just treating the patch and then treating the area around the patch to ensure that you're getting all the surrounding stems and stolons that may have been created from that main patch of the weed.</p> <p>A good example here of a complex perennial is bermudagrass. This of course is a major warm season turfgrass species, but if you had Bermuda growing in the middle of centipedegrass, zoysiagrass, or fescue, or various other turf species, it can be a long-term invasive weed species and be very competitive with other turf species. And if it's not controlled early, bermudagrass is going to spread from lateral stems and it will eventually have significant competition that can lead to the need to renovate a lawn because selective control of bermudagrass is very difficult in many warm and cool season turfgrass species.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#scouting-early-detection-and-cultural-practices","title":"Scouting, Early Detection, and Cultural Practices","text":"<p>So it's important to routinely scout your turf. You know, identify weeds that may warrant control, but also note new weed species that may be present. Early detection is very critical, especially with perennial weeds. We want to get on top of these species as soon as possible, get them removed, hand pull them out, treat herbicides if needed, and prevent their spread populations because most of the time if a perennial weed is left uncontrolled it's going to over time spread, reproduce, and create a long-term problem for us. So detecting these weeds early on can be very critical. A good example would be something like purple nutsedge where if you have a few small plants it's important to get those controlled, get them removed because there will be significant reproduction below ground with tuber chains and that weed will continue to spread and be a very severe infestation over time if it's left uncontrolled.</p> <p>Also, as you are identifying new weed species present, it's important to evaluate turfgrass cultural practices that may need to be adjusted. Oftentimes, when we see weeds that are starting to emerge or new weed species, they are taking advantage of the lack of competition from turfgrass growth. And if we can make adjustments in mowing programs, fertility, modifying how much we irrigate, this all can enhance turfgrass competition to reduce the overall spread and the population of weeds present in our turfgrass.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#mowing-height-and-crabgrass-competition","title":"Mowing Height and Crabgrass Competition","text":"<p>A good example of a cultural practice that will influence the population of a weed species in a lawn is mowing height on crabgrass. This is very important in tall fescue where during the summertime, tall fescue typically declines due to summer stress and crabgrass becomes very competitive. But making a simple adjustment in the height of cut of a tall fescue lawn can significantly increase the competition of tall fescue with crabgrass in the summertime.</p> <p>So this is a look at a study that was conducted in North Carolina where they looked at four different mowing heights of tall fescue on the percent cover of crabgrass in that lawn. And as you can see when they raised the mowing height from one to four inches, they cut the crabgrass population down from 95% cover to basically 0%. So as they increased the height of tall fescue, it became more competitive. It was able to shade out crabgrass and they were able to basically prevent the emergence of crabgrass because the fescue was so competitive.</p> <p>So mowing height and mowing frequency can be very critical. This will affect the competitive growth of turfgrasses, can help cut down on weed populations and which over time can of course help cut down on the need to apply herbicides and various other management inputs. So depending on the species that you're managing, there is an appropriate mower and height of cut and mowing frequency to prevent scalping. So typically we want to remove no more than one-third of the total leaf area with the mowing. And based on the turf species that could be every five to seven days, five to ten days for grass like centipede that doesn't grow quite as quickly as some of the other warm season grasses. So something to consider is just make sure you are mowing at the appropriate height and the appropriate frequency during active growth. And this will just help promote the recovery of a lawn from a mowing operation and should help with promoting competition with weed species in your turf.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#irrigation-and-weed-populations","title":"Irrigation and Weed Populations","text":"<p>Weed populations are influenced by irrigation, how much we water, how frequently. Typically weed species thrive in areas that remain wet for extended periods of time. A good example there is weeds like dollarweed. This is a slide that shows the effects of watering programs either daily, conditionally, or as or when the grass showed severe wilt on the x-axis there on percent dollarweed cover. And this was a three-year field study in Florida and you can see there where they watered every single day. They had about five to six fold increase in dollarweed cover compared to when they watered as the grass needed it.</p> <p>So how much we water will certainly influence the pressure and the growth of weeds like sedges, which thrive in wet soils. White clover likes to have wet feet as well, so poorly drained, high irrigation programs will certainly favor and encourage the growth of those types of weeds in our turf. For weeds in the wintertime, Poa annua likes also to have wet soils. It's going to thrive in poorly drained areas. Making modifications in the frequency of the watering program, improving drainage, and also trying to relieve compaction, trying to promote the health of the grass by core aerification and minimizing compaction can also help reduce weed populations in your turfgrass as well.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#seed-quality-and-planting-material","title":"Seed Quality and Planting Material","text":"<p>Here's a picture of a tall fescue lawn that has a significant infestation of broadleaf dock. You would think that looking at this picture, there's a major problem with this weed species in this area. However, as we pull back from this picture, you can see that only that center plot, that center rectangle has broadleaf dock present. Whereas all the other rectangles of different tall fescue cultivars are weed-free. And this is a picture of a tall fescue NTEP trial where that specific seedlot that they seeded had seedlot contamination with broadleaf docks. So they brought that seed in when they planted that particular plot. And this is just a great example of the importance of planting high-quality certified seed so that we're not bringing in new weed species when we plant.</p> <p>And this is a look at a fescue lawn there where they bought basically the low quality seed and this can be an issue with a lot of the cheap seed that is sold in the big box retailers that may have noxious weeds present or unwanted species such as ryegrass or carpet grass present in the seed bag. So just taking a look at the percent seed, what's in the bag that you're purchasing, and just make sure that you are making a good investment when you are planting turfgrasses, not only from seed but sod as well. Looking at the sod before you purchase it, making sure that there's no weeds present can certainly be important so you're not bringing in weeds when you're planting a new field or new lawn.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#pre-emergent-herbicide-science","title":"Pre-Emergent Herbicide Science","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#how-pre-emergent-herbicides-work","title":"How Pre-Emergent Herbicides Work","text":"<p>Pre-emergent herbicides are some of the most important tools that we have to prevent the establishment of weed species and turfgrass. Pre-emergent herbicides are applied prior to weed seed germination. So we need to get these herbicides out in high enough concentration before we see the emergence of winter and summer annual weeds.</p> <p>Pre-emergent herbicides are applied to the soil. They are tightly bound to the upper half inch or so of the soil profile and they are not readily mobile in the soil. So they are bound and they typically stay put once they finally bind to the soil. Pre-emergent herbicides are concentrated in the upper layer of the soil profile, which is important because that is where the weed seed bank is in the soil. Weeds are going to germinate and the young roots and shoots will absorb that pre-emergent herbicide out of the soil. It will then absorb that product through the soil water solution. And most pre-emergent herbicides are going to tie up cell division. So weed seedlings that germinate first, taking the herbicide will fail to establish a healthy root system and they will die out.</p> <p>Pre-emergent herbicides do not prevent weed seed germination. So the weeds must first germinate. They must take in the herbicide through the roots and shoots. And that is how we control weeds prior to establishment with the use of a pre-emergent herbicide in a lawn and landscape.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#effects-on-established-turfgrass","title":"Effects on Established Turfgrass","text":"<p>Pre-emergent herbicides typically do not inhibit the root growth of well-established turfgrasses. Usually turfgrasses that are mature have a deep and healthy root system that penetrate below the layer or where the presence of that pre-emergent herbicide is in the soil. A lawn that has a three to four inch root depth on it typically will not be affected by pre-emergent herbicides concentrated in the upper half inch of the soil profile.</p> <p>Where we run into trouble with pre-emergent herbicides and turfgrass rooting is when we have winter kill, when we have thinned out grass, when we have disease, and that grass is trying to re-root into treated areas. When it's spreading a lateral stem or a stolon, and it's trying to tack down a new root on that lateral stem, that's where we see the greatest potential to inhibit turfgrass rooting is when it's trying to produce a new root on a lateral stem when it's trying to peg down in a bare ground situation. But generally speaking, well-established lawns, there's limited to no risk on the health of the root system using pre-emergent herbicides at appropriate label use rates.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#product-overview-and-formulations","title":"Product Overview and Formulations","text":"<p>We have a wide variety of pre-emergent herbicides that are available to turfgrass managers. They're sold under a wide variety of trade names and they can also be found in various formulations, either sprayable or spreadable formulations. Some of these can be impregnated on a fertilizer with a weed and feed type of application. So some of these herbicides like Prodiamine and Pendimethalin, these are widely used for pre-emergent crabgrass control in the late wintertime and in the spring. We can also use these herbicides in late summer and fall to prevent the establishment of annual grassy weeds. So we can control annual bluegrass with a timely application of those herbicides as well in the fall.</p> <p>However, pre-emergent herbicides generally do not provide acceptable levels of post-emergent weed control. So once the weed has established, these products generally are not effective for controlling established weeds present in our turf. There are some active ingredients like isoxaben or Gallery which is very strong on broadleaf weeds specifically but a little bit weaker on grassy weeds versus some products like prodiamine which is very strong on grassy weeds but can be weak on broadleaf weeds. So these all have strengths and weaknesses, depending on the weeds that you're targeting with that application.</p> <p>We are using pre-emergent herbicides to control summer and winter annual weeds only. Again, these are weeds that establish from seed. And pre-emergent herbicides are most effective for controlling weeds that are germinating from seed only. We are not targeting perennial weeds with pre-emergent herbicides. We are also not targeting weeds that are currently present in our turf, generally speaking with most pre-emergent herbicides, because they are not effective once the plant has been established and is healthy and actively growing.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#herbicide-activation-sprayable-vs-granular","title":"Herbicide Activation: Sprayable vs. Granular","text":"<p>One of the concerns that we have is we have to get pre-emergent herbicides activated. We need to irrigate behind these treatments to get them off of the shoots of turfgrass and get them activated in the soil so that they will be available for absorption by weed seedlings. So one of the concerns is that if you cannot irrigate and you don't have timely rainfall, going out with a sprayable formulation could lead to potential failures because it's not getting into the soil and it's not getting activated as readily as a dry granule formulation.</p> <p>We can have herbicide losses with a sprayable formulation where it fails to get to the soil, either through photo degradation or breakdown by sunlight, volatilization where it's lost through a gas form, and then of course clipping collection and traffic. If we actually physically remove that herbicide from the area, of course it's not going to be in high enough concentration to provide effective weed control when the product gets into the soil.</p> <p>Dry granular formulations, spreadable products are much better if you do not have irrigation or we're in a drought situation. These products can get to the soil much better and they are not moved and there's much less potential for losses using a granular product compared to a sprayable product if you cannot water behind the treatments.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#spring-application-timing","title":"Spring Application Timing","text":"<p>Typically, we are looking at pre-emergent herbicide applications in March in most parts of the state of Georgia. The application timing is going to depend on soil temperatures. So in the springtime, we typically get our pre-emergent herbicide applications out when soil temperatures reach the low 50s in the upper two inches of the soil profile. And this is going to vary based on where you are in the state. So obviously the southern part of Georgia is going to warm up much earlier than the central and northern part of the state. And these dates are just general guidelines for when we should be targeting getting those applications out for pre-emergent weed control.</p> <p>A very good website to track local soil temperatures, air temperatures, and growing degree days is georgiaweather.net. GeorgiaWeather.net has many different weather stations scattered throughout the state, and it is a very good resource to get local soil temperatures to help time management inputs such as pre-emergent herbicide applications in the spring and the fall. So georgiaweather.net, you can go in, type in your location and it will give you the closest weather station to your area and a great way to track local growing conditions so that you can more effectively time pre-emergent herbicides in the spring.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#residual-activity-and-product-selection","title":"Residual Activity and Product Selection","text":"<p>Pre-emergent herbicides used in turfgrass all have different lengths of residual activity. Some of these herbicides are going to last longer in the soil at labeled use rates compared to products that have a moderate or short activity such as products like Siduron, Tupersan, pendimethalin, dithiopyr. These typically are going to last a few months in the soil based on labeled use rate. Products like prodiamine, oxadiazon at labeled rates are going to last four to six months depending on the conditions, soil temperatures, and factors that are going to influence the residual effects of a herbicide and the degradation of the herbicide in the soil.</p> <p>But something to have an appreciation for is that there are pre-emergent herbicides that you can use that will provide four to six weeks of residual weed control. And that may be all you need if you need to come in and seed or sod in a treated area. There are some products that will not last quite as long. And then there may be cases such as in lawn care where you want the longest control possible. So going with a Prodiamine treatment may be more appropriate there where you're trying to extend the length of residual control throughout the growing season.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#fall-pre-emergent-timing","title":"Fall Pre-Emergent Timing","text":"<p>Winter annual weeds, we typically target getting pre-emergent herbicides out in September in most areas in the state. South Georgia, typically we start looking at pre-emergent herbicide applications around the first week of October. This is when soil temperatures start to dip below 70 degrees. So as we cool down, winter annual weeds begin germination and we need to get our pre-emergent herbicides out before those weeds start to emerge. Weeds like annual bluegrass, henbit, we can see them germinate in mid-September, late September, depending on where you are in the state. So this is just a general reference and a guideline to get fall pre-emergent herbicides out at various locations in the state.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#split-applications","title":"Split Applications","text":"<p>One of the ways that we can extend the length of pre-emergent weed control is to apply split applications of a pre-emergent herbicide. So instead of putting out all the product at once, we can make multiple applications at a six to eight week interval. A good example here is instead of applying Barricade or Prodiamine to one pound active ingredient per acre, putting that application into half a pound active applied in March and come back around late May or June with another half pound active per acre has shown to extend residual control greater than just putting out all the product at once. We are able to get better control of the late season flushes of crabgrass and other annual weeds by just splitting that application and going with a split program. Helps provide a fresh supply of that herbicide to the soil and can extend the length of control compared to just a single treatment of that total application rate all with one shot.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#fall-products-for-poa-annua","title":"Fall Products for Poa annua","text":"<p>Pre-emergent herbicides that we can use this time of year for controlling winter annual weeds such as Poa annua. There are many different products on the market. Many of the herbicides that control crabgrass and goosegrass also can provide pre-emergent control of weeds like annual bluegrass. So crabgrass preventer herbicide can also be used in the fall to control weeds like annual bluegrass. So we have products like prodiamine, pendimethalin. One of the most popular herbicides now in lawn care in Georgia and in golf course turf in parks as well is Specticle. The active ingredient indaziflam is very good, very active on Poa annua. And it also provides a different mode of action to the dinitroanilines that we are using for controlling crabgrass and other weeds with that different mode of action.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#herbicide-resistance","title":"Herbicide Resistance","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#the-growing-problem","title":"The Growing Problem","text":"<p>Some of the concerns that we have right now especially with annual bluegrass is herbicide resistance. We are seeing pictures like this where turf managers are telling us that control is just not what it used to be using the same product year after year. And typically what we're seeing with weeds like annual bluegrass that have received the same herbicide in an area for multiple years is segregation in the population. We are seeing a shift where we are seeing resistant biotypes emerging that are not responding to a herbicide that may have been used exclusively for a certain period of time. And this resistance issue is increasing with annual bluegrass, goosegrass, and other weeds in turfgrass. And something to have an appreciation for is that if you use the same products or the same herbicide mode of action year over year, you can cause a shift in the weed population. We're seeing this right now, especially with annual bluegrass and turfgrass throughout the state of Georgia where we're seeing resistance issues that are increasing in lawns, golf courses, sod farms, and various turfgrass areas.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#selection-pressure-and-target-site-resistance","title":"Selection Pressure and Target-Site Resistance","text":"<p>Herbicide resistance occurs through selection pressure. This graph shows in year one where all the green plants present are controlled by a certain herbicide. However, that one plant in orange survives that treatment. It is a naturally resistant biotype that does not respond to that specific herbicide. That one plant in year one could be one in a thousand, it could be one in a million, but over time with selection pressure, using the same herbicide over and over, that one plant will spread, it will go to seed. And over time, year two, year three, four, and five, we are shifting that population. And we are giving the opportunity of that resistant biotype to spread, reproduce, and it is not being controlled by the use of the same product over and over. And then by year five, you've got a very serious problem where you are now dealing with a weed population that is resistant to that specific herbicide. And this is something that we are finding in turfgrass throughout the state. We're seeing more and more weeds with this issue that are not responding to a pre or post-emergent herbicide.</p> <p>Typically what is happening here is resistant weeds have an altered target site where the herbicide simply just does not bind the way it normally does to a susceptible population. So the target site where that herbicide normally binds on the right of this slide, that herbicide is obviously not going to bind properly and therefore it is not controlled. And this is the most common form of herbicide resistance in a weed. It is a naturally occurring trait in that specific biotype. So we are not causing a change in the plant by using a herbicide, but what we are doing is selecting for biotypes that have that mutation present that prevents that herbicide from binding properly to get effective control.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#poa-annua-resistance-in-georgia","title":"Poa annua Resistance in Georgia","text":"<p>This is a big problem right now for us in Georgia with Poa annua. Annual bluegrass is one of the most difficult weeds to control, probably the most troublesome weed for us in turfgrass, especially in the wintertime. We are seeing widespread resistance to dinitroaniline pre-emergent herbicides. This includes some of the active ingredients like pendimethalin and prodiamine. Some of the other herbicides that are group three mitotic inhibitors include products like Dimension. This is widely used for crabgrass but it has a similar mode of action to the dinitroanilines and what we're seeing in Georgia is that Poa annua populations that are resistant to pendimethalin and prodiamine are also cross-resistant to Dimension as well. So that is a concern because these are very popular pre-emergent herbicides.</p> <p>Here's a look at Barricade resistant Poa and some of our field research where we went out with Barricade at the standard timing. This is Prodiamine. And you can see we're getting very significant failures in control with that pre-emergent treatment of Barricade there where it just looks like we sprayed water. There's just no response at all. What we are doing is testing plants to confirm resistance in the field. So what we are doing is growing these plants out hydroponically and exposing them to various concentrations of a pre-emergent herbicide. And what we're typically doing is coming in and cutting the roots off the plants and then sticking them in the tanks that have hydroponic solutions with or without the pre-emergent herbicide present. And if a weed is resistant to dinitroaniline herbicides like Prodiamine, it will grow a nice healthy root system in the presence of that herbicide in the hydroponic tank. And this is what we're seeing where weeds are growing right through pre-emergent herbicides like Prodiamine. We're growing a nice healthy root system there versus the susceptible biotypes on the right that are completely controlled by that treatment, which is showing very susceptible root systems there, growing in the presence of that pre-emergent herbicide.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#fall-post-emergent-timing-and-sulfonylurea-programs","title":"Fall Post-Emergent Timing and Sulfonylurea Programs","text":"<p>Fall is a great time of year also to come out with post-emergent herbicides to control annual bluegrass. That is when winter annual weeds, poa, henbit, hop clovers, that's typically when we get the best control. When these plants are at the seedling stage, they are most susceptible. Certain products like Katana, Monument, some of the sulfonylureas can provide very good post-emergent control early in the fall and then it has enough residual to get through peak winter annual weed germination periods. Here's a look at Katana, which is applied in the fall and this picture was taken in March. You can just see the pressure of the annual bluegrass that sort of surrounds that plot there. So this can be a very good treatment to control seedling winter weeds at that fall timing. Typically getting these treatments out around mid-November, sometime around Thanksgiving or so, can get very good post-emergent control of the seedling weeds and get you through that peak germination period that will hold throughout the season.</p> <p>However, again, we are seeing sulfonylurea resistance like this, where we come in and we're getting just segregation. You come in and you get complete control of some plants and other plants are growing right through those treatments. And this is a widespread problem now in turfgrass throughout the southeast, specifically with sulfonylurea herbicides, triazine herbicides, and the dinitroaniline pre-emergent herbicides as well.</p> <p>What we're seeing is sort of classic target site resistance with sulfonylurea herbicides with annual bluegrass. Here's a look at a resistant biotype that we tested in the greenhouse on the top versus the local Griffin biotype on the bottom there, susceptible population to Monument. You can see where we started these rate titrations. With the resistant biotype, the standard labeled use rate is half an ounce of product per acre. We went up to about a 300x rate and there was simply just no response there from the plant. So this is a classic target site resistance where no matter how much herbicide you apply to the plant, because there's an altered mutated target site, it is just not going to bind properly and there's no response from the plant.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#resistance-management-golf-course-trials","title":"Resistance Management: Golf Course Trials","text":"<p>So what we did was looked at some resistance management programs for controlling annual bluegrass last fall. These were done on three different golf courses that had expressed concerns over herbicide resistance issues. And I think this kind of tells a nice story to show some of the plans and programs that you could use in warm season grasses to combat herbicide resistant Poa this fall and winter in your turf.</p> <p>At these three golf courses we applied Barricade at the standard pre-emergent timing. At golf course one and two, we saw that we had resistance problems where we were not getting good control. At golf course three, we had susceptible Poa, so we had actually very good control at that third golf course. However, when we switched from Barricade to a different mode of action, which is Specticle, we got basically good to excellent control at all three locations. So rotating modes of action, rotating chemistries from a dinitroaniline to a different chemistry, Specticle was a great tool to get that dinitroaniline-resistant Poa control at golf course 1 and 2.</p> <p>We also found simazine resistance at golf course one and three. However, golf course two did have simazine susceptible Poa annua. We also tested Revolver, which is a sulfonylurea herbicide. At golf course one and three, we had susceptible Poa to that mode of action. However, at golf course two, where simazine was working, we had resistance issues there using Revolver. And what we found was that when we came in with a combination of the Revolver with Simazine, having those two modes of action gave us complete control of Poa at all the golf courses that we tested.</p> <p>Really the take home message here is that rotating modes of action can be important, but for post-emergent Poa control in Georgia, especially in bermudagrass and zoysiagrass turf, coming in with two modes of action, combining a sulfonylurea herbicide with a triazine herbicide, two different chemistries that offer different modes of action, can help control biotypes with suspected resistance issues to one of those modes of action. So the combination, this is a fairly cost-effective way to help combat resistance issues and help prevent the spread of biotypes with herbicide resistance as well.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#poa-annua-control-programs-by-turfgrass-species","title":"Poa annua Control Programs by Turfgrass Species","text":"<p>So for controlling Poa annua in centipedegrass, mid-November, early December, timings of Katana, which is a sulfonylurea herbicide, can work very well with Simazine. We can also use rimsulfuron, which is TranXit, in non-residential areas with Simazine at a quart per acre. Having that simazine in there is a nice kicker to using sulfonylureas. It is about a $5 per acre treatment and can provide a second mode of action in the mix with a sulfonylurea to help combat resistance. Curb can also be used in non-residential turfgrass at that late November timing. One and a half pounds active ingredient per acre can also help control Poa annua at that timing, and it provides a different mode of action than most other post-emergent herbicides used in turfgrass. And then pre-emergent control, obviously, in September, the first week of October, depending on where you are in the state, dinitroanilines, rotating Specticle as possible in lawns and landscapes is a very good program to prevent the establishment of Poa in turf.</p> <p>Here's a look at centipedegrass that was treated with the tank mixtures and you can see using simazine with Katana, using it with rimsulfuron, it has shown to be safe at that application time again in late fall. So as the grass is slowing down we can use those combinations safely as long as the centipede is healthy and is not growing under pressure from disease or other stresses. Those tank mixture combinations can be very effective for controlling Poa and can be safe in that species.</p> <p>For controlling Poa in bermudagrass and zoysiagrass, again sulfonylurea herbicides applied with simazine is a great program. We've got a lot more sulfonylureas that are safe for use in these two turf species, products like Revolver, Monument, Katana, Tribute Total, those are all sulfonylurea, ALS inhibiting herbicides, but having that second mode of action in there with Simazine can make a big difference whether or not you're successful for controlling Poa. Curb also again non-residential sites one and a half pounds active ingredient per acre and then pre-emergent control if possible in the fall is going to set you up for success for controlling Poa in those lawns.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#sedge-resistance","title":"Sedge Resistance","text":"<p>We're also seeing resistance issues now with sedges. This is a look at Cyperus compressus annual sedge, which is a true summer annual, goes to seed. We are seeing problems with multiple populations found throughout the state of halosulfuron-resistant sedge, and it's also cross-resistant to other sulfonylureas. So rotating modes of action there, coming in with sulfentrazone or Dismiss, having Basagran as a tank mix partner can also help combat resistance issues with ALS resistance sedges that we're seeing in the state.</p> <p>There is also other sedge species that have confirmed resistance to post-emergent applications of sulfonylureas. Products like halosulfuron or SedgeHammer, we have seen resistance with yellow nutsedge and various other sedge species that we can also find in turfgrass. These have been reported in various cropping systems throughout the southeast.</p> <p>Ways to combat resistance with sedges, again using Dismiss, which is a different mode of action. Sulfentrazone, 10 to 12 ounces of product per acre in a tank mixture with sulfonylureas can help control resistant biotypes and help delay the spread of resistance in sedge populations. Basagran can also be used. And we do have some pre-emergent herbicides that will control certain sedge species. Products like Ronstar in non-residential turf. Products like Echelon and Dismiss that contain sulfentrazone going out in late springtime with those treatments can provide pre-emergent control of sedges, such as annual sedge, yellow nutsedge, and certain kyllinga species as well. And then we do have other pre-emergent herbicides that are labeled in warm season turfgrasses like Pennant, Tower, and Freehand that also have very good activity for pre-emergent control of sedge species.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#other-resistant-weed-species","title":"Other Resistant Weed Species","text":"<p>Other herbicide resistant weeds that we have found in turf include goosegrass, which has \u2014 we found multiple populations with resistance to pre and post-emergent herbicides that are popular in turfgrass. Spotted spurge, ryegrass, plantain, southern crabgrass. So this is an issue that will continue to be a problem for us in turfgrass. Something that turf managers need to have an appreciation for is how weeds develop resistance to herbicides and what we can do to be proactive in preventing resistance from becoming a long-term problem. And sometimes we don't have alternative herbicide chemistries that are safe and selected for controlling resistant biotypes. And that creates great concern for us. But we are now seeing more and more weed species with resistance issues. It's just something that you need to have an appreciation for, especially for weeds like Poa annua, where it is just so difficult to control now. We need to have multiple programs and rotation of herbicides and the modes of action that are going out in weed control programs.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#new-herbicides-for-2018","title":"New Herbicides for 2018","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#halauxifen-a-new-synthetic-auxin","title":"Halauxifen: A New Synthetic Auxin","text":"<p>All right, new herbicides that are coming out here in 2018. The first one is a new active ingredient from Dow called halauxifen. This is a synthetic auxin herbicide group 4 broadleaf product that provides post-emergent control of annual and perennial broadleaf weeds. It has very fast activity. Halauxifen is a fast active ingredient. We typically see the response in susceptible broadleaf weeds within about five to seven days. Very rapid browning and necrosis of the tissue on the plant. It has favorable characteristics for turfgrass and also sod production where it has rapid degradation. There's no composting issues so it has a favorable characteristic for us in lawns and landscapes.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#relzar-halauxifen-florasulam","title":"RELZAR (Halauxifen + Florasulam)","text":"<p>The first product that's going to be released from Dow that contains halauxifen is going to be called RELZAR. This is a combination with broadleaf herbicide with a different mode of action, florasulam, which is found in the product Defender. This will be released as a WG formulation in the second quarter of 2018. It's going to be used in all major warm and cool season turfgrasses for post-emergent broadleaf weed control. And they're going to keep it simple. It's going to have one labeled use rate, which is 0.72 ounces of product per acre. That's going to be the standard use rate for all labeled turfgrass species. And this will be a good tool, I think, for us in Georgia, because it's going to include centipede, bermuda, zoysiagrass, fescue. So if you're managing lawns with mixed species or if you need to make up a tank and spray multiple lawns of various turf species, this product will have a nice fit for that use.</p> <p>Again, this product has very rapid activity. This is four weeks after treatments for controlling common chickweed in the winter time where many broadleaf weed products are slow with cold temperatures there in the winter. Very rapid knockdown control with RELZAR applied in the winter for controlling common chickweed. Very active on broadleaf weeds as well in the summertime, weeds like buttonweed, matchweed here in St. Augustinegrass and it should have a good fit for use in the summertime for controlling weeds like doveweed. Some activity on common lespedeza, but it's not going to be a standalone product. But there's going to be some weeds like plantain and dandelion, which can provide very rapid knockdown control with a single treatment.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#game-on-halauxifen-24-d-choline-fluroxypyr","title":"Game On (Halauxifen + 2,4-D Choline + Fluroxypyr)","text":"<p>Game On is another new product from Dow that's going to contain halauxifen. This is a three-way combination with 2,4-D choline and fluroxypyr. It will also be released in 2018. They're going to primarily target Game On for use in cool season grasses. Most warm season species like centipede and St. Augustine are going to have sensitivity issues to 2,4-D. So it's going to be a cool season grass, tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, ryegrass product. We can use it in bermudagrass and zoysiagrass and this product provides very rapid knockdown control of perennial broadleaf weeds and I think it's going to be a strong new combination product for us in turfgrass.</p> <p>Here's a look at dandelion four days after treatments with Game On. Very rapid necrosis discoloration there of the plant and we see broadleaf weeds like dandelion and plantain twist up within about seven days. So very rapid control of susceptible broadleaf weeds to these active ingredients. There can be some bermudagrass injury from Game On, which can last two weeks or so at labeled use rates. There can be some off-coloring, especially during spring transition, but this treatment will probably have a good fit for mid-summer applications after the bermudagrass has resumed active growth, it's greened up, and it's healthy, should have good tolerance to those treatments.</p> <p>RELZAR and Game On have shown very good activity for controlling doveweed, which is a very problematic weed for us in Georgia right now. You can see here the percent cover with RELZAR on the left and Game On there in the middle, compared to Celsius. Very comparable levels of activity to Celsius and therefore controlling doveweed in the summertime. And you can see what the non-treated is doing on the far right where the population is going to increase over time. So new tools in the toolbox for controlling problem weeds, especially doveweed, which I think is going to be one of the most promising uses of these new products coming out from Dow here next year.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#switchblade-halauxifen-dicamba-fluroxypyr","title":"Switchblade (Halauxifen + Dicamba + Fluroxypyr)","text":"<p>The next new product that contains halauxifen that's going to be released in late 2018 is called Switchblade. This is a three-way combination product similar to Game On, except they replaced the 2,4-D choline with dicamba. So it's going to contain the new active ingredient, halauxifen, has a rapid knockdown control, dicamba and fluroxypyr. This will be labeled in most major warm season turfgrasses including centipedegrass and cool season grasses. It will also have a St. Augustinegrass use on the label as well. And again, very good three-way combination for controlling many troublesome perennial broadleaf weeds and turfgrass.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#vexis-pyrimisulfan-penoxsulam","title":"Vexis (Pyrimisulfan + Penoxsulam)","text":"<p>The next new active ingredient that's going to be released in 2018 in turfgrass is called pyrimisulfan. This is going to be a combination product with penoxsulam and sold as a trade name Vexis. This will be released again in 2018. This product is a combination of two ALS inhibiting herbicides. So the same mode of action as sulfonylureas. And it will come out as a granular product. So it's going to be a spreadable product. Likely going to have a fertilizer carrier on it. The potential uses is going to be for warm season grasses. This combination product, Vexis, will control broadleaf weeds. It does have good activity on many sedges as well, but it's weak on crabgrass and goosegrass and some of the grassy weeds that we have in the summertime.</p> <p>But the advantage of using Vexis is going to be the root uptake. You don't have to have dew on the plant for it to stick and provide control. So you can go out on dry turf, spread it, and both of these active ingredients have significant root uptake and you can still get very good weed control with this product without dew present.</p> <p>Here's a look at some of our plots where we've researched Vexis over the years with the fertilizer carrier. We have seen very good control of winter annual broadleaf weeds in our plots. Weeds like parsley-piert, cudweed, some of those types of weeds that are starting to emerge right now. Vexis has very good activity on those species. And then of course the fertilizer can give a little greening effect following those treatments. We have seen some erratic levels for controlling annual bluegrass. So I don't think this is going to be a very good Poa herbicide, but the strength is going to be primarily broadleaf weeds in warm season turfgrasses, especially winter annual weeds with those fall treatments.</p> <p>Here's a look at Prodiamine in those plots where we got very good Poa control, but basically released lawn burweed. We've seen that Barricade and Prodiamine when we select for annual grassy weeds, we can actually enhance the establishment of some of the weeds that are not susceptible to that mode of action. Lawn burweed, as you can see in those plots, is not controlled by Barricade applications. So using a product like Barricade with Vexis or different broadleaf herbicide is going to be important if you're targeting both grassy and broadleaf weeds in the fall.</p> <p>One of the advantages with Vexis is that it has very good activity for controlling sedges. Here's just a look at some of our research in the greenhouse where we looked at the control of biotypes that are susceptible and resistant to sulfonylurea herbicides. And Vexis is there on the right with its experimental code number there. Very good activity on susceptible biotype to sulfonylureas. It also has some activity for controlling resistant biotypes there on the right. You can see the activity on the ALS resistance sedge, and this product is showing good activity for partial suppression. I think multiple applications may have a nice fit with other chemistries for controlling the sedge populations with resistance issues to sulfonylurea. Although this is the same mode of action as the sulfonylurea, Vexis has one of the active ingredients from a different chemical family and that difference in the binding is giving partial control of resistant biotypes to sulfonylurea herbicides. So another tool in the toolbox, I guess, for managing resistant weeds in turfgrass.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#solero-mesosulfuron","title":"Solero (Mesosulfuron)","text":"<p>The next new product is a trade name called Solero. The active ingredient is mesosulfuron. This is a product being sold by Nufarm that was released about a year or two ago. This was developed by Valent over the years. It's now sold by Nufarm. It is labeled for all major warm and cool season turfgrasses. It controls annual and perennial sedges, comparable levels of control to Monument and Certainty for controlling perennial sedges and kyllinga. It also does have some activity for controlling broadleaf weeds. So just something to have an appreciation for. Solero is out there. It has comparable levels of use or use patterns as SedgeHammer, halosulfuron, for use in both warm and cool season turfgrasses. It has very good activity for controlling many different sedge species in turf.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#dismiss-nxt-sulfentrazone-carfentrazone","title":"Dismiss NXT (Sulfentrazone + Carfentrazone)","text":"<p>Dismiss NXT is another new product that was released in the turfgrass industry this year. This was brought to the market by FMC in their line of sulfentrazone products. This is a combination of sulfentrazone, which is the active ingredient in Dismiss, with carfentrazone, which is the active ingredient in Quicksilver. And the benefits of using carfentrazone in the mix with this product is the speed of control. We are getting rapid control of sedges, kyllinga with Dismiss NXT. It's labeled for most major warm and cool season turfgrasses. And we are using Dismiss NXT on the same spectrum of weeds that we use Dismiss for. So the sedges and kyllinga, certain broadleaf weeds as well, does have some activity on goosegrass. But Dismiss NXT provides rapid control of kyllinga, seven days after treatments like you see there, very fast takedown and response of Dismiss NXT.</p> <p>However, we are not seeing a significant difference in the levels of control, long-term control, with Dismiss NXT compared to straight Dismiss. So the speed of control with Dismiss NXT, I think, is the major advantage here, but in terms of it being better than Dismiss, we just do not have data to support that claim. But still, good product, rapid control, and sometimes getting that response from the weeds can make your clients happy, can make homeowners happy, and that rapid activity is certainly nice to see after you make those applications.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#coastal-simazine-imazaquin-prodiamine","title":"Coastal (Simazine + Imazaquin + Prodiamine)","text":"<p>And finally, we are testing a new three-way combination product that should be released next year from a company called Sipcam. This is a three-way combination product for simazine, imazaquin, and prodiamine. A product called Coastal. This is going to be simazine and imazaquin, which is going to have post-emergent activity for controlling broadleaf weeds and sedges. They will also control Poa annua. So having two chemistries in there for post-emergent Poa control is nice. It has two different modes of action. And then Prodiamine, which is Barricade for the residual pre-emergent control of weeds in there as well. So it's a pre-emergent plus post-emergent treatment.</p> <p>We have seen very good control of winter annual weeds like clover, Poa annua, and various other winter annual broadleaf weeds in our test plots. As you can see here from Coastal and with the Prodiamine in the mix with those spring treatments we can get very good crabgrass control as well throughout the year. So I think we're going to start seeing a lot more of these combination products that are combining multiple chemistries that provide both pre and post-emergent weed control, different modes of action as well there to combat resistant weeds and Coastal is going to be the first of many of these types of combinations that will be coming out for the turfgrass industry.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript/#conclusion","title":"Conclusion","text":"<p>So with that, I conclude my presentation. Thank you for your attendance and hope to see you guys sometime soon. Thank you so much.</p> <p>Transcript processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt (649 blocks)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/matching/","title":"GTBOP Moodle Matching Exercises","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/matching/#weed-control-in-turf-a-review-of-the-basics-and-recent-updates","title":"Weed Control in Turf \u2014 A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates","text":"<p>Webinar Date: November 17, 2017 Speaker: Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia Series: Green & Commercial Course Context: Weed Science Certificate Course Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) + Archive Package (Stage 2)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/matching/#matching-exercise-1-weed-lifecycle-classification","title":"Matching Exercise 1: Weed Lifecycle Classification","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 10:16 \u2013 15:06 (primary coverage area) Type: Timing-Practice</p> <p>Instructions: Match each weed species in Column A with its lifecycle classification as described by McCullough in Column B.</p> # Column A Column B 1 Henbit a) Summer annual 2 Crabgrass b) Winter annual 3 Purple nutsedge c) Simple perennial 4 Spotted spurge d) Complex perennial 5 Wild garlic e) Cool-season perennial 6 White clover 7 Annual bluegrass (Poa annua) 8 Goosegrass <p>Answer Key: 1 \u2192 b, 2 \u2192 a, 3 \u2192 d, 4 \u2192 a, 5 \u2192 c, 6 \u2192 d, 7 \u2192 b, 8 \u2192 a</p> <p>Notes: White clover is listed as a complex perennial alongside bermudagrass, Canada thistle, ground ivy, and the nutsedges. Wild garlic is McCullough's example of a simple perennial that emerges from below-ground bulbs. Distractor \"e\" (cool-season perennial) is not used \u2014 McCullough does not assign this specific classification to any of the listed species; he describes white clover as a \"cool season perennial\" in passing (Block 91) but classifies it among complex perennials (Block 122).</p> <p>Source in transcript: Blocks 94\u2013122</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/matching/#matching-exercise-2-pre-emergent-herbicide-products-and-characteristics","title":"Matching Exercise 2: Pre-Emergent Herbicide Products and Characteristics","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 27:00 \u2013 37:05 (primary coverage area) Type: Product-Characteristic</p> <p>Instructions: Match each herbicide or product in Column A with the characteristic McCullough associates with it in Column B.</p> # Column A Column B 1 Prodiamine (Barricade) a) Short residual activity; moderate duration in soil 2 Siduron (Tupersan) b) Strong on broadleaf weeds but weaker on grassy weeds 3 Isoxaben (Gallery) c) Long residual (4\u20136 months); strong on grassy weeds 4 Specticle (indaziflam) d) Different mode of action from dinitroanilines; very active on Poa annua 5 Dithiopyr (Dimension) e) Similar mode of action to dinitroanilines; cross-resistance with prodiamine for Poa annua 6 Pendimethalin f) Strong on grassy weeds; widely used for spring crabgrass control g) Can be impregnated on fertilizer for weed-and-feed applications <p>Answer Key: 1 \u2192 c, 2 \u2192 a, 3 \u2192 b, 4 \u2192 d, 5 \u2192 e, 6 \u2192 f</p> <p>Notes: Distractor \"g\" applies generally to several products McCullough mentions but is not specifically paired with any single product in this exercise. McCullough notes that pendimethalin and prodiamine are both widely used for crabgrass control; the distinguishing detail for prodiamine here is its longer residual.</p> <p>Source in transcript: Blocks 243\u2013333, 369\u2013375</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/matching/#matching-exercise-3-new-2018-herbicide-products","title":"Matching Exercise 3: New 2018 Herbicide Products","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 55:01 \u2013 1:09:53 (primary coverage area) Type: Product-Ingredient</p> <p>Instructions: Match each new product trade name in Column A with its active ingredient(s) or key characteristic in Column B.</p> # Column A Column B 1 RELZAR a) Sulfentrazone + carfentrazone; rapid sedge and kyllinga knockdown 2 Game On b) Halauxifen + florasulam; one rate for all turfgrass species 3 Switchblade c) Pyrimisulfan + penoxsulam; granular with root uptake, no dew required 4 Vexis d) Halauxifen + 2,4-D choline + fluroxypyr; primarily cool-season grasses 5 Solero e) Simazine + imazaquin + prodiamine; pre + post combination 6 Dismiss NXT f) Mesosulfuron; comparable to SedgeHammer and halosulfuron for sedge control 7 Coastal g) Halauxifen + dicamba + fluroxypyr; labeled for warm-season including centipedegrass h) Sulfentrazone alone; long residual sedge control <p>Answer Key: 1 \u2192 b, 2 \u2192 d, 3 \u2192 g, 4 \u2192 c, 5 \u2192 f, 6 \u2192 a, 7 \u2192 e</p> <p>Notes: Distractor \"h\" describes standard Dismiss (sulfentrazone alone), which McCullough discusses but is not one of the new 2018 products. The key distinguishing features between RELZAR, Game On, and Switchblade are their secondary active ingredients and resulting turfgrass species labels.</p> <p>Source in transcript: Blocks 505\u2013644</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/matching/#matching-exercise-summary","title":"Matching Exercise Summary","text":"<p>Total Exercises: 3 Total Pairs: 21 (8 + 6 + 7) Distractors: 3 (1 per exercise) Types: Timing-Practice (1), Product-Characteristic (1), Product-Ingredient (1) Coverage: Lifecycles (early-mid presentation), Pre-emergent products (mid presentation), New products (late presentation)</p> <p>Generated for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Moodle Certificate Course \u2014 Weed Science Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt (649 blocks)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/","title":"GTBOP Moodle Quiz","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#weed-control-in-turf-a-review-of-the-basics-and-recent-updates","title":"Weed Control in Turf \u2014 A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates","text":"<p>Webinar Date: November 17, 2017 Speaker: Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia Series: Green & Commercial Course Context: Weed Science Certificate Course Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) + Archive Package (Stage 2)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-1","title":"Question 1","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 0:46 \u2013 1:53 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>Which two weed identification books does McCullough specifically recommend for turfgrass managers?</p> <p>a) Weeds of the Northeast and Southern Weed Science Society Field Guide b) Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds and Weeds of Southern Turfgrass c) Weed Identification Guide for Georgia and Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds d) Weeds of Southern Turfgrass and Crop Weed Identification Manual</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: McCullough recommends the Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds (published by GCSAA) and Weeds of Southern Turfgrass (a UGA publication available through the Athens bookstore). Source in transcript: Blocks 10\u201314</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-2","title":"Question 2","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 2:43 \u2013 3:56 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>According to McCullough, what is typically the first and best characteristic he looks for when trying to identify a grassy weed species?</p> <p>a) Ligule structure b) Leaf color c) Seed head d) Root system</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: McCullough states that the seed head is usually the first characteristic he looks for on a weed sample and is typically the best characteristic to quickly key out a weed species. Source in transcript: Blocks 27\u201336</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-3","title":"Question 3","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 3:57 \u2013 5:11 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A turfgrass manager finds a warm-season perennial grassy weed with a V-shaped seed head where the two spikes join at the base. Which species is this most likely, and what herbicide does McCullough suggest for its control?</p> <p>a) Dallisgrass; metsulfuron b) Bahiagrass; metsulfuron c) Dallisgrass; specific application programs depending on turfgrass species d) Goosegrass; prodiamine</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: McCullough describes bahiagrass as having a V-shaped (or B-shaped) seed head where the spikes join at the base, distinguishing it from dallisgrass which has alternating spikes. Bahiagrass responds well to metsulfuron, while dallisgrass requires more specific application programs. Source in transcript: Blocks 37\u201348</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-4","title":"Question 4","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 5:34 \u2013 6:47 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>During the growing season, a lawn care operator finds an unfamiliar summer grassy weed with no visible seed head. On closer inspection, the plant has no ligule at the base of the leaf blade. Based on McCullough's identification guidance, which weed species should they suspect?</p> <p>a) Large crabgrass b) Smooth crabgrass c) Barnyardgrass d) Goosegrass</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: McCullough explains that barnyardgrass does not have a distinct ligule \u2014 that structure is absent from the plant. Crabgrass species, by contrast, have a fleshy ligule often with a fringe of hairs. The absence of a ligule in a summer grassy weed is a strong indicator of barnyardgrass. Source in transcript: Blocks 54\u201361</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-5","title":"Question 5","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 10:16 \u2013 12:04 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>Which of the following is a true winter annual weed that germinates in the fall and dies out in the summer?</p> <p>a) Spotted spurge b) Goosegrass c) Henbit d) Doveweed</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: McCullough identifies henbit as a winter annual weed that germinates in the fall, grows actively in winter, goes to seed in spring, and then dies in summer. Spotted spurge, goosegrass, and doveweed are all summer annuals that germinate in spring and die in winter. Source in transcript: Blocks 94\u2013107</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-6","title":"Question 6","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 12:05 \u2013 15:06 Difficulty: Analysis</p> <p>Why are complex perennial weeds like bermudagrass and purple nutsedge more difficult to control than annual weeds, according to McCullough?</p> <p>a) They are resistant to all available herbicides b) They reproduce through stolons, rhizomes, and tubers in addition to seed, and pre-emergent herbicides do not control plants emerging from vegetative structures c) They only germinate during a narrow window that is difficult to predict d) They require non-selective herbicides that also damage the desired turfgrass</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: McCullough explains that complex perennials survive multiple years and primarily reproduce through asexual means \u2014 stolons, rhizomes, and tubers. Pre-emergent herbicides, which target seedling establishment, do not control plants emerging from below-ground vegetative structures. This makes control unpredictable and difficult compared to annual weeds with predictable germination windows. Source in transcript: Blocks 109\u2013132</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-7","title":"Question 7","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 17:08 \u2013 19:15 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>In the North Carolina mowing height study McCullough presents, what happened to crabgrass cover when tall fescue mowing height was raised from one inch to four inches?</p> <p>a) Crabgrass was reduced by approximately 50% b) Crabgrass was reduced from 95% cover to essentially 0% c) Crabgrass was unaffected by mowing height d) Crabgrass was reduced from 60% cover to 20%</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: McCullough presents the North Carolina study showing that raising tall fescue from a one-inch to a four-inch mowing height cut crabgrass population from 95% cover to basically 0%. The taller fescue was able to shade out crabgrass and prevent its emergence. Source in transcript: Blocks 159\u2013165</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-8","title":"Question 8","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 24:07 \u2013 26:09 Difficulty: Analysis</p> <p>A homeowner asks whether a pre-emergent herbicide will stop weeds from sprouting in the first place. Based on McCullough's explanation, what is the correct response?</p> <p>a) Yes, pre-emergent herbicides prevent seeds from germinating in the soil b) No, seeds still germinate, but the herbicide inhibits cell division in the seedling roots and shoots so they fail to establish c) Yes, pre-emergent herbicides create a chemical barrier that seeds cannot penetrate d) No, pre-emergent herbicides only work on established weeds</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: McCullough specifically states that pre-emergent herbicides do not prevent weed seed germination. Seeds must first germinate and the young roots and shoots absorb the herbicide from the soil water solution. Most pre-emergent herbicides then tie up cell division, so the seedling fails to establish a healthy root system and dies. Source in transcript: Blocks 226\u2013227</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-9","title":"Question 9","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 29:38 \u2013 31:06 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A golf course superintendent needs to apply a pre-emergent herbicide but has no irrigation available and no rain is expected for two weeks. Based on McCullough's guidance, which formulation should they choose and why?</p> <p>a) Sprayable formulation, because it provides more uniform coverage b) Granular formulation, because it can reach the soil more readily without irrigation and has less potential for loss c) Either formulation, since irrigation timing does not affect pre-emergent efficacy d) Sprayable formulation applied at double the rate to compensate for losses</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: McCullough explains that sprayable formulations can lose efficacy through photodegradation, volatilization, and clipping collection when they cannot be watered in promptly. Dry granular formulations get to the soil much better and have less potential for losses compared to sprayable products when irrigation is unavailable. Source in transcript: Blocks 266\u2013282</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-10","title":"Question 10","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 35:11 \u2013 36:20 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>Instead of applying prodiamine (Barricade) at one pound of active ingredient per acre in a single March application, a lawn care operator splits it into two applications. What is the recommended split program McCullough describes?</p> <p>a) One-quarter pound in February and three-quarters pound in April b) Half a pound in March and half a pound in late May or June c) One pound in March and one pound in September d) Half a pound in January and half a pound in March</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: McCullough recommends splitting the application into half a pound active per acre in March and another half pound active per acre in late May or June. This provides a fresh supply of herbicide to the soil and extends residual control beyond a single full-rate application, improving control of late-season crabgrass flushes. Source in transcript: Blocks 319\u2013324</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-11","title":"Question 11","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 37:31 \u2013 40:11 Difficulty: Analysis</p> <p>McCullough explains that herbicide resistance is not caused by the herbicide changing the weed. What is actually happening when a weed population becomes resistant?</p> <p>a) The herbicide breaks down in the soil faster over time, reducing its effectiveness b) Repeated applications select for naturally occurring biotypes with altered target sites that do not respond to the herbicide, allowing them to reproduce and spread c) Weeds develop immunity after repeated exposure, similar to antibiotic resistance in bacteria d) Resistant weeds are introduced from other regions through contaminated seed or equipment</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: McCullough emphasizes that resistance is a naturally occurring trait \u2014 not a change caused by the herbicide. A resistant biotype (perhaps one in a million) has a mutated target site where the herbicide cannot bind properly. Using the same herbicide repeatedly kills susceptible plants while the resistant biotype survives, reproduces, and eventually dominates the population through selection pressure. Source in transcript: Blocks 345\u2013363</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-12","title":"Question 12","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 46:05 \u2013 48:06 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>In McCullough's golf course field trials testing resistance management programs, what combination provided complete Poa annua control at all three test locations, including those with resistance issues?</p> <p>a) Barricade applied at double rate b) Specticle alone at standard timing c) A sulfonylurea herbicide combined with simazine d) Dismiss NXT at the fall timing</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: McCullough found that combining a sulfonylurea with simazine \u2014 two different modes of action \u2014 gave complete control of Poa at all three golf courses, even where individual products like Revolver or simazine alone had resistance failures. The combination addressed different resistance profiles at each location. Source in transcript: Blocks 438\u2013445</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-13","title":"Question 13","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 55:01 \u2013 59:05 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>What is the new active ingredient from Dow that McCullough discusses, and what is its primary characteristic?</p> <p>a) Pyrimisulfan; long residual soil activity b) Mesosulfuron; excellent sedge control c) Halauxifen; very rapid broadleaf weed activity within five to seven days d) Carfentrazone; controls both grassy and broadleaf weeds</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Halauxifen is a new synthetic auxin (Group 4) herbicide from Dow. McCullough highlights its very rapid activity \u2014 susceptible broadleaf weeds typically show browning and necrosis within five to seven days. It is the active ingredient in RELZAR, Game On, and Switchblade. Source in transcript: Blocks 505\u2013513</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-14","title":"Question 14","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 1:06:27 \u2013 1:08:17 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A lawn care company wants the fastest possible visual response when treating kyllinga for a demanding client. Based on McCullough's research, which product should they consider, and what is its limitation?</p> <p>a) SedgeHammer, but it requires a surfactant to be effective b) Dismiss NXT, but it does not provide significantly better long-term control than standard Dismiss c) Vexis, but it requires dew to be present on the plant d) Solero, but it is only labeled for cool-season grasses</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: McCullough reports that Dismiss NXT (sulfentrazone + carfentrazone) provides rapid control of kyllinga within seven days \u2014 a very fast takedown. However, his research did not show a significant difference in long-term control compared to straight Dismiss. The speed of response is the main advantage, which can satisfy clients who want to see quick results. Source in transcript: Blocks 612\u2013627</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-15","title":"Question 15","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 1:08:19 \u2013 1:09:53 Difficulty: Analysis</p> <p>Why does McCullough view Coastal (simazine + imazaquin + prodiamine) as representing a significant trend in turfgrass herbicide development?</p> <p>a) It is the first herbicide specifically developed for centipedegrass b) It combines pre-emergent and post-emergent activity with multiple modes of action in a single product, addressing both weed control and resistance management c) It provides season-long control with a single application d) It is the first product safe for use on all warm- and cool-season turfgrass species</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: McCullough describes Coastal as having both post-emergent activity (simazine and imazaquin controlling broadleaf weeds, sedges, and Poa annua with two different modes of action) and pre-emergent residual control (prodiamine). He sees it as the first of many combination products that will combine multiple chemistries for both weed control and resistance management in the turfgrass industry. Source in transcript: Blocks 628\u2013644</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz/#quiz-summary","title":"Quiz Summary","text":"<p>Total Questions: 15 Difficulty Distribution: - Recall: 6 questions (40%) \u2014 Questions 1, 2, 5, 7, 12, 13 - Application: 5 questions (33%) \u2014 Questions 3, 4, 9, 10, 14 - Analysis: 4 questions (27%) \u2014 Questions 6, 8, 11, 15</p> <p>Coverage Distribution: - Weed Identification (0:00\u201310:15): Questions 1, 2, 3, 4 - Lifecycles and Cultural Practices (10:16\u201324:06): Questions 5, 6, 7 - Pre-Emergent Science (24:07\u201336:20): Questions 8, 9, 10 - Herbicide Resistance (37:31\u201355:00): Questions 11, 12 - New Products (55:01\u20131:09:53): Questions 13, 14, 15</p> <p>Generated for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Moodle Certificate Course \u2014 Weed Science Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt (649 blocks)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/","title":"GTBOP Moodle Review Activities","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#weed-control-in-turf-a-review-of-the-basics-and-recent-updates","title":"Weed Control in Turf \u2014 A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates","text":"<p>Webinar Date: November 17, 2017 Speaker: Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia Series: Green & Commercial Course Context: Weed Science Certificate Course Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) + Archive Package (Stage 2)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-1-weed-identification-characteristics","title":"Review Task 1: Weed Identification Characteristics","text":"<p>Watch: 2:43 \u2013 9:33 Task: As McCullough walks through the diagnostic characteristics used to identify weed species, list the six types of characteristics he covers and note one specific example species he uses to illustrate each. Key Points to Identify: - Seed heads (e.g., bahiagrass vs. dallisgrass, Poa annua panicle) - Ligules (e.g., barnyardgrass absent ligule vs. crabgrass fleshy ligule) - Flowers (e.g., two-petal vs. three-petal day flower species) - Leaf arrangement on stems (alternate vs. opposite) - Pubescence/hairs (e.g., smooth crabgrass vs. large crabgrass vs. southern crabgrass) - Leaf markings (e.g., white clover chevron vs. spotted burr clover purple dot)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-2-cultural-practices-and-weed-competition","title":"Review Task 2: Cultural Practices and Weed Competition","text":"<p>Watch: 17:08 \u2013 21:26 Task: McCullough presents two research studies demonstrating how cultural practices influence weed populations. Summarize the key finding of each study, including the specific numbers he provides. Key Points to Identify: - Mowing height study: tall fescue at 1 inch vs. 4 inches \u2014 crabgrass reduced from 95% to 0% - Irrigation study: daily watering vs. as-needed \u2014 dollarweed cover increased 5\u20136 fold with daily irrigation - The connection between these findings and reducing the need for herbicide inputs</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-3-pre-emergent-herbicide-mechanism","title":"Review Task 3: Pre-Emergent Herbicide Mechanism","text":"<p>Watch: 24:07 \u2013 27:00 Task: McCullough explains a common misconception about how pre-emergent herbicides work. Identify what pre-emergent herbicides do NOT do and then describe the actual mechanism in three steps (where the product goes, how the weed encounters it, what happens to the seedling). Key Points to Identify: - Pre-emergents do NOT prevent germination - Product binds in the upper half-inch of the soil profile - Germinating seedling roots and shoots absorb the herbicide from soil water solution - Herbicide inhibits cell division; seedling fails to establish healthy roots and dies</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-4-herbicide-resistance-selection-pressure","title":"Review Task 4: Herbicide Resistance Selection Pressure","text":"<p>Watch: 37:31 \u2013 43:33 Task: McCullough uses a year-by-year diagram to explain how herbicide resistance develops through selection pressure. Trace the progression from Year 1 through Year 5 and explain why simply increasing the herbicide rate does not solve the problem. Key Points to Identify: - Year 1: one naturally resistant biotype survives among susceptible population - Repeated applications kill susceptible plants, allowing resistant biotype to reproduce - By Year 5: resistant biotype dominates the population - Target-site resistance: altered binding site means the herbicide simply does not work regardless of rate (300x rate example with Monument)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-5-resistance-management-through-mode-of-action-combinations","title":"Review Task 5: Resistance Management Through Mode of Action Combinations","text":"<p>Watch: 46:05 \u2013 50:48 Task: McCullough describes the results of resistance management trials at three golf courses. For each course, note which herbicides worked, which failed, and explain why the combination of a sulfonylurea with simazine succeeded at all three locations. Key Points to Identify: - Different resistance profiles at each golf course (Barricade-resistant at courses 1 and 2; simazine-resistant at courses 1 and 3; sulfonylurea-resistant at course 2) - Specticle controlled dinitroaniline-resistant Poa at all sites - Sulfonylurea + simazine combination provided complete control at all three courses - Cost-effectiveness: simazine adds a second mode of action for ~$5/acre</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-6-new-product-comparison-halauxifen-formulations","title":"Review Task 6: New Product Comparison \u2014 Halauxifen Formulations","text":"<p>Watch: 55:01 \u2013 1:01:21 Task: McCullough introduces three new products from Dow that all contain halauxifen. Create a comparison noting the other active ingredients in each product, which turfgrass species each is labeled for, and which product would be appropriate for a centipedegrass lawn. Key Points to Identify: - RELZAR: halauxifen + florasulam \u2014 all major warm and cool-season species; one labeled rate - Game On: halauxifen + 2,4-D choline + fluroxypyr \u2014 primarily cool-season grasses plus bermudagrass and zoysiagrass; NOT centipedegrass or St. Augustinegrass (2,4-D sensitivity) - Switchblade: halauxifen + dicamba + fluroxypyr \u2014 warm and cool-season including centipedegrass and St. Augustinegrass - For a centipedegrass lawn: RELZAR or Switchblade, not Game On</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-activity-summary","title":"Review Activity Summary","text":"<p>Total Tasks: 6 Coverage Distribution: - Weed Identification (early): Task 1 - Cultural Practices (early-mid): Task 2 - Pre-Emergent Science (mid): Task 3 - Herbicide Resistance (mid-late): Tasks 4, 5 - New Products (late): Task 6</p> <p>Design Notes: Tasks are structured to guide self-paced viewing by directing learners to specific segments. Each task asks for synthesis beyond simple recall \u2014 listing, comparing, tracing progressions, or correcting misconceptions \u2014 to promote active engagement with the video content.</p> <p>Generated for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Moodle Certificate Course \u2014 Weed Science Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt (649 blocks)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/","title":"GTBOP Webinar Archive \u2014 Extension Agent Version","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#weed-control-in-turf-a-review-of-the-basics-and-recent-updates","title":"Weed Control in Turf \u2014 A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#webinar-details","title":"Webinar Details","text":"Field Details Speaker Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia Webinar Date November 17, 2017 Duration 1 hour, 10 minutes Series Green & Commercial Format Pre-recorded presentation (no live Q&A segment)"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#ceu-credit-information","title":"CEU Credit Information","text":"Category Description Applicable 24 Ornamental and Turf Pest Control Yes <p>This webinar is eligible for asynchronous CEU viewing. The full presentation runs 1:10:00.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#content-overview","title":"Content Overview","text":"<p>This presentation provides a thorough review of weed management fundamentals for turfgrass professionals, making it well-suited for both new applicators building foundational knowledge and experienced practitioners seeking updates on resistance management and new products.</p> <p>Part 1 \u2014 Weed Identification Fundamentals (0:00\u201310:15) McCullough covers the three weed classification categories (grassy, broadleaf, grass-like), recommended identification books, and diagnostic characteristics: seed heads, ligules, flowers, leaf arrangement, pubescence, and leaf markings. Practical examples include distinguishing bahiagrass from dallisgrass and identifying crabgrass species.</p> <p>Part 2 \u2014 Weed Lifecycles and Cultural Practices (10:16\u201324:06) Covers winter annuals, summer annuals, simple perennials, and complex perennials with management implications for each. Presents research data on mowing height effects (crabgrass in tall fescue), irrigation impacts (dollarweed study), and the importance of certified seed quality.</p> <p>Part 3 \u2014 Pre-Emergent Herbicide Science (24:07\u201336:20) Detailed explanation of how pre-emergent herbicides work in the soil, product formulations (sprayable vs. granular), activation requirements, residual activity differences among products, spring and fall application timing for Georgia, and split application strategies.</p> <p>Part 4 \u2014 Herbicide Resistance (37:31\u201355:00) Major section on resistance mechanisms, selection pressure, and current resistance issues in Georgia including Poa annua resistance to dinitroanilines and sulfonylureas, and halosulfuron-resistant sedge populations. Includes resistance management programs tested on three golf courses demonstrating the value of combining modes of action.</p> <p>Part 5 \u2014 New Products for 2018 (55:01\u20131:09:53) Profiles of seven new herbicide products: RELZAR, Game On, and Switchblade (halauxifen-based, Dow); Vexis (pyrimisulfan + penoxsulam); Solero (mesosulfuron, Nufarm); Dismiss NXT (sulfentrazone + carfentrazone, FMC); and Coastal (simazine + imazaquin + prodiamine, Sipcam).</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#viewing-instructions-for-asynchronous-ceu-use","title":"Viewing Instructions for Asynchronous CEU Use","text":"<p>This webinar is a single continuous presentation with no live Q&A segment. County agents may assign the full recording for individual viewing. Video chapters are available at the timestamps listed in the full archive package for agents who wish to direct viewers to specific segments.</p> <p>Key segments for targeted viewing: - Applicators needing identification refreshers: 0:00\u201310:15 (15 min) - Pre-emergent timing and product selection: 24:07\u201336:20 (12 min) - Herbicide resistance awareness and management: 37:31\u201355:00 (18 min) - New product updates: 55:01\u20131:09:53 (15 min)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#resources-referenced","title":"Resources Referenced","text":"<ul> <li>GeorgiaWeather.net \u2014 Soil temperature tracking for pre-emergent application timing</li> <li>Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds (GCSAA publication)</li> <li>Weeds of Southern Turfgrass (UGA publication)</li> </ul> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives Source: Stage 2 Archive Package \u2014 GTBOP_Archive_Summary_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/website/","title":"GTBOP Webinar Archive","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/website/#weed-control-in-turf-a-review-of-the-basics-and-recent-updates","title":"Weed Control in Turf \u2014 A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates","text":"<p>Webinar Date: November 17, 2017 Speaker: Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia Duration: 1:10:00 Series: Green & Commercial CEU Categories: Category 24 (Ornamental and Turf Pest Control) Format: Pre-recorded presentation (no live Q&A)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/website/#summary","title":"SUMMARY","text":"<p>Dr. Patrick McCullough, weed scientist at the University of Georgia, delivers a comprehensive review of turfgrass weed management fundamentals paired with updates on herbicide resistance issues and new product introductions for the 2018 season. The presentation covers the full scope of practical weed science knowledge that turfgrass managers need for effective control programs.</p> <p>McCullough begins with weed identification principles, recommending two key reference books \u2014 the Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds and UGA's Weeds of Southern Turfgrass \u2014 and walking through diagnostic characteristics including seed heads, ligules, flowers, leaf arrangement, pubescence, and leaf markings. He illustrates these with specific examples such as distinguishing bahiagrass from dallisgrass by seed head structure, differentiating crabgrass species by hair patterns, and separating white clover from spotted burr clover by leaf markings. Understanding weed lifecycles \u2014 winter annuals, summer annuals, simple perennials, and complex perennials \u2014 is essential because each group requires different management strategies and timing.</p> <p>Cultural practices receive substantial attention. McCullough presents research showing that raising tall fescue mowing height from one to four inches reduced crabgrass cover from 95% to essentially zero, and a three-year Florida study demonstrating that daily irrigation increased dollarweed cover five- to six-fold compared to as-needed watering. He emphasizes planting certified seed to avoid introducing weed species, citing an NTEP trial where seedlot contamination introduced broadleaf dock into a single plot.</p> <p>The core of the presentation covers pre-emergent herbicide science \u2014 how these products bind in the upper soil profile, inhibit cell division in germinating seedlings, and require timely activation through irrigation or rainfall. McCullough details application timing by Georgia region, residual activity differences among products, and the advantages of split applications for extending seasonal control.</p> <p>Herbicide resistance emerges as a major theme. McCullough presents field and greenhouse data showing widespread Poa annua (Poa annua) resistance to dinitroaniline and sulfonylurea herbicides across Georgia golf courses, sod farms, and lawns, along with halosulfuron-resistant sedge (Cyperus compressus) populations. He demonstrates how combining modes of action \u2014 such as pairing a sulfonylurea with simazine \u2014 controlled resistant biotypes at all three golf course test sites. The presentation concludes with updates on new 2018 products: RELZAR, Game On, and Switchblade (all containing the new active ingredient halauxifen from Dow); Vexis (pyrimisulfan + penoxsulam); Solero (mesosulfuron from Nufarm); Dismiss NXT (sulfentrazone + carfentrazone from FMC); and Coastal (simazine + imazaquin + prodiamine from Sipcam).</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/website/#video-chapters","title":"VIDEO CHAPTERS","text":"<p>0:00 Introduction 0:46 Weed Identification Books and Resources 2:00 Weed Categories: Grassy, Broadleaf, and Grass-Like 2:43 Identification by Seed Heads 3:57 Comparing Bahiagrass and Dallisgrass 5:13 Poa annua Seed Head Identification 5:34 Using Ligules for Grassy Weed Identification 6:50 Broadleaf Weed Flowers and Day Flower Species 7:52 Leaf Arrangement and Hair Characteristics 9:34 Leaf Markings: White Clover vs. Spotted Burr Clover 10:16 Weed Lifecycles: Winter and Summer Annuals 12:05 Perennial Weeds: Simple and Complex 16:02 Scouting, Early Detection, and Cultural Practices 17:08 Mowing Height Effects on Crabgrass Competition 20:07 Irrigation Influence on Weed Populations 22:05 Seed Quality and Seedlot Contamination 24:07 How Pre-Emergent Herbicides Work 27:00 Pre-Emergent Product Overview and Formulations 29:00 Pre-Emergent Targets and Limitations 29:38 Herbicide Activation: Sprayable vs. Granular 31:07 Spring Application Timing by Georgia Region 32:52 Residual Activity and Product Selection 34:48 Fall Pre-Emergent Timing for Winter Annuals 35:11 Split Applications for Extended Control 36:21 Fall Products for Poa annua Management 37:31 Herbicide Resistance: Overview and Mechanisms 41:01 Poa annua Resistance in Georgia 43:34 Fall Post-Emergent Timing and Sulfonylurea Programs 48:55 Poa annua Control Programs by Turfgrass Species 51:38 Sedge Resistance to Sulfonylureas 53:44 Other Herbicide-Resistant Weed Species 55:01 New for 2018: Halauxifen Products (RELZAR, Game On, Switchblade) 1:01:22 New for 2018: Vexis (Pyrimisulfan + Penoxsulam) 1:05:31 Solero (Mesosulfuron) from Nufarm 1:06:27 Dismiss NXT (Sulfentrazone + Carfentrazone) 1:08:19 Coastal: Three-Way Pre + Post Combination from Sipcam 1:09:53 Conclusion</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/website/#questions-answers","title":"QUESTIONS & ANSWERS","text":"<p>Q: What are the three main categories used to classify weeds in turfgrass? A: Weeds are classified as grassy weeds (monocots), broadleaf weeds (dicots), and grass-like weeds. The grass-like category is a miscellaneous grouping that includes sedges, wild garlic, wild onion, and plants like Star of Bethlehem that don't fit neatly into the other two categories.</p> <p>Q: Why is it important to distinguish bahiagrass from dallisgrass when planning herbicide treatments? A: Although both are warm-season perennial Paspalum species with similar seed head spikes, they have very different selective control options. Bahiagrass can be effectively controlled with metsulfuron and various warm-season species herbicides, while dallisgrass requires very specific application programs. Misidentifying one for the other could lead to ineffective treatments.</p> <p>Q: How does mowing height affect crabgrass populations in tall fescue? A: Research conducted in North Carolina showed that raising the mowing height of tall fescue from one inch to four inches reduced crabgrass cover from 95% to essentially 0%. The taller fescue was able to shade out crabgrass and prevent its establishment through increased competition.</p> <p>Q: How do pre-emergent herbicides work, and do they prevent weed seed germination? A: Pre-emergent herbicides do not prevent germination. They bind to the upper half inch of the soil profile and are absorbed by the roots and shoots of germinating seedlings. Most pre-emergent herbicides inhibit cell division, so seedlings that take in the herbicide fail to establish a healthy root system and die. Well-established turfgrass with roots penetrating below the treated zone is generally not affected.</p> <p>Q: Why are split applications of pre-emergent herbicides recommended over single applications? A: Splitting a pre-emergent application \u2014 for example, applying half a pound of prodiamine per acre in March and the other half in late May or June \u2014 provides a fresh supply of herbicide to the soil and extends residual control beyond what a single full-rate application achieves. This approach improves control of late-season flushes of crabgrass and other annual weeds.</p> <p>Q: What is herbicide resistance, and how does it develop in weed populations? A: Herbicide resistance develops through selection pressure. A naturally occurring resistant biotype \u2014 perhaps one in a thousand or one in a million plants \u2014 survives treatment because of an altered target site where the herbicide cannot bind properly. When the same herbicide is applied repeatedly over multiple years, susceptible plants are killed while the resistant biotype reproduces and spreads, eventually shifting the population toward resistance. This is not a change caused by the herbicide, but a selection of pre-existing genetic traits.</p> <p>Q: What herbicide resistance problems is Georgia currently experiencing with Poa annua? A: Georgia is seeing widespread Poa annua resistance to dinitroaniline pre-emergent herbicides (pendimethalin, prodiamine) with cross-resistance to Dimension (dithiopyr). Sulfonylurea post-emergent resistance is also prevalent. McCullough's greenhouse testing showed a resistant biotype survived rates up to 300 times the labeled rate of Monument, demonstrating classic target-site resistance. These resistance issues are increasing on lawns, golf courses, sod farms, and other turfgrass areas throughout the state.</p> <p>Q: What resistance management strategy does McCullough recommend for Poa annua control in bermudagrass and zoysiagrass? A: McCullough recommends combining two modes of action \u2014 a sulfonylurea herbicide (such as Revolver, Monument, Katana, or Tribute Total) with a triazine herbicide (simazine) at a quart per acre. In field trials across three golf courses with different resistance profiles, this tank mixture provided complete Poa control at all locations, even where individual products had failed. Simazine adds a second mode of action for approximately $5 per acre.</p> <p>Q: What is halauxifen, and what new products will contain it? A: Halauxifen is a new synthetic auxin (Group 4) active ingredient from Dow with very rapid broadleaf weed activity \u2014 typically five to seven days to visible response. Three products containing halauxifen were set for 2018 release: RELZAR (halauxifen + florasulam) for all major turfgrass species; Game On (halauxifen + 2,4-D choline + fluroxypyr) primarily for cool-season grasses and bermudagrass; and Switchblade (halauxifen + dicamba + fluroxypyr) for warm- and cool-season grasses including centipedegrass and St. Augustinegrass. All three showed promising activity on doveweed.</p> <p>Q: How does Dismiss NXT differ from standard Dismiss? A: Dismiss NXT combines sulfentrazone (the active ingredient in Dismiss) with carfentrazone (the active ingredient in Quicksilver). The primary advantage is speed of control \u2014 Dismiss NXT provides rapid knockdown of sedges and kyllinga, with visible results within seven days. However, McCullough's research did not show a significant difference in long-term control levels compared to straight Dismiss. The rapid visual response can be valuable for client satisfaction.</p> <p>Q: What is the Coastal combination product, and why is it significant? A: Coastal is a three-way combination from Sipcam containing simazine, imazaquin, and prodiamine. It provides both post-emergent activity (simazine and imazaquin controlling broadleaf weeds, sedges, and Poa annua with two different modes of action) and pre-emergent residual control (prodiamine for grassy weeds). McCullough sees this type of multi-chemistry combination product as a model for future turfgrass herbicide development, particularly for managing resistant weed populations.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/website/#resources","title":"RESOURCES","text":"<ul> <li>GeorgiaWeather.net \u2014 Weather station network for tracking local soil temperatures to time pre-emergent herbicide applications</li> <li>Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds \u2014 Published by GCSAA, available through Amazon and other retailers</li> <li>Weeds of Southern Turfgrass \u2014 UGA publication, available through the Athens bookstore and online retailers</li> </ul> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt (649 blocks)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/youtube/","title":"GTBOP YouTube Description","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/youtube/#weed-control-in-turf-a-review-of-the-basics-and-recent-updates","title":"Weed Control in Turf \u2014 A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates","text":"<p>Weed Control in Turf: A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates with Dr. Patrick McCullough</p> <p>Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist at the University of Georgia, delivers a comprehensive review of turfgrass weed management covering identification fundamentals, cultural practices, pre-emergent herbicide science, herbicide resistance issues in Georgia, and new products for 2018 including halauxifen-based herbicides from Dow, Vexis, Solero, Dismiss NXT, and the combination product Coastal.</p> <p>Topics include distinguishing weed species by seed heads, ligules, flowers, and leaf characteristics; the impact of mowing height and irrigation on weed competition; pre-emergent application timing by Georgia region; split application strategies; herbicide resistance mechanisms and management programs for Poa annua and resistant sedges; and detailed profiles of seven new turfgrass herbicide products.</p> <p>Presented for the GTBOP (Getting the Best of Pests) Green & Commercial Webinar Series University of Georgia Center for Urban Agriculture Webinar Date: November 17, 2017 CEU Category: 24 (Ornamental and Turf Pest Control)</p> <p>\ud83d\udd17 Resources mentioned in this presentation: \u2022 GeorgiaWeather.net \u2014 Local soil temperature tracking for application timing \u2022 Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds (GCSAA) \u2022 Weeds of Southern Turfgrass (UGA publication)</p> <p>TIMESTAMPS: 0:00 Introduction 0:46 Weed Identification Books and Resources 2:00 Weed Categories: Grassy, Broadleaf, and Grass-Like 2:43 Identification by Seed Heads 3:57 Comparing Bahiagrass and Dallisgrass 5:13 Poa annua Seed Head Identification 5:34 Using Ligules for Grassy Weed Identification 6:50 Broadleaf Weed Flowers and Day Flower Species 7:52 Leaf Arrangement and Hair Characteristics 9:34 Leaf Markings: White Clover vs. Spotted Burr Clover 10:16 Weed Lifecycles: Winter and Summer Annuals 12:05 Perennial Weeds: Simple and Complex 16:02 Scouting, Early Detection, and Cultural Practices 17:08 Mowing Height Effects on Crabgrass Competition 20:07 Irrigation Influence on Weed Populations 22:05 Seed Quality and Seedlot Contamination 24:07 How Pre-Emergent Herbicides Work 27:00 Pre-Emergent Product Overview and Formulations 29:00 Pre-Emergent Targets and Limitations 29:38 Herbicide Activation: Sprayable vs. Granular 31:07 Spring Application Timing by Georgia Region 32:52 Residual Activity and Product Selection 34:48 Fall Pre-Emergent Timing for Winter Annuals 35:11 Split Applications for Extended Control 36:21 Fall Products for Poa annua Management 37:31 Herbicide Resistance: Overview and Mechanisms 41:01 Poa annua Resistance in Georgia 43:34 Fall Post-Emergent Timing and Sulfonylurea Programs 48:55 Poa annua Control Programs by Turfgrass Species 51:38 Sedge Resistance to Sulfonylureas 53:44 Other Herbicide-Resistant Weed Species 55:01 New for 2018: Halauxifen Products (RELZAR, Game On, Switchblade) 1:01:22 New for 2018: Vexis (Pyrimisulfan + Penoxsulam) 1:05:31 Solero (Mesosulfuron) from Nufarm 1:06:27 Dismiss NXT (Sulfentrazone + Carfentrazone) 1:08:19 Coastal: Three-Way Pre + Post Combination from Sipcam 1:09:53 Conclusion</p> <p>QUESTIONS ADDRESSED IN THIS PRESENTATION:</p> <p>Q: What are the key characteristics used to identify grassy and broadleaf weeds? A: McCullough covers seed heads, ligules, flowers, leaf arrangement, pubescence, and leaf markings, with specific examples including bahiagrass vs. dallisgrass, crabgrass species differentiation, and day flower identification.</p> <p>Q: How do cultural practices affect weed populations? A: Research shows raising tall fescue mowing height from 1 to 4 inches reduced crabgrass from 95% to 0% cover. A Florida study found daily irrigation increased dollarweed five- to six-fold compared to as-needed watering.</p> <p>Q: How do pre-emergent herbicides work? A: Pre-emergent herbicides bind in the upper soil profile, are absorbed by germinating seedling roots and shoots, and inhibit cell division. They do not prevent germination \u2014 seedlings must first emerge and take in the product.</p> <p>Q: What herbicide resistance issues is Georgia facing? A: Widespread Poa annua resistance to dinitroaniline pre-emergents and sulfonylurea post-emergents, plus halosulfuron-resistant sedge populations. McCullough recommends combining modes of action for resistance management.</p> <p>Q: What new herbicide products are coming for 2018? A: RELZAR, Game On, and Switchblade (halauxifen from Dow); Vexis (pyrimisulfan + penoxsulam); Solero (mesosulfuron from Nufarm); Dismiss NXT (sulfentrazone + carfentrazone from FMC); and Coastal (simazine + imazaquin + prodiamine from Sipcam).</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/youtube/#turfgrass-weedcontrol-pestmanagement-uga-gtbop-ceu-lawncare-herbicide-preemergent-poaannua","title":"turfgrass #weedcontrol #pestmanagement #UGA #GTBOP #CEU #lawncare #herbicide #preemergent #poaannua","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/","title":"Weed Control in the Landscape & Nursery","text":"","tags":["Green & Commercial","Weed Science","Czarnota"]},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/#gtbop-green-commercial-november-18-2021","title":"GTBOP Green & Commercial \u2014 November 18, 2021","text":"<p>Speaker: Dr. Mark Czarnota, Associate Professor of Horticulture, UGA Griffin Campus Moderator: Dr. Shimat Joseph, Turfgrass Entomologist, UGA Duration: 50:05 CEU Categories: Category 10 (Private), 21 (Plant Ag), 22 (Animal Ag), 23 (Forestry), 24 (Ornamental/Turf), 27 (Right-of-Way), 31 (Public Health), 32 (Regulatory), 35 (Industrial/Institutional/Structural/Health)</p>","tags":["Green & Commercial","Weed Science","Czarnota"]},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/#deliverables","title":"Deliverables","text":"Stage Deliverable Status 1 Corrections Log Complete 2 Archive Summary Complete 3 YouTube Version Complete 3 Website Version Complete 3 Extension Agent Version Complete 4 Quiz Complete 4 Matching Exercises Complete 4 Review Prompts Complete 5 Prose Transcript Complete \u2014 Processing Log Complete","tags":["Green & Commercial","Weed Science","Czarnota"]},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/#session-overview","title":"Session Overview","text":"<p>Dr. Mark Czarnota presented a comprehensive overview of weed control strategies for landscape and nursery professionals, organized around three primary approaches: physical removal, physical barriers, and chemical weed control. He covered weed identification, life cycles, and the six characteristics that predict weediness, then discussed physical methods including tillage, flame weeding, and mulching, as well as biological control successes with grass carp, goats, and the thistle weevil.</p> <p>The bulk of the presentation focused on chemical control, covering pre-emergent versus post-emergent herbicides, selective versus non-selective products, and key product recommendations including Dimension (dithiopyr) and Marengo (indaziflam). Czarnota reviewed herbicide modes of action, application best practices, and glyphosate safety data, concluding with audience questions on torpedograss, Virginia buttonweed, and bermudagrass control in ornamentals.</p> <p>Source: Corrected SRT \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2021-11-18_WeedControl.srt Processed: 2026-03-17 | Pipeline v4.1</p>","tags":["Green & Commercial","Weed Science","Czarnota"]},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/archive-summary/","title":"GTBOP Webinar Archive Summary","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/archive-summary/#weed-control-in-the-landscape-nursery","title":"Weed Control in the Landscape & Nursery","text":"<p>Webinar Date: November 18, 2021 Speaker: Dr. Mark Czarnota, Associate Professor of Horticulture (Weed Science), University of Georgia Griffin Campus Moderator: Dr. Shimat Joseph, Turfgrass Entomologist, UGA Griffin Campus Duration: 50:05 Series: Green & Commercial CEU Categories: Category 10 (Private Applicator), Category 21 (Plant Agriculture), Category 22 (Animal Agriculture), Category 23 (Forestry), Category 24 (Ornamental and Turf Pest Control), Category 27 (Right-of-Way Pest Control), Category 31 (Public Health Pest Control), Category 32 (Regulatory Pest Control), Category 35 (Industrial, Institutional, Structural and Health Related)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/archive-summary/#narrative-summary","title":"NARRATIVE SUMMARY","text":"<p>Dr. Mark Czarnota, a weed scientist at the University of Georgia Griffin Campus with expertise in ornamental, nursery, small fruit, and Christmas tree weed management, presented a comprehensive overview of weed control strategies for landscape and nursery professionals. Drawing on his background in weed science from Virginia Tech and Cornell University and his experience in the commercial nursery and chemical industries, Czarnota organized his talk around three primary control approaches: physical removal, physical barriers, and chemical weed control.</p> <p>Czarnota began by defining weeds and outlining six characteristics that predict whether a plant will become problematic, including vegetative reproductive structures, abundant seed production, rapid population establishment, seed dormancy, adaptive reproduction, and ability to colonize disturbed sites. He illustrated real-world challenges using examples of Marchantia (Marchantia spp.) infesting propagation houses, purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) penetrating plastic mulch in blackberry plantings, and weeds emerging from container weep holes \u2014 situations where chemical options remain limited.</p> <p>The presentation covered physical control methods including tillage, flame weeding, and emerging automated weeding technology, as well as physical barriers such as landscape fabrics and mulches. Czarnota emphasized maintaining a two-to-four-inch mulch layer and noted that bare soil will always produce weed growth. He discussed biological control successes including grass carp for aquatic weed management, goats for kudzu suppression, and the thistle weevil for musk thistle control, along with the bioherbicide DeVine for strangler vine in citrus.</p> <p>The bulk of the presentation focused on chemical weed control, covering the distinction between pre-emergent and post-emergent herbicides, selective versus non-selective products, and granular versus sprayable formulations. Czarnota highlighted underutilized products including Dimension (dithiopyr) and Marengo (indaziflam), which can provide up to 16 weeks of pre-emergent control in established woody ornamentals. He reviewed modes of action for key herbicides including glyphosate's inhibition of the EPSP synthase pathway and the dinitroaniline herbicides' disruption of microtubule formation. Czarnota also discussed glyphosate safety, citing a 2017 Journal of the National Cancer Institute study of nearly 45,000 licensed applicators finding no association between glyphosate use and cancer incidence above national background rates. The session concluded with audience questions on torpedograss control using Drive (quinclorac), Virginia buttonweed management with atrazine, and selective bermudagrass control in ornamentals using clethodim (Envoy).</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/archive-summary/#youtube-timestamps","title":"YOUTUBE TIMESTAMPS","text":"Timestamp Topic 0:00 Introduction and Speaker Background 3:02 What Is a Weed? Definitions and Weediness Predictors 5:13 Challenging Weed Problems in Nursery Production 9:03 Weed Identification and Plant Life Cycles 11:55 Weed Control Methods: Physical Removal and Barriers 15:44 Biological Control: Grass Carp, Goats, Thistle Weevil 19:50 Chemical Weed Control: Impact of Major Herbicides 21:07 Pre-Emergent vs. Post-Emergent Herbicides 25:16 Trade Names, Active Ingredients, and Cost Savings 26:20 Herbicide Modes of Action 29:42 Pre-Emergent Herbicides for Landscape and Nursery 31:17 Post-Emergent and Combination Herbicides 35:16 Recommended Products: Marengo, BroadStar, SureGuard 36:40 Best Practices and Common Application Errors 40:21 Herbicide Fate, Organic Options, and Glyphosate Safety 43:40 Glyphosate Damage, Adjuvants, and Future Technologies 44:54 Q&A: Torpedograss, Virginia Buttonweed, Bermudagrass Control"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/archive-summary/#questions-answers","title":"QUESTIONS & ANSWERS","text":"<p>Q: What are the most important characteristics that make a plant likely to become a weed problem? A: According to Czarnota, six characteristics consistently predict weediness: the presence of a vegetative reproductive structure (like nutsedge tubers), abundant seed production (pigweed can produce 5,000\u201310,000 seeds per plant), rapid population establishment, seed dormancy allowing long-term survival in soil, the ability to reproduce both vegetatively and by seed, and the capacity to colonize disturbed sites.</p> <p>Q: Why is maintaining a mulch layer so important for weed management in landscape beds? A: Czarnota emphasized that bare soil will always produce weed growth. A two-to-four-inch layer of composted organic mulch prevents weed seed germination, maintains soil temperature and moisture, and adds organic matter. This layer should be refreshed once or twice per year. Organic mulch should be composted and contain less than 10% white wood to avoid nitrogen tie-up.</p> <p>Q: What is the difference between pre-emergent and post-emergent herbicides? A: Pre-emergent herbicides are applied to bare soil or mulch before weed seeds germinate. They need a rain event of about half an inch to one inch to move into the top quarter inch of soil where seeds germinate, and they provide roughly 8\u201312 weeks of control. Post-emergent herbicides are applied after weeds have emerged and need a period of dryness after application to be absorbed into the plant.</p> <p>Q: Which pre-emergent herbicides does Czarnota recommend most for landscape use? A: Czarnota highlighted Dimension (dithiopyr) as one of the most underutilized pre-emergent herbicides, safe for use on most turfgrasses and landscape situations including broad woody ornamentals and some perennials and annuals. He also recommended Marengo (indaziflam) as one of the best products he has tested, providing up to 16 weeks of weed control in established woody ornamentals, though it does not control nutsedge. BroadStar (flumioxazin) as a granular and SureGuard as its sprayable form were also recommended.</p> <p>Q: Why is glyphosate considered to have low toxicity to humans and animals? A: Glyphosate inhibits the EPSP synthase pathway, which produces three amino acids \u2014 tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. This pathway does not exist in humans or any animals; we must obtain these amino acids through our diet. Because glyphosate targets a biochemical process absent from animal biology, it is one of the reasons the herbicide has low mammalian toxicity. Czarnota also cited a 2017 study from the Journal of the National Cancer Institute reviewing nearly 45,000 licensed applicators that found no association between glyphosate use and cancer above background rates.</p> <p>Q: What are the advantages and disadvantages of granular versus sprayable herbicide formulations? A: Granular formulations fall through the plant canopy to the ground, making them safer for desirable plants, but they are more expensive per unit of active ingredient \u2014 most granulars are only about 2% active ingredient. Sprayable formulations are cheaper because the concentrate can be up to 90% active, but they contact plant foliage directly, increasing the risk of damage. Combination granular products like Snapshot and FreeHand offer both pre-emergent control and some burndown activity from oxyfluorfen.</p> <p>Q: How should glyphosate be applied to avoid damaging desirable plants? A: Czarnota advised spraying glyphosate only on actively growing plant material, never applying it to the trunk or base of thin-barked trees, and ensuring the application dries before rain. He noted that repeated applications near ornamentals can cause \"bud blasting\" \u2014 sublethal damage where plants emerge with distorted growth. For stump control or selective removal, glyphosate or triclopyr can be painted directly onto cut stumps, which kills the plant about 90% of the time without affecting surrounding plants.</p> <p>Q: What product works best for controlling torpedograss? A: Czarnota recommended Drive (quinclorac) as a product that controls torpedograss very well. He noted that Drive is not yet labeled for over-top use on ornamentals but has been used in blueberry and blackberry weed control. His university research has found it to be fairly safe on most woody ornamentals, though he cautioned it would not be a labeled application and recommended growers conduct their own trials.</p> <p>Q: How can bermudagrass creeping into ornamental beds be selectively controlled? A: Czarnota recommended clethodim (Envoy) as the product giving approximately 10\u201315% better activity than alternatives, providing three to four months of bermudagrass suppression before retreatment is needed. Other effective grass herbicides include Segment, Fusilade DX (also sold as Grass-B-Gon), though all perform similarly. He noted that glyphosate also controls bermudagrass well at high rates but cannot be used selectively \u2014 it would kill both the bermudagrass and any desirable plants.</p> <p>Q: What common mistakes reduce the effectiveness of herbicide applications? A: Czarnota listed several frequent errors: failing to irrigate after pre-emergent applications (they need rain within 72 hours), getting rain too soon after post-emergent applications, poorly calibrated equipment, poor herbicide selection for the target weed, and applying pre-emergent herbicides after weeds have already germinated. He recommended two to four applications per year for field situations and four to six for container production, using at least two different products to broaden the spectrum of control.</p> <p>Q: What biological control methods have proven effective for weed management? A: Czarnota described several successful biocontrol examples. Grass carp stocked at 8\u201310 fish per surface acre effectively control submerged aquatic weeds. Goats can rapidly clear kudzu \u2014 in a demonstration at UGA's ag forestry field day, goats cleared a fenced kudzu area overnight, after which the site could be treated with herbicides on the regrowth. The thistle weevil successfully reduced musk thistle over a two-to-three-year period by larvae feeding on developing seeds, preventing reproduction. The bioherbicide DeVine, developed with the University of Florida, effectively controlled strangler vine in citrus.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/archive-summary/#additional-resources","title":"ADDITIONAL RESOURCES","text":"<ul> <li>Speaker Contact: Dr. Mark Czarnota offered to answer additional questions via email (to be distributed to attendees)</li> <li>Label and SDS Resources: CDMS.net \u2014 contains approximately 80% of pesticide labels and safety data sheets</li> <li>Turfgrass Weed Control Referral: Dr. Patrick McCullough, UGA, for turfgrass-specific weed control questions (referenced during Virginia buttonweed discussion)</li> </ul> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2021-11-18_WeedControl.srt (786 blocks)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/corrections/","title":"SRT Transcript Correction Summary","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/corrections/#file-weed-control-in-the-landscape-nursery-with-dr-mark-czarnota","title":"File: Weed Control in the Landscape & Nursery with Dr. Mark Czarnota","text":"<p>Date Corrected: March 1, 2026 Webinar Date: November 18, 2021 Series: Green & Commercial Topic: Weed Science \u2014 Landscape and Nursery Weed Control Speaker: Dr. Mark Czarnota, Associate Professor of Horticulture, University of Georgia Griffin Campus Moderator: Dr. Shimat Joseph, Turfgrass Entomologist, UGA Griffin Campus</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/corrections/#source-verification","title":"SOURCE VERIFICATION","text":"<ul> <li>Original blocks: 786</li> <li>Corrected blocks: 786 \u2713 MATCH CONFIRMED</li> <li>Time range: 00:00:00,020 \u2192 00:50:05,859</li> <li>Runtime: ~50 minutes</li> <li>File reading: COMPLETE \u2713</li> <li>Coverage proof:</li> <li>Early [~4:30]: Six characteristics predicting weediness \u2014 vegetative reproduction, abundant seed production, rapid population establishment, seed dormancy, adaptive traits, disturbed site occupation</li> <li>Middle [~26:00]: Trade names vs. active ingredients discussion using glyphosate/Roundup as example; cost savings from identifying active ingredients after patent expiration</li> <li>Late [~47:00]: Q&A on Virginia buttonweed control \u2014 atrazine recommended for turfgrass; refers audience to Dr. Patrick McCullough for turfgrass weed control</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/corrections/#corrections-applied","title":"Corrections Applied","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/corrections/#proper-nouns-speaker-names","title":"Proper Nouns \u2014 Speaker Names","text":"<ul> <li>\"Mark Zermota\" \u2192 \"Mark Czarnota\" (Blocks 3, 5)</li> <li>\"Dr. Zornetta\" \u2192 \"Dr. Czarnota\" (Block 10)</li> <li>\"Shemette\" \u2192 \"Shimat\" (Block 43)</li> <li>\"Shemak\" \u2192 \"Shimat\" (Block 770)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/corrections/#institutions-and-employers","title":"Institutions and Employers","text":"<ul> <li>\"the pond at their chemical company\" \u2192 \"the DuPont chemical company\" (Block 49)</li> <li>\"CDMSF.net\" \u2192 \"CDMS.net\" (Block 620)</li> <li>\"hopefully AMD is\" \u2192 \"hopefully AMVAC is\" (Block 552)</li> <li>\"the exhibition today\" \u2192 \"the presentation today\" (Block 777)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/corrections/#grass-species-names-standardized-compounds","title":"Grass Species Names (Standardized Compounds)","text":"<ul> <li>\"Bermuda grass\" / \"bermuda grass\" \u2192 \"bermudagrass\" (Blocks 193, 740, 744\u2013762 Q&A section, multiple occurrences)</li> <li>\"turf grass\" \u2192 \"turfgrass\" (Blocks 571, 714, multiple occurrences)</li> <li>\"nut sedge\" / \"nut, Sedge\" \u2192 \"nutsedge\" (Blocks 99, 144\u2013152, 169\u2013184, 399\u2013401, 520\u2013525, multiple occurrences)</li> <li>\"torpedo grass\" \u2192 \"torpedograss\" (Blocks 703\u2013721)</li> <li>\"dog fennel\" \u2192 \"dogfennel\" (Block 196)</li> <li>\"burbadoe grass\" \u2192 \"bermudagrass\" (Block 743)</li> <li>\"zoysars\" \u2192 \"zoysia\" (Block 740)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/corrections/#chemicalproduct-names","title":"Chemical/Product Names","text":"<ul> <li>\"trifluorin\" \u2192 \"trifluralin\" (Block 393)</li> <li>\"penimethylene\" \u2192 \"pendimethalin\" (Block 468)</li> <li>\"benafin\" \u2192 \"benefin\" (Block 468)</li> <li>\"surfland\" / \"surf land\" / \"Surflat\" \u2192 \"Surflan\" (Blocks 488\u2013489, 552, 557, 566, 684\u2013685, multiple)</li> <li>\"Flumeox\" \u2192 \"flumioxazin\" (Block 498)</li> <li>\"Shureguard\" / \"Shoreguard\" / \"shoreguard\" \u2192 \"SureGuard\" (Blocks 499, 561, 566)</li> <li>\"Spectacle\" \u2192 \"Specticle\" (Block 501)</li> <li>\"Daziflam\" \u2192 \"indaziflam\" (Block 501)</li> <li>\"isoxamil\" \u2192 \"isoxaben\" (Block 505)</li> <li>\"oxyphorfen\" \u2192 \"oxyfluorfen\" (Block 536)</li> <li>\"tenamethylin\" \u2192 \"pendimethalin\" (Block 538)</li> <li>\"riseline\" \u2192 \"oryzalin\" (Block 550)</li> <li>\"Sandia\" \u2192 \"Sandea\" (Blocks 150, 185)</li> <li>\"Best Grant\" \u2192 \"Basagran\" (Block 151)</li> <li>\"massagranet image\" \u2192 \"Basagran and Image\" (Block 524)</li> <li>\"Garland is utilized\" \u2192 \"Garlon is utilized\" (Block 529)</li> <li>\"brush be gone\" \u2192 \"Brush-B-Gon\" (Block 530)</li> <li>\"SIFE\" \u2192 \"Scythe\" (Block 511)</li> <li>\"Glacisate\" \u2192 \"Glyphosate\" (Block 630)</li> <li>\"glufosinite\" \u2192 \"glufosinate\" (Block 635)</li> <li>\"Clefidin\" \u2192 \"clethodim\" (Block 757)</li> <li>\"Quinkler Act, you would have been known\" \u2192 \"quinclorac, you would have known\" (Block 716)</li> <li>\"revolver or matter or monument\" \u2192 \"Revolver or Manor or Monument\" (Block 727)</li> <li>\"D-vine\" \u2192 \"DeVine\" (Block 270)</li> <li>\"CDGAT\" \u2192 \"acetic acid\" (Block 638 \u2014 confirmed by audio check; context: organic burndown products)</li> <li>\"sedge hammer\" \u2192 \"SedgeHammer\" (Block 150)</li> <li>\"Sedgehammer\" \u2192 \"SedgeHammer\" (Blocks 399, 524)</li> <li>\"Presedge\" \u2192 \"ProSedge\" (Block 524)</li> <li>\"Pennant Magnum\" \u2014 capitalized (Block 557)</li> <li>\"Barricade\" \u2014 capitalized (Block 566)</li> <li>\"Pendulum\" \u2014 capitalized (Block 566)</li> <li>\"Gallery\" \u2014 capitalized (Blocks 557, 566)</li> <li>\"Preen\" \u2014 capitalized (Block 391)</li> <li>\"Dimension\" \u2014 capitalized (Blocks 491, 588)</li> <li>\"Snapshot\" \u2014 capitalized (Blocks 542, 548, 562)</li> <li>\"FreeHanded\" \u2192 \"FreeHand\" (Block 548)</li> <li>\"freehand\" \u2192 \"FreeHand\" (Block 549)</li> <li>\"treflator very good\" \u2192 \"Treflan are very good\" (Block 549)</li> <li>\"Snapshot Freehand\" \u2192 \"Snapshot, FreeHand\" (Block 562 \u2014 two separate products)</li> <li>\"pregnant mulchins\" \u2192 \"pre-treated mulches\" (Block 684)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/corrections/#scientifictechnical-terms","title":"Scientific/Technical Terms","text":"<ul> <li>\"Marchantia\" \u2190 \"mercantia\" / \"more canthia\" (Blocks 118, related context)</li> <li>\"Phyllanthus species\" \u2190 \"philanthropist species\" (Block 172)</li> <li>\"dinitroaniline\" \u2190 \"dinitrietylene\" (Block 465)</li> <li>\"microtubule\" \u2190 \"microtubial\" (Block 469)</li> <li>\"hypocotyl\" \u2190 \"hypocaudal\" (Block 380)</li> <li>\"radicle\" \u2190 \"radical\" (Blocks 381, 382)</li> <li>\"ploidy numbers\" \u2190 \"fluidity numbers\" (Blocks 479, 481)</li> <li>\"phloem-loaded\" \u2190 \"full loaded\" (Block 366)</li> <li>\"systemic\" \u2190 \"static\" (Block 512)</li> <li>\"canopy over\" \u2190 \"catapy over\" (Block 384)</li> <li>\"ornamental industry\" \u2190 \"ore metal industry\" (Block 478)</li> <li>\"ornamentals\" \u2190 \"water metals\" (Block 571)</li> <li>\"crape myrtles\" \u2190 \"grape minerals\" (Blocks 667, 672)</li> <li>\"broad woody ornamentals\" \u2190 \"bro woody or metals\" (Block 494)</li> <li>\"shallow-rooted\" \u2190 \"shallow-youted root\" (Block 210)</li> <li>\"stump control\" \u2190 \"stomp control\" (Block 677)</li> <li>\"half-lives\" \u2190 \"half-lice\" (Block 631)</li> <li>\"kudzu\" \u2190 \"kundzu\" (Block 280)</li> <li>\"cattle\" \u2190 \"cats\" (Block 326)</li> <li>\"triclopyr\" \u2190 \"tranquil beer\" (Block 680)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/corrections/#weed-science-terminology","title":"Weed Science Terminology","text":"<ul> <li>\"weed science\" \u2190 \"wheat science\" (Block 87)</li> <li>\"weed problems\" \u2190 \"wheat problems\" (Block 181)</li> <li>\"emerged weed\" / \"emergent weeds\" \u2190 \"emerged wheat\" (Block 262)</li> <li>\"post-emergent\" \u2190 \"post-abargin\" (Blocks 510\u2013511)</li> <li>\"burn down emerged grasses\" \u2190 \"brown and merge grasses\" (Block 515)</li> <li>\"broad-spectrum weed control\" \u2190 \"row spectrum weight control\" (Block 557)</li> <li>\"tank mix it\" \u2190 \"tag my sense\" (Block 557)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/corrections/#flagged-items-resolved-via-audio-verification","title":"Flagged Items \u2014 Resolved via Audio Verification","text":"<p>All items below were flagged during initial correction and resolved by audio review:</p> Block Original (Whisper) Correction Resolution 62 \"wild years\" \"why I'm here\" Audio confirmed 120 \"salient plant\" \"azalea plant\" Audio confirmed 141 \"or a board or glyphosate\" \"glufosinate or Reward or glyphosate\" Audio confirmed \u2014 full line reordered 173 \"maroism\" \"if you're familiar with them\" Audio confirmed \u2014 conversational filler, not a term 219 \"Banville\" \"they have all\" Audio confirmed 294 \"Renac are really caused\" \"prevent a seed or really cause\" Audio confirmed 479 \"As I saw some in a trough land\" \"as isoxaben and trifluralin\" Audio confirmed \u2014 Snapshot active ingredients 506 \"Penic\" \"Pennant\" Audio confirmed (metolachlor product) 557 \"Sam Ziner\" \"Simazine\" Audio confirmed (triazine herbicide) 570 \"sable pond\" \"sabal palm\" Audio confirmed 634 \"Post herbicides about five\" No change needed Audio verified as correct 638 \"CDGAT\" \"acetic acid\" Audio confirmed 684 \"pregnant mulchins\" / \"pre-treated mulches\" \"impregnated mulches\" Audio confirmed 760 \"already methanced\" [laughing] Audio confirmed \u2014 laughter misheard as words"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/corrections/#srt-format-compliance","title":"SRT Format Compliance","text":"<p>\u2705 All timestamps preserved exactly as original \u2705 All sequence numbers maintained (1\u2013786) \u2705 Blank lines between segments preserved \u2705 Maximum 2 lines per subtitle segment maintained \u2705 No segments merged or split \u2705 Block count: 786 original = 786 corrected \u2713</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/corrections/#new-correction-patterns-for-common-corrections-reference","title":"New Correction Patterns for Common Corrections Reference","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/corrections/#speaker-names","title":"Speaker Names","text":"Whisper Output Correct Form Zermota / Zornetta Czarnota"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/corrections/#chemicalproduct-names-green-commercial-weed-science","title":"Chemical/Product Names \u2014 Green & Commercial (Weed Science)","text":"Whisper Output Correct Form penimethylene pendimethalin benafin benefin Flumeox flumioxazin Shureguard / Shoreguard SureGuard Daziflam indaziflam isoxamil isoxaben oxyphorfen oxyfluorfen riseline oryzalin Sandia Sandea Best Grant Basagran Clefidin clethodim Quinkler Act quinclorac Glacisate Glyphosate glufosinite glufosinate tranquil beer triclopyr D-vine DeVine Surflat / surfland Surflan treflator Treflan pregnant mulchins impregnated mulches CDGAT acetic acid Penic Pennant Sam Ziner Simazine sable pond sabal palm"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/corrections/#technical-terms-weed-science","title":"Technical Terms \u2014 Weed Science","text":"Whisper Output Correct Form hypocaudal hypocotyl radical (seed structure) radicle microtubial microtubule fluidity numbers ploidy numbers full loaded (herbicide) phloem-loaded catapy over canopy over dinitrietylene dinitroaniline post-abargin post-emergent row spectrum weight broad-spectrum weed tag my sense tank mix it salient plant azalea plant Renac are really caused prevent a seed or really cause As I saw some in a trough land as isoxaben and trifluralin"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/corrections/#other","title":"Other","text":"Whisper Output Correct Form grape minerals crape myrtles water metals / ore metals / bro woody or metals ornamentals / broad woody ornamentals cats (livestock) cattle"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/corrections/#notes","title":"Notes","text":"<p>Overall Transcript Quality: Moderate to poor. Whisper struggled significantly with weed science terminology, herbicide product names, and chemical names throughout. The speaker's natural conversational pace and occasional garbled audio (satellite internet connection) compounded recognition errors. Technical sections (~20:00\u201336:00) contain the highest density of corrections.</p> <p>Dominant Error Patterns: 1. Chemical/product name garbling \u2014 Whisper consistently phonetized herbicide names into unrelated English words (\"penimethylene,\" \"Glacisate,\" \"glufosinite,\" \"tranquil beer\") 2. \"Ornamental\" consistently garbled \u2014 appeared as \"ore metal,\" \"water metals,\" \"grape minerals,\" \"bro woody or metals\" 3. Botanical/technical terms rendered phonetically \u2014 \"hypocotyl\" \u2192 \"hypocaudal,\" \"radicle\" \u2192 \"radical,\" \"dinitroaniline\" \u2192 \"dinitrietylene\" 4. Speaker name inconsistency \u2014 Whisper rendered \"Czarnota\" differently in each introduction block</p> <p>Speaker Roster: Dr. Mark Czarnota is not currently in the project speaker roster. Recommend adding: - Dr. Mark Czarnota | Associate Professor of Horticulture (Weed Science), UGA Griffin Campus</p> <p>Total Corrections: ~95 individual corrections across ~65 unique error patterns Flagged Items: 14 flagged, all resolved via audio verification Processing: Complete file (786 subtitle blocks, 3144 lines)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/processing-log/","title":"GTBOP Processing Log: Weed Control in the Landscape & Nursery \u2014 Dr. Mark Czarnota","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/processing-log/#conversation-snapshot-march-1-2026","title":"Conversation Snapshot \u2014 March 1, 2026","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/processing-log/#webinar-details","title":"Webinar Details","text":"Field Value Title Weed Control in the Landscape & Nursery Speaker Dr. Mark Czarnota, Associate Professor of Horticulture, UGA Griffin Campus Moderator Dr. Shimat Joseph, Turfgrass Entomologist, UGA Webinar Date November 18, 2021 Series Green & Commercial Duration 50:05 Topic Area Weed Science CEU Categories Cat 10 (Private), 21 (Plant Ag), 22 (Animal Ag), 23 (Forestry), 24 (Ornamental/Turf), 27 (Right-of-Way), 31 (Public Health), 32 (Regulatory), 35 (Industrial/Institutional/Structural/Health)"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/processing-log/#pipeline-stages-completed","title":"Pipeline Stages Completed","text":"Stage Deliverable Filename Status 1 Corrected SRT <code>GTBOP_Transcript_2021-11-18_WeedControl.srt</code> \u2705 Complete 1 Correction Log <code>GTBOP_Corrections_2021-11-18_WeedControl.md</code> \u2705 Complete 2 Archive Summary <code>GTBOP_Archive_Summary_2021-11-18_WeedControl.md</code> \u2705 Complete 3 YouTube Version <code>GTBOP_YouTube_2021-11-18_WeedControl.md</code> \u2705 Complete 3 Website Version <code>GTBOP_Website_2021-11-18_WeedControl.md</code> \u2705 Complete 3 Extension Agent Version <code>GTBOP_ExtAgent_2021-11-18_WeedControl.md</code> \u2705 Complete 4 Moodle Quiz <code>GTBOP_Quiz_2021-11-18_WeedControl.md</code> \u2705 Complete 4 Moodle Matching <code>GTBOP_Matching_2021-11-18_WeedControl.md</code> \u2705 Complete 4 Moodle Review <code>GTBOP_Review_2021-11-18_WeedControl.md</code> \u2705 Complete 5 Prose Transcript <code>GTBOP_ProseTranscript_2021-11-18_WeedControl.md</code> \u2705 Complete 6 Writing Resources \u2014 Not requested \u2014 Processing Log <code>GTBOP_ProcessingLog_2021-11-18_WeedControl.md</code> \u2705 This document"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/processing-log/#stage-1-transcript-correction","title":"Stage 1: Transcript Correction","text":"<p>Source file: <code>Weed_Control_in_the_Landscape___Nursery_with_Dr__Mark_Czarnota_2021_11_18.srt</code> Block count: 786 blocks, 3,144 lines Reading method: Sequential chunked reads (8 chunks at ~400 lines with overlapping boundaries) Block count verification: 786 original = 786 corrected \u2713</p> <p>Overall transcript quality: Moderate to poor. Whisper struggled significantly with weed science terminology throughout the presentation. Three factors compounded recognition errors: (1) the high density of herbicide product names and chemical terms, (2) Dr. Czarnota's natural conversational pace with frequent asides, and (3) intermittent audio quality issues from his satellite internet connection. The technical heart of the presentation (~20:00\u201336:00) had the highest density of corrections.</p> <p>Total corrections: ~95 individual corrections across ~65 unique error patterns.</p> <p>Dominant error patterns:</p> <p>Herbicide product names rendered as unrelated English words. Whisper consistently phonetized chemical names into plausible-sounding but incorrect word sequences. Examples: \"spectacle\" \u2192 Specticle, \"Best Grant\" \u2192 Basagran, \"Sam Ziner\" \u2192 Simazine, \"Penic\" \u2192 Pennant, \"CDGAT\" \u2192 acetic acid, \"Flumeox\" \u2192 flumioxazin, \"penimethylene\" \u2192 pendimethalin.</p> <p>\"Ornamental\" systematically garbled. The word \"ornamental\" was misrecognized in nearly every instance, producing a wide variety of substitutions: \"ore metal industry,\" \"water metals,\" \"grape minerals,\" \"bro woody or metals.\" This was the single most persistent error pattern in the transcript.</p> <p>Botanical and technical terms rendered phonetically. Scientific terminology was consistently wrong: \"hypocaudal\" \u2192 hypocotyl, \"radical\" \u2192 radicle, \"microtubial\" \u2192 microtubule, \"fluidity numbers\" \u2192 ploidy numbers, \"full loaded\" \u2192 phloem-loaded.</p> <p>Speaker name inconsistency. Dr. Czarnota's name was rendered multiple ways: \"Zermota,\" \"Zornetta,\" \"Czarnota.\" Dr. Joseph's first name appeared as \"Shemette\" and \"Shemak\" as well as the correct \"Shimat.\"</p> <p>Weed science domain confusion. Whisper frequently substituted common English words for weed science terms: \"wheat science\" \u2192 weed science, \"wheat problems\" \u2192 weed problems, \"post-abargin\" \u2192 post-emergent, \"row spectrum weight\" \u2192 broad-spectrum weed.</p> <p>Major correction categories with examples:</p> <ul> <li>Speaker names (6 corrections): Zermota/Zornetta \u2192 Czarnota, Shemette/Shemak \u2192 Shimat</li> <li>Grass species (12+ corrections): Bermuda grass \u2192 bermudagrass, turf grass \u2192 turfgrass, nut sedge \u2192 nutsedge, torpedo grass \u2192 torpedograss, crab grass \u2192 crabgrass</li> <li>Chemical/product names (40+ corrections): The largest category. Included both common corrections from the reference table and many novel patterns specific to this weed science presentation.</li> <li>Technical terms (15+ corrections): Botanical terms, application methods, and weed science concepts</li> <li>Grammar and readability (20+ corrections): Sentence fragments, missing punctuation, filler word removal</li> </ul> <p>Audio verification round: 14 items flagged for verification against the original audio recording. All 14 were resolved:</p> Block Flagged Text Resolution 62 \"wild years\" \u2192 \"why I'm here\" 120 \"salient plant\" \u2192 \"azalea plant\" 141 \"or a board or glyphosate\" \u2192 \"glufosinate or Reward or glyphosate\" 173 \"maroism\" \u2192 \"if you're familiar with them\" 219 \"Banville\" \u2192 \"they have all\" 294 \"Renac are really caused\" \u2192 \"prevent a seed or really cause\" 479 \"As I saw some in a trough land\" \u2192 \"as isoxaben and trifluralin\" 506 \"Penic\" \u2192 \"Pennant\" 557 \"Sam Ziner\" \u2192 \"Simazine\" 570 \"sable pond\" \u2192 \"sabal palm\" 634 \"Post herbicides about five\" Verified correct, no change needed 638 \"CDGAT\" \u2192 \"acetic acid\" 684 \"pregnant mulchins\" \u2192 \"impregnated mulches\" 760 \"already methanced\" \u2192 [laughing] (laughter misheard as words) <p>New correction patterns for the Common Corrections Reference:</p> <p>This was the first weed science-focused webinar processed through the pipeline, and it produced a substantial set of new Whisper error patterns. Herbicide product names were the dominant category \u2014 many of these patterns will recur in future weed science sessions, particularly presentations by Dr. Czarnota and Dr. McCullough. Key additions worth incorporating:</p> <ul> <li>pendimethalin (Whisper: \"penimethylene\"), flumioxazin (\"Flumeox\"), indaziflam (\"Daziflam\"), Basagran (\"Best Grant\"), Sandea (\"Sandia\"), Simazine (\"Sam Ziner\"), Pennant (\"Penic\"), acetic acid (\"CDGAT\")</li> <li>hypocotyl (\"hypocaudal\"), radicle (\"radical\"), microtubule (\"microtubial\"), phloem-loaded (\"full loaded\"), ploidy numbers (\"fluidity numbers\")</li> <li>The \"ornamental\" garbling pattern (ore metal, water metals, etc.) should be flagged as a systematic issue for any presentation in this topic area</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/processing-log/#stage-2-archive-package","title":"Stage 2: Archive Package","text":"<p>Narrative summary: 362 words, covering the full arc of the presentation from weed definitions through biological control, chemical herbicide categories, specific product recommendations, modes of action, glyphosate safety research, and Q&A topics.</p> <p>YouTube timestamps: 17 chapters at approximately one every 3 minutes. Density is appropriate for the content \u2014 the presentation moved quickly through many distinct topics. All timestamps verified against the corrected SRT.</p> <p>Q&A pairs: 11 pairs covering weediness characteristics, mulch importance, pre- vs. post-emergent distinction, recommended products (Dimension, Marengo, BroadStar/SureGuard), glyphosate mammalian safety, granular vs. sprayable formulations, glyphosate damage avoidance, torpedograss control (Drive/quinclorac), bermudagrass selective control (clethodim/Envoy), common application errors, and biological control successes.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/processing-log/#stage-3-platform-optimization","title":"Stage 3: Platform Optimization","text":"<p>Three versions produced:</p> <p>YouTube Version: 4,010 characters (under 5,000 limit). Condensed summary with all 17 timestamps retained. Q&A trimmed to 5 highest-value pairs: pre-emergent recommendations, pre- vs. post-emergent distinction, bermudagrass control, torpedograss control, and common application errors. Resource links included (CDMS.net, Dr. Patrick McCullough for turfgrass questions).</p> <p>Website Version: Full Stage 2 archive package with updated CEU category listing across all 9 approved categories.</p> <p>Extension Agent Version: CEU-forward format with category table at the top showing all 9 approved categories and 1-hour credit. Includes asynchronous viewing instructions for county extension programs and a condensed practical takeaways section extracting actionable recommendations from the presentation (mulch depth, application timing, product selection, frequency guidelines).</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/processing-log/#stage-4-moodle-activities","title":"Stage 4: Moodle Activities","text":"<p>Quiz: 15 multiple-choice questions with timestamp references and block citations. - Difficulty distribution: 6 Recall (40%), 6 Application (40%), 3 Analysis (20%) - Coverage spans early content (weed definitions, biocontrol), middle (herbicide categories, modes of action, products), and late (application practices, Q&A topics) - Notable analysis questions: glyphosate low mammalian toxicity reasoning (EPSP synthase pathway absent in animals), annual chemical vs. hand weeding cost comparison ($800\u20131,200 vs. $2,400\u20134,800/acre/year), 2,4-D selectivity via NIH shift detoxification</p> <p>Matching exercises: 3 exercises with timestamp references and block citations. - Exercise 1 \u2014 Product-Ingredient matching: 8 pairs (Dimension/dithiopyr, Marengo/indaziflam, BroadStar/flumioxazin, Snapshot/isoxaben+trifluralin, Envoy/clethodim, Drive/quinclorac, Treflan/trifluralin, SedgeHammer/halosulfuron) - Exercise 2 \u2014 Timing-Practice matching: 6 pairs covering application scenarios and outcomes - Exercise 3 \u2014 Species ID / Control Method matching: 8 pairs mapping specific weeds to recommended control methods</p> <p>Review activities: 6 timestamp-linked review tasks covering weediness predictors, biological control methods, pre- vs. post-emergent mechanics, modes of action, product recommendations, and common application errors. Initially omitted as the instructions list this activity type as \"Optional\" \u2014 generated on request. Going forward, review activities should be treated as standard.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/processing-log/#stage-5-prose-transcript","title":"Stage 5: Prose Transcript","text":"<p>Word count: 9,834 Section structure: 24 H2 sections, 4 H3 subsections (1 under Modes of Action, 3 under Q&A) Speaker labels: 43 total (Mark Czarnota: 30, Shimat Joseph: 11, Rich Braman: 2) Italicized scientific names: 3 (Marchantia \u00d72, Phyllanthus \u00d71)</p> <p>Section architecture: 1. Introduction and Speaker Background 2. What Is a Weed? Definitions and Weediness Predictors 3. Challenging Weed Problems in Nursery Production 4. Weed Identification and Plant Life Cycles 5. Weed Control Methods: Physical Removal 6. Physical Barriers: Fabrics and Mulches 7. Biological Control 8. Chemical Weed Control: Impact of Major Herbicides 9. Pre-Emergent vs. Post-Emergent Herbicides 10. Herbicide Formulations 11. Trade Names, Active Ingredients, and Cost Savings 12. Herbicide Modes of Action (H3: Dinitroaniline Herbicides) 13. Pre-Emergent Herbicides for Landscape and Nursery 14. Post-Emergent and Selective Herbicides 15. Combination Granular Herbicides 16. Recommended Products: Marengo, BroadStar, SureGuard 17. Best Practices and Common Application Errors 18. Glyphosate Application and Safety Data 19. Herbicide Fate, Half-Lives, and Organic Options 20. Glyphosate: Formulations, Safety Research, and Damage Symptoms 21. Adjuvants and Stump Control 22. Emerging Technologies 23. Questions and Answers (H3: Torpedograss Control, Virginia Buttonweed Control, Bermudagrass Control in Ornamentals) 24. Closing</p> <p>The section count is higher than typical for a 50-minute presentation because Dr. Czarnota moved rapidly through many distinct topics. The presentation covered more ground than most GTBOP sessions, which tend to focus on a narrower subject area in greater depth. The section breaks reflect genuine topic transitions in his delivery.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/processing-log/#presentation-content-overview","title":"Presentation Content Overview","text":"<p>Dr. Czarnota delivered a comprehensive survey of weed control methods for landscape and nursery professionals, covering physical, biological, and chemical approaches. The presentation opened with weed definitions and six characteristics that predict weediness, then moved through challenging real-world problems (Marchantia in propagation, nutsedge penetrating plastic mulch, container weep hole weeds). The biological control section included grass carp, goats for kudzu, thistle weevil, DeVine bioherbicide, and Czarnota's own PhD research on root exudates as natural pre-emergent herbicides.</p> <p>The bulk of the presentation covered chemical weed control: the distinction between pre-emergent and post-emergent herbicides, how each works at the plant biology level, formulation types (granular vs. sprayable with cost/safety tradeoffs), and specific product recommendations. Czarnota identified Dimension (dithiopyr) as the most underutilized pre-emergent and Marengo (indaziflam) as delivering up to 16 weeks of control. He explained modes of action for glyphosate (EPSP synthase inhibition) and dinitroaniline herbicides (microtubule disruption), then addressed glyphosate safety concerns citing the 2017 JNCI study of 44,932 applicators. The Q&A covered torpedograss (Drive/quinclorac), Virginia buttonweed (atrazine), and bermudagrass in ornamentals (clethodim/Envoy). The session had notably broad CEU applicability \u2014 9 categories \u2014 reflecting the cross-disciplinary scope of the content.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/processing-log/#notes-for-team","title":"Notes for Team","text":"<p>New speaker for reference roster: Dr. Mark Czarnota \u2014 Associate Professor of Horticulture, UGA Griffin Campus. Education: BS University of Delaware (1985), MS Virginia Tech (weed science, 1995), PhD Cornell (weed science, 2001). Industry experience includes plant nursery sales and DuPont chemical lab (Stine-Haskell). Research covers weed management in nursery/ornamental plants, landscapes, small fruits, Christmas trees, and orchard floor management. He is not currently in the project speaker roster.</p> <p>New Whisper correction patterns: This session produced the largest set of new correction patterns since the pipeline was established \u2014 roughly 20 novel chemical/product name patterns and 10 technical term patterns specific to weed science. These should be incorporated into the Common Corrections Reference, particularly for future sessions by Dr. Czarnota, Dr. McCullough, or any weed science presenter. The \"ornamental\" garbling pattern is especially important to document as a systematic Whisper failure.</p> <p>CEU and certificate course observations: The breadth of this presentation (9 CEU categories) makes it a strong candidate for inclusion in multiple certificate course tracks. The content on herbicide modes of action and the glyphosate safety data would pair well with Dr. Scharf's insecticide classification session for a cross-disciplinary \"Pesticide Science Fundamentals\" module. The practical product recommendation sections are directly relevant to Cat 24 (Ornamental/Turf) certificate courses.</p> <p>Pipeline note \u2014 Review Activities: The Stage 4 review activities were initially omitted because the instructions describe them as \"Optional.\" They were generated on request and should be treated as standard deliverables going forward for all processed webinars.</p> <p>Stage 6 available: The prose transcript is complete and ready to serve as input for Stage 6 writing resources if a publication project involving this content arises. Given the comprehensive product coverage, a quick-reference compendium of herbicides for landscape professionals would be a natural fit.</p> <p>Processing completed March 1, 2026 Pipeline: Stages 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 + Processing Log Project: GTBOP Webinar Archive Processing (v4.1 instructions)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/","title":"Weed Control in the Landscape and Nursery","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#gtbop-green-commercial-series-november-18-2021","title":"GTBOP Green & Commercial Series \u2014 November 18, 2021","text":"<p>Speaker: Dr. Mark Czarnota, Associate Professor of Horticulture, University of Georgia Griffin Campus Moderator: Dr. Shimat Joseph, Turfgrass Entomologist, University of Georgia Duration: 50:05</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#introduction-and-speaker-background","title":"Introduction and Speaker Background","text":"<p>Shimat Joseph: Welcome everyone. Today our first speaker is Dr. Mark Czarnota. Dr. Czarnota is an associate professor of horticulture located here at the University of Georgia Griffin campus. He received his master's in weed science from Virginia Tech in 1995 and a PhD in weed science from Cornell University in 2001. His primary responsibility is applied research and extension on weed management in nursery and ornamental plants and also in the landscape. So welcome Dr. Czarnota. The floor is yours. Oh, thanks. Thanks.</p> <p>Mark Czarnota: I appreciate it. And I guess I'm ready to go. I got to share my screen again here, I think. Exactly. There we go. Is it stolen back?</p> <p>Shimat Joseph: Now can you see it? Yes I can see it. Okay we're good to go.</p> <p>Mark Czarnota: And anyway hopefully we don't get the zoom bomb. Hopefully Richie prevented all that. Anyway, I'm going to talk about weed control in the landscape and nursery today. And if you have any questions, let me know. And I was going to tell you, Matt, that I have a history slide of where I came from and what I did. Anyway, the next, let me see. How do I... Does that come through? Yeah. I have two.</p> <p>Shimat Joseph: I don't know.</p> <p>Mark Czarnota: I do. Give me one sec here. I just got to get it. That's fine. Okay, I got two open. That's why. Okay, so let's go. So anyway, this is a brief history. As Shimat said, I got my degrees. I actually went to the University of Delaware for undergrad in '85, Virginia Tech for a master's, Cornell for a PhD. And I worked for three years between my master's and PhD, or from my bachelor's and master's degree. I was at a plant nursery selling trees for about a year and a half, selling landscape plants, and then was at the DuPont chemical company when they were, before they merged with Dow. And I was at their Stine Haskell location just as a lab technician. And, but it was a weed control. It was in the weed science lab.</p> <p>So anyway, I work for, of course, you mentioned what I do now. And I have a really strange three-way appointment, which is probably going to change again. And then I cover all aspects of weed control and ornamental, small fruits, Christmas trees, and orchard floor management. And I also do a little bit of work. And some of you might see my work I've been doing with the Christmas tree industry. We've been working with how to propagate that. And I've worked on a couple other propagation projects. But the main thrust of why I'm here is weed science.</p> <p>So I guess I have 45 minutes to go over this talk. I'll go as quick as I can. I got a lot of information to tell you and hopefully you'll gain some weed science knowledge and information on how to control weeds in the landscape and nursery.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#what-is-a-weed-definitions-and-weediness-predictors","title":"What Is a Weed? Definitions and Weediness Predictors","text":"<p>Mark Czarnota: So before, of course, I deal with weeds and weed control, but the big thing \u2014 but if you ever take a weed science class, I don't know how many of you had one, but weeds are, there's a laundry list of what actually a weed is. And we could talk about them being weeds that grow where they're not wanted, a plant out of place. My favorite is a plant whose virtues have not yet been discovered. It might be a chemical in that plant that might save your life or something that we can utilize for other things and as well as food, but other pharmaceutical needs and whatnot. And the biggest reason that I'm here is because their plants out there cause economic loss and we try to make growers as profitable as possible. But there's lots of definitions of that.</p> <p>If you ever take a weed science class, some of the things you talk about in the first class would be something like \u2014 and I've sat through lots and lots of weed control talks and seminars. And so I've been through a lot of these where these people come up with basically mathematical models that try to predict whether a plant's going to become a weed or not. For example, if you import a plant, some type of annual type plant in the U.S., you'll want to know some information about whether or not it's going to be a weed problem. And they always come up with these different categories. And the ones I have here, the six I have here, are ones that always pop up.</p> <p>And it's the presence of a vegetative reproductive structure. That would be like yellow or purple nutsedge. And I'll show you a picture of it, two of that. Abundant seed production, and that would be a plant like pigweed, if you're familiar with all the problems in South Georgia, where one plant will make 5,000 to 10,000 seeds per plant. It's not unusual. Rapid population establishment where that seed can germinate and grow quickly and go to flower and seed again and spread quickly. Seed dormancy, having seed that are dormant for a long time. Adaptive, if you have both the ability to produce lots of seeds and vegetative parts. And if they can occupy a disturbed site, like in mostly in agricultural situations, you'd think of things like that.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#challenging-weed-problems-in-nursery-production","title":"Challenging Weed Problems in Nursery Production","text":"<p>Mark Czarnota: And some of the problems that I run into \u2014 here's a few that I had difficulty trying to control, but this was actually the, in a propagation house in a greenhouse industry, they were growing Marchantia growing azaleas and had problem with this weed called Marchantia. And excuse me, this weed was, they of course want something they put down on this. And what happens is this will suck up nutrients and water and prevent the azalea plant that's recently been rooted from a rooted cutting to getting up to full size to where they could sell it.</p> <p>There's a couple things. We found actually a great product that will control this. It was actually a fungicide, someone who was playing around with another weed scientist that, and we started testing it and it looked great. And unfortunately it didn't get registered by the EPA in our country, even though it was a fungicide already labeled Europe. So strange situation, but it had to do with how they wrote the legal up. And it was, they didn't consult with any of the academic people, which could have helped guide them a little bit. And they didn't do that and they kicked it out because of the toxicology problem. But here's something that we really have no, nothing we can really spray on as a herbicide. And you basically have to go back to doing cultural things where you'd have to cut down on watering as much as you can. Times that the plant is watered and try to keep the surface as dry as you can. Can you use some pre-emergent granular herbicides to help keep it beat back a little bit? But this is a difficult problem we can continue to face in some growers and propagate stuff, might be aware of it.</p> <p>Here's one where I can control plant weeds in the top of the container, but when the weep holes where the seeds come out, it was a difficult situation. You could just spray this with glufosinate or Reward or glyphosate and eliminate this. But I can't put a herbicide in the weep hole. It's just impossible.</p> <p>And anyway, another one in blackberries where I had purple nutsedge coming through the plastic. Most people try to use the plastic type cover and a purple nutsedge, even if there's been fumigated, will survive the fumigation, the tubers will germinate and easily poke through six mil plastic, you can see here. We really have no label product to control this and blackberry, but we were researching Sandea, which you might know as a SedgeHammer as a possible alternative. And if this is yellow nutsedge, which can do the same thing, I could use Basagran or a few other things to try to help them. But it was another situation where there's so much of an answer.</p> <p>This is a picture from when I was out in Oregon one time. This would be people managing grafted cuttings where they actually seeded out plants, grafted them to these seedlings, cut out the actual plant they didn't want, allowed the seedling to grow. This would have been an ash of some type. I don't know which one, I can't remember. And of course the weed control is fabulous here. And this would be, there was hand weeding done in here as well as chemical weed control. And you can see it's perfect for, this is where you're going to get the maximum amount of growth on your tree with no interference from any weed problems.</p> <p>Another situation, this is one just south of me where I live in Pike County. There's a nursery called, it's Mid-Georgia Nursery. And anyway, this is one where they would try to grow, for example, Southern Magnolias. And you try to keep a four to six foot alley where the plants are actually growing and keep that completely weed free and just mow the alleys where the grasses or weeds are. And then try to get as much growth out of these trees as you can and harvest them as quickly as you can. So this is a situation where you'd want to use pre-herbicides to keep the weeds down and you might have to use some post-herbicides in other states where the pre-emergent weed control has failed or stopped working and you just have to do a cleanup application. You see all the situations that you can run into.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#weed-identification-and-plant-life-cycles","title":"Weed Identification and Plant Life Cycles","text":"<p>Mark Czarnota: But when you're trying to control weeds, one of the most important things I tell people is to try to be able to identify the weed you're trying to control. And here's just a quick picture to try to refresh people or make people aware of this. If you're not too versed on weed control, but for example, we have a picture of yellow nutsedge on the left and another picture of chamberbitter or a leaf flower, a couple of different names for that plant. But it's a Phyllanthus species that you'll see in containers. And we have little ones that kind of look like tiny mimosa trees if you're familiar with them. It's another species, but very similar growth pattern and can be a problem in the landscape.</p> <p>But the yellow nutsedge will be a plant that's a vegetative, coming back from a vegetative structure every year. We'll die back to the ground, come back from a vegetative structure, and then you have chamber bitter, which will be a plant growing from seed, but it's only going to germinate when the soil temperatures are up around \u2014 you have to get the soil temperatures above 70 to get it to germinate. And it tends to be a late spring, early summer weed that you start seeing. So if you don't have a pre-emergent herbicide down during that period that's active, then you're not going to control this plant very well. So you have to think about the strategies. And if you know about the history of the weed problems that you've had, you can start thinking about, okay, what I got to do is try to control these. With the yellow nutsedge, you don't have to use post-emergent type herbicide. And that can be limiting depending on where you have the yellow nutsedge growing.</p> <p>Glyphosate will work really well on it as long as you have the right rates. And you can use a product called Sandea, which I'll show you a list of these as we go forward here. And that'll selectively control it in landscape situations as long as you keep the spray off of most of the landscape ornamentals.</p> <p>And then on top of that, I'm going to try to hopefully beat into your head that you need to really consider using pre-emergent herbicides, but on particularly annual type plants. But the life cycle of plants are either annual or perennial, and sometimes they fall in that gray area where they're a biannual, where our plant is. It's going to last about 18 months to 24 months, the plant will stick around. It's usually most plants that are biennial are about 18 months from seed to finally when they perish or die and then pass their genes on through the seeds. But annuals, of course, will only do that by seed. Perennials, of course, can do that from seed or vegetative structures. For example, we meet bermudagrass all around and sod. And then with plants like yellow nutsedge, we come in either containerized ornamentals or bald burlap ornamentals or in sod.</p> <p>And then, but plants like dogfennel, they come from seed. Originally where they blow out like dandelion seed growing, bland in a dandelion field germinate. But once that plant's germinated, it's going to come back as a perennial. We require a very different weed control method to control it. And you'd have to go back to use the selective post-emergent herbicides. And we'll talk about those here in a little bit.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#weed-control-methods-physical-removal","title":"Weed Control Methods: Physical Removal","text":"<p>Mark Czarnota: As far as the control options, you have physical removal, physical barriers, and chemical weed control. And these are my categories of weed control. I try to simplify it as best I can. And of course, I'm going to talk about each one of these, the first three very briefly, and of course, chemical weed control. I'm going to spend a few minutes on that one.</p> <p>As far as physical removal, that's just tillage, mainly used in bed preparation and hand removal, can be useful with annual type shallow-rooted plants. That's really, in the fields I work in, that's pretty much all we can do, utilize our own as far as tillage. And the physical removal also would be when encounter, we can use heat or flame. That's used quite a bit in the industry. It used to be a lot more, but the flamethrowers can be used in landscape situations where you can buy propane tanks to burn stuff down.</p> <p>But anyway, I was talking about heat being utilized in the soil system and of course fire in the landscape type system. I mean, in the forestry system. But anyway, they have all, there's going to be a lot of automation come in certain situations, particularly like vegetable situations. Like this is an auto hoe I took out this past January or February out of the publication I get. And this is a type of situation where you're growing like broccoli, they can scan the surface and they know exactly what the broccoli leaves look like, there's mechanical pickers inside that machine, they won't let us look into it because it's proprietary, and but then you're going to see these type things develop as we move forward in a lot of situations. But we got a long ways to go, but I think as time moves forward, it's going to be a very popular thing because they don't require an insurance policy or 24 hours a day, seven days a week and don't complain about bathroom breaks.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#physical-barriers-fabrics-and-mulches","title":"Physical Barriers: Fabrics and Mulches","text":"<p>Mark Czarnota: As far as physical barriers, all these are, if you really think about these are just a fabric or some type of carrier on the ground to prevent the seed from germinating. And that's the whole goal of these. And there are fabrics, films, layers that smother plant growth. There are many synthetic fabrics that allow, you want these fabrics to allow air and water to pass, but prevent the weed seed from popping through. And there was lots of research done on this in the 90s, they're used to generally in combination with some type of mulch being inorganic mulch like stone or even regular mulch that are organic mulch which I don't recommend. And they can, they're usually about 10 cents a square foot somewhere around that barrier. They prevent weeds from \u2014 and weeds often penetrate these which can be a problem. But as long as you keep the UV light off of them, you don't, they can last eight, ten years no problem. Unlike plastics where they, six plastic is for about three years roughly is what we get out in the field until it naturally starts falling apart, in like blueberry situations.</p> <p>As far as mulches, there's organic and inorganic. And organic mulches would be like pine needles, pine bark, wood chips. And inorganic mulches, inorganic would be like river rock, stone, marble chips, lava rock, so lots of these out on the market. Organic mulch should be composted. Make sure there's no wood in them or very limited, less than 10%. You should see that white wood. That's what you don't want to see. But if it is, it just needs to be composted for several months to get rid of that, to make sure it's not going to affect nitrogen uptake with your plant.</p> <p>We try to maintain the two to four inch layer of mulch to maintain good weed control. We probably want to do that once or twice a year at least to keep the mulch layer refreshed. And this helps maintain soil temperatures and moisture as well as adds organic matter. But a big thing I used to tell and always remember is you have bare soil, you're going to have weed growth. Try to remember that. You have to get mulch or plant material growing on that.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#biological-control","title":"Biological Control","text":"<p>Mark Czarnota: So anyway, as far as bio control, there's not that much out there that most of us at the research level. And, but there are some situations where it works well. I do answer questions quite a bit on aquatic weed control, but there's, these are pathogens, insects and grazing animals can be used for weed control, but grass carp are very popular. And if you have a small pond, we'd recommend about eight, 10 grass carp per surface acre. And they do a really good job of controlling stuff over time. A lot of the emergent weeds, a lot of the submerged weeds, and they're pretty good.</p> <p>And a lot, there are some people I see use geese. And of course, goats, I'll show you a picture of one that I saw. And geese, they run them around in a lot of nursery situations, and they'll eat a lot of those small seedlings, weed seedlings coming up. And then pathogens and insects are hard to develop. They can move the desire of a plant and have a short shelf life. A few marketable products are available.</p> <p>There was a product that called DeVine that was real popular, that was popular with the citrus growers to control Florida Strangler Vine, worked real well. When it worked so well, it killed everything and they couldn't sell it anymore, but they didn't plan on doing that. But that was one of the reasons that they, like the USDA and the company worked on it together, put much of our investment in it, but it was an organic type of thing, worked real well.</p> <p>Goats are one, or sheep are one, where this picture I took where they were, this was our ag forest field day, probably six years ago. And anyway, the guy came out from Fort Valley, fenced in an area of kudzu, and this was in about four o'clock in the afternoon. I came back the next morning and this is what it looked like. It'll be a real good situation where you can come in here and chop all this stuff out now and you can use herbicides on regrowth. It would be a good example of a combo combination type attack and control on weeds where you use an organically type situation and also chemical means also.</p> <p>The biocontrol on the thistle weevil worked really well too. And it was a one where you would actually release this weevil, the thistle weevil eggs around these thistles that are biennial. They would hatch out, produce a little worm. You could see in the second picture. It's right here. And that would actually choke out where all the seeds are developing, prevent a seed or really cause the seed development to not develop so well. And you'd have very limited production of the seed. So you don't get much of the regrowth. So over about a two, three year period, these little weevils can eliminate a lot of this problem. And so it worked as a good example of where bio control worked really well.</p> <p>We might not see many of these organisms develop in the future, but you'll probably see a lot of their products or mechanisms come to light. I think you'll see a lot of that. The first bioherbicide virus was released back in 2014 for a controlled tropical soda apple. That was a real interesting thing they came out with, but it was a thing out of the University of Florida.</p> <p>And the first top picture is a picture of my doctorate degree where I worked on \u2014 this is actually a root hair, root hair is touching the glass slide and off the slides, there's this root exudate coming off. So it's very similar to a product called Atrazine, which you're familiar with. And that product actually, that plant product is also fairly toxic, but it does a really good job of providing pre-emergent control. And I spent four years of my life working on it. I could tell you a whole lot of information about it, but you'd probably be bored to tears. But anyway, what we were hoping to do though, is take that, the genes that produce, they're able to produce that and put that in another plant like rice and overexpress it. And then maybe get a plant to produce some herbicide. But anyway, there's all kinds of problems with that, but it's a great idea.</p> <p>This will be a picture of the thistle that we were released in 1990 and what it looked like in 96. These pictures off of Dr. Bunn and I can see what's working with this in the nineties. And it worked quite well. And usually when you work with grown-up pasture people, you might get a bush hog to be the best means of weed control. And this is something that would work real well, I think, for people, particularly on these invasive type weeds like thistle. It was a weed we brought in and imported it. It became a problem. And, of course, cattle don't like to eat it.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#chemical-weed-control-impact-of-major-herbicides","title":"Chemical Weed Control: Impact of Major Herbicides","text":"<p>Mark Czarnota: So our chemical weed control now, I'm going to talk a bit about this and hopefully I'll get you something before that. Hopefully you'll learn something from this.</p> <p>But anyway, the chemical weed control is usually, it's sometimes the last alternative. And it's usually combined with other control measures for controlling weed. The products are safe when used properly, most of them have been around for longer than 50 years. They are easy to use and save hours of labor. And there's some products that really have huge impacts on food production. But 2,4-D, atrazine, and glyphosate, they've changed the world forever as far as production. And most people don't know, 2,4-D is still, I think, number one produced herbicide in the world. It goes back and forth between glyphosate and 2,4-D.</p> <p>But anyway, 2,4-D, it works real well in row crops that are grass crops, kills broadleaves for you. And there's a lot of plants that are getting transformed to be able to handle 2,4-D applications over the top of them. So, for example, if you can put a 2,4-D resistant gene in soybeans and kill off plants that might be resistant to glyphosate. So, we're doing a lot of that type of stuff now, but these three products have impacted our abilities to produce our food and allow people to do other things in life, be doctors, lawyers, economics people, entertainers. Otherwise, they'd be out pulling weeds in the field. And I don't like doing that.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#pre-emergent-vs-post-emergent-herbicides","title":"Pre-Emergent vs. Post-Emergent Herbicides","text":"<p>Mark Czarnota: Now, hopefully you can listen to this. This is where you might gain some really good information. But of the herbicides that are out there, there's pre-emergent herbicides and post-emergent herbicides. Those are the main two categories we have. And pre-emergent herbicides are applied to bare soil mulch before germination seeds. They need water to move or activate the soils into the seed germination zone, which means you want to put these products on before the seeds come up. So I'd recommend January, February for most people around here in Georgia. And then you need a rain event of about a half inch to an inch to move the product into the first quarter inch of the soil you hope, because most of these products are really watering solid. And then you'll get about at least 8 to 12 weeks weed control where it will interact with any germinating seeds that prevent them from becoming an issue.</p> <p>Most emerging herbicides are applied anytime after the seeds have germinated and they need a certain period of dryness after the application. For example, a product like glyphosate or Roundup, you might be very familiar with. You'd apply that, spray that on a plant leaf or a plant, it would dry and then be absorbed into the plant. With glyphosate it's a phloem-loaded product which moves around the entire plant system, which is, we don't have very many of those. And it would control the plant by cutting down the production of three amino acids. And that would be the two differences.</p> <p>But some herbicides actually work, can work as a pre and post-emergent herbicide. But there's plenty like glyphosate, which only is a post-emergent herbicide. And if you spray it on the ground, it's inactivated immediately because it falls to the soil particles and come off until it falls off as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.</p> <p>This is just a quick shot of what most of the seeds that germinate, we have a seed bank, anything less than about a quarter inch of soil, most of those seeds are in what we call seed bank. Anything above quarter inch in this plant that could be actively germinate and grow. Most of the pre-emergent herbicides you apply and when we get a rate of that, they move or migrate in that top quarter inch of the soil where the germinating seeds, where the hypocotyl usually comes out first and then the radicle comes out. And then they can get absorbed on either the hypocotyl or the radicle and absorb a couple of herbicide molecules. And then those herbicides cause usually problems. There's some biopathway that inhibit the plant from growing well and allow the other plants to grow, canopy over, and eventually these plants will die because they just can't grow. It's what you hope. Sometimes they can linger for quite a while.</p> <p>As far as the pre and post-emergent herbicides, we have selective and non-selective herbicides. Selective herbicides control a certain group of plants that are safe like 2,4-D and then a non-selective group like Roundup where they control everything they come in contact with. So you should remember that.</p> <p>And then just some examples of ones like we got Preen, which is a pre-emergent herbicide. There's a couple of different versions of it. The regular Preen was just trifluralin. Preen Southern, which you might be familiar with, has dithiopyr, which I think is one of the most underused herbicide, pre-emergent herbicides on the market. And then we got, of course, Roundup, which is the post-emergent herbicide Roundup, which has gained a lot of notoriety because of some of the court cases. And then we have one called SedgeHammer or ProSedge, if you're familiar with those, which can kill nutsedge that's emerged, but it can also have some pre-emergent weed control on even nutsedge and a lot of annual weeds coming from seed.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#herbicide-formulations","title":"Herbicide Formulations","text":"<p>Mark Czarnota: But anyway, the formulations of herbicides are made to be applied as dry, as granular. So they either put the herbicide on a granular and it's usually on a piece of, it's either kaolinitic clay or it's on biodeck, which is newspaper, or it's meant to be formulated and applied with water as a carrier most of the time or as a liquid. So you can either create, the formulations are created to be applied dry as a granular, be a sprayable or a use of water as a carrier. And sprayables can be a concentrate that's either a liquid or a dry. So either one of those could be, you know, it just depends on chemical manufacturer and what's the best way to formulate that product is what I can tell you.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#trade-names-active-ingredients-and-cost-savings","title":"Trade Names, Active Ingredients, and Cost Savings","text":"<p>Mark Czarnota: And then just as an example, the trade name would be Roundup. The active ingredient would be glyphosate, the full chemical name. If you want to know exactly how to draw a molecule, you would use that chemical name. And then you could learn a lot about that molecule's charge and activity and whatnot by knowing that. But what I'm most interested myself in is the active ingredient or common chemical name. If that product tells me it's glyphosate and I know the formulation, I always look on there and tell you how many pounds per gallon. If it's a four-pound gallon, I know exactly how much to put out. I get decent weed control most of the way, and I can make that information.</p> <p>I used to get a lot of questions on \u2014 I was on this glyphosate product that works real well, and it's half the cost of regular Roundup. It works great, and I tell people to use it. But if you can arm yourself to start looking at what the active ingredient is, you can save a lot of money. I guess is what I'm trying to get across, because it's just the same way with like designer clothes and things like that. Once the product comes off patent, a lot of people start to make it and it's the same product and just in a different container for the same uses that you might be utilizing before. So that's something to keep track of.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#herbicide-modes-of-action","title":"Herbicide Modes of Action","text":"<p>Mark Czarnota: As far as the modes of action, it's real important for some people to understand this because you cannot understand how the product is, realize it, maybe the safety of it to you and whatnot. But for example, glyphosate, it inhibits what we call the EPSP synthase pathway, which is production of three amino acids. So it's tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. You might not know about that pathway or the amino acids, but the important thing to remember is those amino acids, we have to eat those to get those. We don't have that pathway in our body. And this is what makes glyphosate so, one of the reasons it's so non-toxic to us in the environment, because no animals have that pathway. So it works on a pathway that's not even in our bodies.</p> <p>And then as far as the mechanisms by which plants detoxify these herbicides, that's sometimes called a mode of action too. And for example, a lot of people want to know why 2,4-D is not, it doesn't hurt grasses. And it's mainly because there's several ways plants actually detoxify that herbicide. But there's this one called NIH shift, which basically means that the plant has an enzyme system that can gobble up that 2,4-D molecule and change where the actual chlorine groups are on the molecule and inactivate it. That's what the grasses do. One of the ways the grasses deactivate that herbicide. So it's quite fascinating.</p> <p>But what I understand these modes of action, like I mentioned, is how to use the herbicides, better understanding of how they perform, diagnosis of herbicide injury, make you sound like you know what you're doing in public. You can explain this information to the public and try to make them less scared of it.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#dinitroaniline-herbicides","title":"Dinitroaniline Herbicides","text":"<p>Mark Czarnota: Some of the ones that you might really be understand or help you to understand is the herbicides would be the dinitroaniline herbicides. You might be from everything because they're colored. They're either orange or yellow. And Treflan, which would be one, pendimethalin, Surflan, benefin, and Barricade would be ones that are in this mode of action. And they cause what we call microtubule disruption. And that's actually when the cells go to divide in a plant, the chromosomes go to two different, they'll divide and then they'll get pulled two different ends of the cells. And those organs that pull the chromosomes apart and make them equal on both sides of the cell are called microtubules. This herbicide binds onto there and prevents them from happening and or messes this whole system up and plant can't lay what's called cell plate down and make another cell basically. And that's why you see this club rooting on the left on the corn that you see, and this happens a lot in growers fields that they put somebody in a previous crop put too high of a rate of one of these herbicides down and this can cause big problems.</p> <p>But anyway, they're mainly used as pre-emergent herbicides to the backbone of the ornamental industry still. And they can also change ploidy numbers. They have to spray a high rate on the plant and try to get ploidy number to change. If you're a breeder and can change chromosome number basically, because the plants can't, the chromosomes will get doubled a lot of times because the cells will pull apart and that cell that becomes stuffed, you can get a different plant to come off of that if you grow tissue culture or it can even come out of some different shoots sometimes. But it's interesting.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#pre-emergent-herbicides-for-landscape-and-nursery","title":"Pre-Emergent Herbicides for Landscape and Nursery","text":"<p>Mark Czarnota: These are all the herbicides that are available to the landscape industry, these are all the pre's that are available and I could talk and bully to death about all these but I'm not going to do that. And anyway, Surflan is one you might be familiar with, this one has come off \u2014 it didn't come off the market, the last plant that manufactured it actually blew up. It's unavailable to the growers today or it's what you can find on the market, so you can get \u2014 it's pretty much gone.</p> <p>A couple you might want to know is Dimension is one of the ones that's one of the least utilized herbicides, needs to be utilized more in the landscape and turf industry because you can spray this in most turfgrasses on most landscape situations, pretty much all the broad woody ornamentals, there are even some perennials and annuals you can use this product on. It works very well. And I'm very impressed with it.</p> <p>Broadstar or flumioxazin is one that's really good. As far as it comes in, this is granular formulation. There are also a sprayable formulation called SureGuard. And then Marengo and Specticle is a indaziflam. This is probably one of those best products I've tested, but it's mainly for just the woody ornamentals, established woody ornamentals. But you can get upwards of 16 weeks of pre-emergent weed control out of this product.</p> <p>And of course, isoxaben is a great product if you do sprays, but if you spray this, you can spray it with a product called Pennant and get really safe weed control on very young material and lots of perennials and annuals. So anyway, but these are all pre-emergent herbicides and pretty much all of them are available for use of container or shield-grown ornamentals or landscape uses.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#post-emergent-and-selective-herbicides","title":"Post-Emergent and Selective Herbicides","text":"<p>Mark Czarnota: And these are post-emergent herbicides, just as I switch gears, these are the ones that are available for the post-emergent control where you can use them. And you can see for non-selective herbicides, we have Reward, Finale, Glyphosate, Roundup, Goal, and Scythe. And the only one of these products that's actually systemic and will move around and plant and kill it is Glyphosate. So it's a real important herbicide for us.</p> <p>The grass herbicides, you might be familiar. These are just products, grass products, these burn down emerged grasses, and they cause control of the grass. And so they work real well, controlling emerged grasses. And then as far as selective weed control, we hardly have anything. So that's why it's so important to control things pre-emergingly from seed.</p> <p>But we have Basagran and product Image, which is still, you can find it difficult to find, but those two products used to be used to control yellow nutsedge and purple nutsedge. Basagran controlled yellow, Image controlled purple. And that's the main reason we had those products. They do control some other weeds. And then of course, when SedgeHammer came out of ProSedge, that pretty much eliminated the need for Basagran and Image. But that controls yellow nutsedge and purple nutsedge fairly well in turfgrass situations. That also is post-directed application in the landscape situation. And so is Certainty. It's like that also.</p> <p>And then of course, Garlon is utilized. I put this one in here because it's in the Brush-B-Gon products that a lot of people had a hold of for controlling brush. You can paint this product on a stem like an oak or a pine that's coming up in your landscape bed and it'll keep it from emerging and just cut it off and you don't have to dig it out.</p> <p>And then that's pretty much all we have.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#combination-granular-herbicides","title":"Combination Granular Herbicides","text":"<p>Mark Czarnota: As far as the combo herbicides, these are granular herbicides you might be familiar with, but these products are used as pre-emergent herbicide. Some of them have a product called oxyfluorfen in it, and this product naturally will prevent when the seeds germinate, if it's not beyond the two to three leaf stage, you can use these products to have oxyfluorfen in it that will prevent or burn down the germinated weeds and also have a good pre-emergent herbicide like, for example, an OH2 and pendimethalin. And they give you a good eight to ten weeks of weed control in that container. And these are mainly used by container growers. Most of these could be used in the landscape, but most of the sales are container people.</p> <p>And the most popular one is probably for a long time, Snapshot. And it's because of safety, as isoxaben and trifluralin, it's very safe in use and a lot of plant material. But these are great products. And you utilize all these products, too, I should tell you, from 100 to 200 pounds per acre.</p> <p>But anyway, a lot of people ask me about annual and perennial weed control. But of those products, I just listed, Cancel, Snapshot, XL, FreeHand, Treflan are very good but I would highly recommend Snapshot, XL, and FreeHand are three, they're really good. The only problem is XL has a oryzalin that's going to be around once, once all the stock is used up.</p> <p>As I mentioned about Surflan, hopefully AMVAC is going to make some agreement with China to try to come back. That's basically where we're going to head. And the earliest will be available, it'll be late 23 now. That's not going to happen anytime next year.</p> <p>And then alternatives for Surflan would be Pennant Magnum. I would use it from 20 to 42 ounces per acre. And you can do up to 67.2 ounces per year. And it's a re-entry interval of 24 hours. And you can tank mix it with Simazine or Gallery for really good broad-spectrum weed control.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#recommended-products-marengo-broadstar-sureguard","title":"Recommended Products: Marengo, BroadStar, SureGuard","text":"<p>Mark Czarnota: Anyway, I'm going to skip. So I'm going to try to fly through this year, but the new herbicides that are out there, Marengo came out about three years ago now. And a lot of people still don't know about it, but you can use it in landscape. And if you're growing ornamentals in either containers or in the ground, that is a product you need to try. And any share of a landscape situation, I'd highly recommend.</p> <p>But also Broadstar is another great one, which is a granular form, but you can buy. The sprayable form is called SureGuard. And then, of course, I always spray the Snapshot, FreeHand, I mentioned to you about the safe weed control. Safety, desirable plants can get fairly decent weed control.</p> <p>And just a slide, you can see Marengo 16 weeks after treatment, a pecan study I had out, how great it works. The only thing that would be problems here, if you had nutsedge, it would not control nutsedge and that Marengo would fall apart.</p> <p>Just some sprays you might be interested in, Gallery, of course with Surflan, if you can still get it, Barricade, Pendulum, Marengo, and SureGuard, they can stand all by themselves. And be a great product and get weed control from 10 to somewhere between 12 and 16 weeks, even in South Georgia.</p> <p>Just a picture of a slide. When you're using pre-emergent herbicides, this would be just when I was looking at a product called Tower and I'd put weeds in the pot. It was a sabal palm. We control, you could imagine weeding out an acre of ornamentals like this. It's going to cost you about $1,200 to $1,600 an acre to pull weeds out of one gallon pots on an acre. And I can easily do a weed control for less than $200. You don't have to do that about three or four times a year, which would, if you had hand weed, you'd do that probably two or three times a year, which you'd go bankrupt trying to keep yourself in business.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#best-practices-and-common-application-errors","title":"Best Practices and Common Application Errors","text":"<p>Mark Czarnota: Just good things to remember is good weed control doesn't happen by accident and will not last and takes time. You never get 100% weed control with a single application on pre or post herbicide. You're always going to have to go do some hand weeding or some post-directed applications of herbicides. But you need to think about what you're trying to control and have some plan that you're trying to attack stuff.</p> <p>And this time of year is great because you get a reset. We'll get a frost to kill all the annual weeds. And that gives you a little time to adjust, get some herbicides if you need them or make a plan of getting some mulch down and using it maybe some herbicides in combination to try to get rid of some problematic weeds. I mean, you know that there's, for example, if you have a lot of chamber bitters, like I showed you a picture of, you could get a pre-emergent herbicide like Dimension or Marengo down during that timeframe. So if you put it down, maybe an application in January, February, and again in April, May, you're going to have pretty good weed control of those problematic weeds.</p> <p>I'd love to have a selected post-emergent herbicide for every weed we have, see it and treat it, but that's not reality. But currently the best way to control weeds is with pre-herbicides. And then granules do provide poor control of the sprays, but are much safer. And people often ask me why do they have so many different formulations? But the granulars will fall through the canopy of the plant, hit the ground. And then when you get a rain event, they ooze out from those granulars and then give you weed control. But sprays come in contact right with the plant, which increases the possibilities of damage. But sprays are always cheaper to get the same amount of active ingredients just because the fact that most granulars are 2% active, but sprays can be, the bottle you get, can it be upwards of 90% active.</p> <p>Some errors I see: no rain after pre-herbicide applications, rained after post-herbicide applications, poorly calibrated equipment, poor choices in herbicides, and using a pre-herbicide after most of those weeds have germinated. Most pre-herbicides aren't going to give you control with that.</p> <p>And then if you're doing field applications, I do two to four applications a year. If you're doing container weed control, you're going to have to do about four to six applications a year. With pre-herbicides, try to use at least two different products. But if you use the combo herbicides, this really is a problem. And make sure you have a rain event after you put a pre-herbicide on. When you get in that May, April, May area here in Georgia, sometimes we don't get any rain. And you put a pre-herbicide down and you don't get any range within 72 hours, you're going to start losing weed control with that product.</p> <p>And then also two to four inch layer of mulch, like I mentioned, is a great pre-emergent herbicide. In a case situations, once the plants can be, herbicides or applications should be rare at that point. But you can just come back and do just manually pull the weeds out or do a post-directed application or even paint a product like glyphosate on a blackberry or something to get rid of it. Those are things that you can do to get rid of stuff.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#glyphosate-application-and-safety-data","title":"Glyphosate Application and Safety Data","text":"<p>Mark Czarnota: And then anyway, as far as only spray glyphosate on a live growing plant material, you don't apply glyphosate solution to the trunk of base of thin bark trees and the herbicide applications need to be dry, need to dry before rain, otherwise it's not going to work well. And glyphosate, remember, is the only broad spectrum herbicide.</p> <p>And this is just a slide here of all where you can get the actual MSDS sheets or the safety data sheets, SDS sheets, they call them now. And then, or the labels, but this, the CDMS.net probably has 80% of all the pesticides you might come in contact with. Otherwise, you're going to have to get contact a manufacturer's website to find it if you want to get it.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#herbicide-fate-half-lives-and-organic-options","title":"Herbicide Fate, Half-Lives, and Organic Options","text":"<p>Mark Czarnota: And then a lot of people want to know where herbicides go when they break down, but most of them actually bond to, they're absorbed by the clay or organic matter and hang out until they break down. That's usually what happens to them. And if you're interested in seeing how long they, the half-life of them, which is how long it takes to go if we extract the soil to see the original amount to half of what we put out \u2014 a lot of people might be interested in this. Glyphosate takes about 50 days to break to get about half of what you put down to go. And then you probably need two or three half-lives until you can't get it. And you couldn't extract it anymore. But 2,4-D is about 10. Post herbicides about five. And glufosinate might be, right, whether it's only about seven days. It breaks down very quickly.</p> <p>So on the organic products that are out there, they're all burned down products. And the last time I checked, which is less than a year ago, there was acetic acid, all the these, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, burned down type products that are either oils or acids. And then you also pre-emergent, the only pre-emergent herbicide we have is corn gluten, put it down at about 2,000 pounds an acre, which obviously is not useful here, but it could be useful if you're working out in Iowa where they produce a lot of corn.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#glyphosate-formulations-safety-research-and-damage-symptoms","title":"Glyphosate: Formulations, Safety Research, and Damage Symptoms","text":"<p>Mark Czarnota: And then glyphosate, lots of new formulations that keep coming out, if it's a four-pound gallon or the 41% active, you use it between a quarter of a 10% solution, but 2% kill almost everything. If you're wicking it on, you want to use 25 to 50% and then stuff. She can use a 50 or a hundred percent solution to kill weeds.</p> <p>And then I don't, I'm going to go, I'm not going to go through this, but let's say basically came under scrutiny and it's still a problem. There's lots of lawsuits out there has settled with them. I think, but, a lot of people asked me if glyphosate is safe. They found out there was, in 2017, the Journal of the National Cancer Institute reviewed glyphosate of 44,932 licensed applicators of glyphosate, North Carolina, Iowa, 5,779 indicate incidents of cancer were out of these 44,000 were noted, but it's no different than the national average background actually of people getting cancer. So there's really no association between glyphosate and any solid tumor or lymphoid malignancies overall is what they concluded. And a lot of people ask me, is glyphosate safe? It's a registered product. It goes under heavy scrutiny from the US EPA and European EPA for human toxicity, environmental impact. And if used correctly, the evidence is that glyphosate is not likely to cause issues with us.</p> <p>So anyway, if you're interested in that, and if you spray continually like glyphosate on the base of crape myrtles, it's kind of damaging. We call it bud blasting. And if you have glyphosate mixed in your tank, there's a picture of hydrangea below guys showing you the difference in the bud. But this will be an example of the guy above, holding it, this would be a sublethal dose, plant still comes out, looks terrible and people want to ask me how long is it going to take for that plant to come out. The picture of the crape myrtle on the left, it needs to be torn out, replanted. The picture of the hydrangea on the bottom, if you prune that back, it'd probably come back in probably two months.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#adjuvants-and-stump-control","title":"Adjuvants and Stump Control","text":"<p>Mark Czarnota: And then anyway, the surfactants, just make sure if you have to use a surfactant or an adjuvant is what the umbrella is, that you use it. You can decrease activity from 20 to 40% if you're not using an adjuvant when you need to.</p> <p>And then people often ask about stump control. Don't forget you can apply glyphosate as a paint, selectively apply it so you don't have to spray it. And keep it away, but you could paint glyphosate on a, for example, or a triclopyr on a piece of, and that'll kill that plant. 90% of the time, that thing's not even going to re-bud. If it re-buds, it's not going to be happy.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#emerging-technologies","title":"Emerging Technologies","text":"<p>Mark Czarnota: And, but there's lots of new stuff going on. And impregnated mulches were released back in 2012 with gly... They actually have Surflan on, you can buy them, and I've seen them available at Home Depot on Lowe's. There's going to be better herbicide formulations, vehicles for slow release herbicides. Our common target is targeting weeds with herbicides. That I could see being a big issue. There's laser machines out now. And I showed you a picture of the mechanical picker.</p> <p>And that's all I have. I'm sorry I lost you. I would have been a little bit slower. But anyway, does anybody have any questions?</p> <p>Shimat Joseph: Do you have time? I'd be happy to answer.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#questions-and-answers","title":"Questions and Answers","text":"<p>Shimat Joseph: Thank you so much, Mark. Is it, anybody has any questions, please, you can use the Q&A box and type it there. And I can ask. It looks like we have a question.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#torpedograss-control","title":"Torpedograss Control","text":"<p>Shimat Joseph: So this is from Robert, asking, having a difficult time with torpedograss, what would you recommend to control?</p> <p>Mark Czarnota: Okay. I guess you had, I guess I can repeat the question. Guy has trouble with torpedograss. Oh, that's a great question. And I have an answer for you. I don't know what it's growing in, but there's a product actually called Drive that works really well on torpedograss. And you, Drive is not labeled yet for use in overtop ornamentals, but we're working on a label for that or that we're, I don't know where it got to, but we actually got it for weed control in blueberries and blackberry, but it does control torpedograss very well. And I don't know if that would be an option for you. I don't know where it's growing in turfgrass or in ornamentals.</p> <p>But I've done some studies with it at the university here. The product Drive, quinclorac, you would have known. It's fairly safe on most woody type ornamentals. But again, it's not labeled. You'd have to do experiments yourself to decide. It wouldn't be a label application. You'd have to just try it out and see how it works and then hopefully we get a label for it.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#virginia-buttonweed-control","title":"Virginia Buttonweed Control","text":"<p>Shimat Joseph: We have time for one more question. I think the other question that popped up is a control of Virginia buttonweed in turfgrass. Do you have any other conditions?</p> <p>Mark Czarnota: Yeah, buttonweed, I don't do turfgrass, buttonweed, weed control, most of the time you can use \u2014 it depends on the turfgrass variety, but you can use atrazine or there's a couple other of the products like Revolver or Manor or Monument. They have some activity on that plant. It's a very difficult plant to control in turfgrass. And even if you get it creeping into the landscape bed, which often happens, it can be difficult.</p> <p>But, you know, in turfgrass, atrazine is probably the cheapest way to go. If you do probably two applications of a quart per acre each time, if you use the four pound gallon. But anyway, Patrick would be McCullough, Dr. McCullough, or I call him Patrick or he can call him Pat too, I'm sure. But he does turfgrass weed control, but that's a big perennial problem. And that's a plant too that sometimes over winters, as we get global warming, you know, a lot of these plants that sometimes aren't, are just annuals are starting to be perennial because they're not getting killed back. And that's one I'm saying starting to make it through South Georgia winters. But atrazine, again, for turfgrass would be probably the cheapest route if you've got Bermuda or zoysia or turfgrass that atrazine can help.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#bermudagrass-control-in-ornamentals","title":"Bermudagrass Control in Ornamentals","text":"<p>Shimat Joseph: I will take one more question. So this is from, what is your recommendation for selective control of bermudagrass in ornamentals?</p> <p>Mark Czarnota: Okay, that's another great question. When you, anytime you have bermudagrass creeping into your ornamentals, I really tell people probably the best product that, that I, that's out there currently that gives you the best activity \u2014 but there really isn't much difference between all the grass herbicides \u2014 it would be the clethodim or the Envoy product. That one works really well and it'll beat back the bermudagrass probably for a, old for you, you probably get three, four months before you have to do a retreat.</p> <p>And basically, for example, if you have junipers and bermudagrass creeping into it, that's a really good option to do that. You just spray that band where the bermudagrass is meeting with junipers and it'll do a good job of keeping that back. But any of them work okay. We would have Segment, Envoy, Fusilade, which would be DX, and you can buy that as GraspiGuard also. Those three products all work fairly well. But clethodim probably gives you about 10%, 15% better activity, if I had to tell you that, from what I've seen.</p> <p>But Glyphosate works really well if you get the rates high enough. But of course, you can't use that selectively like you can't in the grass herbicide. So if you spray that over top, [laughing] you're not going to be happy. It'll kill both the bermudagrass and any desirable plant that you want. But that's a great question. That's often a big question, I guess.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/prose-transcript/#closing","title":"Closing","text":"<p>Shimat Joseph: Yeah, Mark, it looks like we have more questions popping in, but I would say we need to wind up now for the next speaker.</p> <p>Mark Czarnota: All right, I'm sorry. I'm sorry it dropped me. I'm on a satellite at home. I'm on a satellite at home, Shimat, so sometimes that happens. And I'm going to update my computer this weekend. Yeah. So I have a much better video card. So anyway, that's good. Thanks for having me. Hopefully, thank you so much.</p> <p>Shimat Joseph: Thank you so much for the presentation today. Okay.</p> <p>Mark Czarnota: Okay. And they can give them my email and I could try to answer their questions if they want to. I guess you'll give them that.</p> <p>Rich Braman: Nice. Right. Yeah, we can do that. Anyone who didn't get a chance to have their question passed to Mark, if you go ahead and follow up with him in email and we can pass that out today at the end. Just go ahead and do that.</p> <p>Shimat Joseph: So we give day\u2014</p> <p>Rich Braman: Thanks for help Richie too, I appreciate that. You bet. All right folks, we're going to go ahead and jump to break now for just a little bit under five minutes. Thank you Mark, have a good day.</p> <p>Transcript processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2021-11-18_WeedControl.srt (786 blocks)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/matching/","title":"GTBOP Moodle Matching Exercises","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/matching/#weed-control-in-the-landscape-nursery-dr-mark-czarnota-november-18-2021","title":"Weed Control in the Landscape & Nursery \u2014 Dr. Mark Czarnota (November 18, 2021)","text":"<p>Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2021-11-18_WeedControl.srt (786 blocks) Structural Reference: Stage 2 Archive Package \u2014 GTBOP_Archive_Summary_2021-11-18_WeedControl.md Exercises: 3 Types: Product-Ingredient, Timing-Practice, Species ID / Concept Matching</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/matching/#matching-exercise-1-herbicide-products-and-their-active-ingredients","title":"Matching Exercise 1: Herbicide Products and Their Active Ingredients","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 25:16 \u2013 35:16 (primary coverage area) Type: Product-Ingredient</p> <p>Instructions: Match each trade name in Column A with its active ingredient in Column B.</p> # Column A Column B 1 Dimension a) isoxaben + trifluralin 2 Marengo b) dithiopyr 3 BroadStar c) clethodim 4 Snapshot d) flumioxazin 5 Envoy e) quinclorac 6 Drive f) indaziflam 7 Treflan g) halosulfuron 8 SedgeHammer h) trifluralin <p>Answer Key: 1 \u2192 b, 2 \u2192 f, 3 \u2192 d, 4 \u2192 a, 5 \u2192 c, 6 \u2192 e, 7 \u2192 h, 8 \u2192 g</p> <p>Source in transcript: Trade name/active ingredient pairings discussed across blocks 391\u2013530 (pre-emergent and post-emergent product sections) and blocks 710\u2013720 (Q&A on Drive/quinclorac)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/matching/#matching-exercise-2-herbicide-application-timing-and-practice","title":"Matching Exercise 2: Herbicide Application Timing and Practice","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 21:07 \u2013 23:43 and 36:40 \u2013 39:30 Type: Timing-Practice</p> <p>Instructions: Match each herbicide application scenario in Column A with the correct practice or outcome described by Dr. Czarnota in Column B.</p> # Column A Column B 1 Pre-emergent herbicide applied with no rain for two weeks a) Product is inactivated immediately upon soil contact 2 Post-emergent herbicide applied just before a rainstorm b) Reduced control; product needs 0.5\u20131 inch of rain within 72 hours to activate 3 Glyphosate sprayed onto bare soil c) Apply at 25\u201350% solution using a wick or sponge applicator 4 Glyphosate used for stump treatment d) Reduced effectiveness; product needs a dry period to be absorbed through leaves 5 Pre-emergent application in Georgia e) Apply at 50\u2013100% solution, paint directly onto cut surface 6 Glyphosate applied by wicking onto target weeds f) Apply in January\u2013February before spring weed germination <p>Answer Key: 1 \u2192 b, 2 \u2192 d, 3 \u2192 a, 4 \u2192 e, 5 \u2192 f, 6 \u2192 c</p> <p>Source in transcript: Pre-emergent/post-emergent timing discussed in blocks 352\u2013385; glyphosate application rates and methods in blocks 640\u2013680; Georgia timing recommendations in blocks 586\u2013590</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/matching/#matching-exercise-3-weed-control-methods-and-their-targets","title":"Matching Exercise 3: Weed Control Methods and Their Targets","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 15:44 \u2013 18:06 and 44:54 \u2013 48:55 Type: Species ID / Control Method</p> <p>Instructions: Match each weed problem or pest target in Column A with the control method or product recommended by Dr. Czarnota in Column B.</p> # Column A Column B 1 Submerged aquatic weeds in a small pond a) Clethodim (Envoy) 2 Kudzu on a fenced area b) Thistle weevil larvae 3 Musk thistle seed production c) Drive (quinclorac) 4 Bermudagrass creeping into ornamental beds d) Atrazine (2 applications at 1 qt/acre) 5 Torpedograss in ornamental plantings e) Grass carp (8\u201310 per surface acre) 6 Virginia buttonweed in turfgrass f) Goats followed by herbicide on regrowth 7 Marchantia in propagation houses g) Sandea (halosulfuron) 8 Yellow nutsedge in landscape beds h) Reduce watering frequency; pre-emergent granulars <p>Answer Key: 1 \u2192 e, 2 \u2192 f, 3 \u2192 b, 4 \u2192 a, 5 \u2192 c, 6 \u2192 d, 7 \u2192 h, 8 \u2192 g</p> <p>Source in transcript: Biological controls in blocks 260\u2013298; Marchantia in blocks 118\u2013137; bermudagrass Q&A in blocks 740\u2013762; torpedograss Q&A in blocks 710\u2013720; Virginia buttonweed Q&A in blocks 722\u2013738; nutsedge products in blocks 399\u2013401 and 520\u2013525</p> <p>Generated for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Moodle Course Activities Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2021-11-18_WeedControl.srt (786 blocks) Structural Reference: Stage 2 Archive Package</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/quiz/","title":"GTBOP Moodle Quiz","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/quiz/#weed-control-in-the-landscape-nursery-dr-mark-czarnota-november-18-2021","title":"Weed Control in the Landscape & Nursery \u2014 Dr. Mark Czarnota (November 18, 2021)","text":"<p>Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2021-11-18_WeedControl.srt (786 blocks) Structural Reference: Stage 2 Archive Package \u2014 GTBOP_Archive_Summary_2021-11-18_WeedControl.md Questions: 15 Difficulty Distribution: 6 Recall (40%) / 6 Application (40%) / 3 Analysis (20%)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-1","title":"Question 1","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 4:28 \u2013 5:06 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>Which of the following did Dr. Czarnota identify as one of the six characteristics that predict whether a plant is likely to become a weed?</p> <p>a) Tolerance to herbicide applications b) Presence of a vegetative reproductive structure c) Ability to grow in full shade d) Resistance to insect feeding</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Czarnota listed six predictive characteristics of weediness, the first being the presence of a vegetative reproductive structure, using yellow and purple nutsedge as examples. Source in transcript: ~4:28\u20135:06, blocks 98\u2013114</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-2","title":"Question 2","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 5:13 \u2013 6:16 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>What weed did Dr. Czarnota describe as a problem in propagation houses growing azaleas, for which a promising fungicide-based control product ultimately failed to receive EPA registration?</p> <p>a) Chamberbitter b) Purple nutsedge c) Marchantia d) Dogfennel</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Czarnota described Marchantia as a liverwort problem in greenhouse propagation of azaleas. A fungicide already labeled in Europe showed promise as a control but was rejected by EPA due to how the toxicology was written up. Source in transcript: ~5:13\u20136:40, blocks 118\u2013137</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-3","title":"Question 3","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 14:48 \u2013 15:36 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A landscape manager notices bare soil exposed between newly planted shrubs after mulch has decomposed. Based on Dr. Czarnota's recommendations, what is the most appropriate first response?</p> <p>a) Apply a post-emergent herbicide to the bare soil b) Restore the mulch layer to two to four inches c) Install landscape fabric over the bare soil d) Apply a pre-emergent herbicide at double the label rate</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Czarnota repeatedly emphasized that bare soil will always produce weed growth, and recommended maintaining a two-to-four-inch layer of composted organic mulch, refreshed once or twice per year. Source in transcript: ~15:01\u201315:36, blocks 251\u2013256</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-4","title":"Question 4","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 15:44 \u2013 16:07 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>According to Dr. Czarnota, how many grass carp per surface acre are recommended for controlling submerged aquatic weeds in a small pond?</p> <p>a) 2\u20134 b) 8\u201310 c) 15\u201320 d) 25\u201330</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Czarnota recommended stocking about 8 to 10 grass carp per surface acre for effective control of submerged aquatic weeds in small ponds. Source in transcript: ~16:00\u201316:07, blocks 260\u2013261</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-5","title":"Question 5","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 17:00 \u2013 18:06 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A pasture manager has a large infestation of musk thistle and wants to reduce its spread over two to three years without relying heavily on herbicides. Based on Dr. Czarnota's presentation, which biological control approach would be most appropriate?</p> <p>a) Release grass carp into nearby water features b) Introduce geese to graze the thistle c) Release thistle weevil eggs around the thistle plants d) Apply the bioherbicide DeVine to the thistle</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Czarnota described the thistle weevil as a successful biocontrol agent for musk thistle. The weevil larvae feed on developing seed heads, preventing reproduction and reducing populations over a two-to-three-year period. DeVine was developed for strangler vine in citrus, not thistle. Source in transcript: ~17:29\u201318:06, blocks 287\u2013298</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-6","title":"Question 6","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 21:07 \u2013 22:00 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A landscaper applies a pre-emergent herbicide in late February in Georgia but receives no rain for the following two weeks. What is the most likely outcome?</p> <p>a) The herbicide will still provide full-season weed control b) The herbicide will not be activated and weed control will be significantly reduced c) The herbicide will become toxic to nearby ornamentals d) The herbicide will leach below the root zone</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Czarnota explained that pre-emergent herbicides need a rain event of about a half inch to one inch to move the product into the top quarter inch of soil where seeds germinate. He later noted that if no rain occurs within 72 hours, weed control starts to diminish. Source in transcript: ~21:19\u201321:55 and ~38:55\u201339:07, blocks 352\u2013356 and 607\u2013609</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-7","title":"Question 7","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 22:18 \u2013 22:40 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>What happens to glyphosate when it contacts bare soil, according to Dr. Czarnota?</p> <p>a) It remains active in the soil for up to 12 weeks b) It is absorbed by the soil particles and inactivated immediately c) It leaches into groundwater within 24 hours d) It continues to provide pre-emergent weed control</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Czarnota stated that when glyphosate is sprayed on the ground, it is inactivated immediately because it bonds to soil particles and eventually breaks down into carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Source in transcript: ~22:20\u201322:45, blocks 372\u2013374</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-8","title":"Question 8","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 26:36 \u2013 27:04 Difficulty: Analysis</p> <p>Dr. Czarnota explained that glyphosate inhibits the EPSP synthase pathway, which produces three amino acids: tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. Why does this mode of action contribute to glyphosate's low mammalian toxicity?</p> <p>a) These amino acids are not essential for human health b) Mammals have a backup pathway that produces these amino acids c) The EPSP synthase pathway does not exist in humans or any animals d) Glyphosate breaks down before it can reach mammalian cells</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Czarnota emphasized that no animals have the EPSP synthase pathway \u2014 humans must obtain tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine through their diet. Because glyphosate targets a pathway absent from animal biology, it is one of the reasons for its low toxicity to mammals. Source in transcript: ~26:36\u201327:04, blocks 444\u2013451</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-9","title":"Question 9","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 28:22 \u2013 29:08 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>According to Dr. Czarnota, what is the mode of action of dinitroaniline herbicides such as Treflan, pendimethalin, and Barricade?</p> <p>a) Inhibition of photosynthesis b) Disruption of cell membrane integrity c) Disruption of microtubule formation during cell division d) Inhibition of amino acid production</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Czarnota explained that dinitroaniline herbicides bind to microtubules, the structures that pull chromosomes apart during cell division. This prevents cells from dividing properly and laying down a new cell plate, resulting in club-rooted growth symptoms. Source in transcript: ~28:22\u201329:08, blocks 468\u2013476</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-10","title":"Question 10","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 29:42 \u2013 30:50 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A landscape professional needs a pre-emergent herbicide that is safe for use on most turfgrasses, broad woody ornamentals, and some perennials and annuals. Which product did Dr. Czarnota describe as significantly underutilized for this purpose?</p> <p>a) Marengo (indaziflam) b) Snapshot (isoxaben + trifluralin) c) Dimension (dithiopyr) d) BroadStar (flumioxazin)</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Czarnota specifically called Dimension (dithiopyr) one of the most underutilized pre-emergent herbicides and noted it can be safely sprayed in most turfgrasses and landscape situations including broad woody ornamentals and even some perennials and annuals. Source in transcript: ~29:54\u201330:28, blocks 491\u2013497</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-11","title":"Question 11","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 30:40 \u2013 31:07 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>How many weeks of pre-emergent weed control did Dr. Czarnota say Marengo (indaziflam) can provide in established woody ornamentals?</p> <p>a) 6\u20138 weeks b) 8\u201310 weeks c) 10\u201312 weeks d) Up to 16 weeks</p> <p>Correct Answer: d Explanation: Czarnota described Marengo (indaziflam) as one of the best products he had tested, providing upwards of 16 weeks of pre-emergent weed control, though mainly for established woody ornamentals. He noted it would not control nutsedge. Source in transcript: ~30:43\u201331:04, blocks 501\u2013504</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-12","title":"Question 12","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 36:15 \u2013 36:39 Difficulty: Analysis</p> <p>Dr. Czarnota compared the cost of hand weeding an acre of one-gallon container ornamentals ($1,200\u2013$1,600) to the cost of chemical weed control (less than $200). Based on the application frequency he recommended for container production, what is the approximate annual cost range for chemical weed control per acre?</p> <p>a) Less than $200 total b) $400\u2013$600 c) $800\u2013$1,200 d) $1,200\u2013$1,600</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Czarnota stated chemical weed control costs less than $200 per application and recommended four to six applications per year for container production. At $200 per application times four to six applications, the annual cost would be approximately $800\u2013$1,200 per acre. Source in transcript: ~36:19\u201336:39 and 38:40\u201338:45, blocks 572\u2013575 and 602\u2013604</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-13","title":"Question 13","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 37:52 \u2013 38:06 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A nursery grower is using a granular pre-emergent herbicide on container ornamentals. Why might the granular formulation be preferable to a sprayable formulation in this situation, according to Dr. Czarnota?</p> <p>a) Granulars are always cheaper than sprayable formulations b) Granulars fall through the plant canopy to the ground, reducing contact with foliage c) Granulars provide longer residual control than sprays d) Granulars do not require activation by rainfall</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Czarnota explained that granular formulations fall through the plant canopy to hit the ground, then release herbicide when rain occurs. Sprays contact the plant foliage directly, increasing the risk of damage. However, he noted granulars are more expensive per unit of active ingredient and provide somewhat poorer weed control than sprays. Source in transcript: ~37:52\u201338:06, blocks 595\u2013598</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-14","title":"Question 14","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 45:12 \u2013 45:55 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A grower asks about controlling torpedograss in an ornamental planting. Based on Dr. Czarnota's response, which product did he recommend, and what important limitation did he note?</p> <p>a) Glyphosate \u2014 it is non-selective and will damage ornamentals b) Sandea (halosulfuron) \u2014 it only controls nutsedge species, not grasses c) Drive (quinclorac) \u2014 it is not yet labeled for over-top use on ornamentals d) Clethodim (Envoy) \u2014 it only suppresses bermudagrass, not torpedograss</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Czarnota recommended Drive (quinclorac) as very effective on torpedograss and noted his university research showed it to be fairly safe on most woody ornamentals. However, he cautioned that it is not yet labeled for over-top ornamental use, so it would not be a labeled application. Source in transcript: ~45:12\u201345:55, blocks 710\u2013720</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-15","title":"Question 15","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 27:18 \u2013 27:43 Difficulty: Analysis</p> <p>Dr. Czarnota described the NIH shift as one mechanism by which grasses detoxify 2,4-D. What does this tell us about why 2,4-D can be used as a selective herbicide in grass crops?</p> <p>a) Grasses absorb 2,4-D more slowly than broadleaf plants b) Grasses have enzyme systems that chemically modify the 2,4-D molecule, inactivating it c) 2,4-D only penetrates broadleaf plant cuticles, not grass cuticles d) Grasses store 2,4-D in their roots where it cannot cause harm</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Czarnota explained that grasses have an enzyme system (the NIH shift) that can change the position of chlorine groups on the 2,4-D molecule, effectively inactivating it. This biochemical detoxification mechanism is one of the ways grasses tolerate 2,4-D, making it useful as a selective broadleaf herbicide in grass crops. Source in transcript: ~27:18\u201327:43, blocks 453\u2013459</p> <p>Generated for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Moodle Course Activities Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2021-11-18_WeedControl.srt (786 blocks) Structural Reference: Stage 2 Archive Package</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/","title":"GTBOP Moodle Review Activities","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#weed-control-in-the-landscape-nursery-dr-mark-czarnota-november-18-2021","title":"Weed Control in the Landscape & Nursery \u2014 Dr. Mark Czarnota (November 18, 2021)","text":"<p>Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2021-11-18_WeedControl.srt (786 blocks) Structural Reference: Stage 2 Archive Package \u2014 GTBOP_Archive_Summary_2021-11-18_WeedControl.md Review Tasks: 6</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-1","title":"Review Task 1","text":"<p>Watch: 4:23 \u2013 6:40 Task: List the six characteristics Dr. Czarnota identifies as predictors of weediness, then describe the specific real-world example he uses for the first characteristic. Key Points to Identify: - The six characteristics (vegetative reproduction, abundant seed production, rapid establishment, seed dormancy, adaptive traits, disturbed site colonization) - Yellow and purple nutsedge as the example of vegetative reproductive structures - Pigweed seed production numbers (5,000\u201310,000 seeds per plant)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-2","title":"Review Task 2","text":"<p>Watch: 15:44 \u2013 18:06 Task: Identify the four biological control methods Dr. Czarnota describes and note the specific target weed or pest for each. For one method, describe why it was discontinued. Key Points to Identify: - Grass carp for submerged aquatic weeds (8\u201310 per surface acre) - Goats for kudzu (followed by herbicide on regrowth) - Thistle weevil for musk thistle (larvae prevent seed development over 2\u20133 years) - DeVine bioherbicide for strangler vine in citrus (worked too well \u2014 eliminated the vine and left no host for the biocontrol agent)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-3","title":"Review Task 3","text":"<p>Watch: 21:07 \u2013 23:43 Task: Explain the key difference between how pre-emergent and post-emergent herbicides work, and identify the critical weather requirement for each type after application. Key Points to Identify: - Pre-emergent: applied before germination, needs 0.5\u20131 inch of rain to move into top quarter inch of soil - Post-emergent: applied after emergence, needs a dry period for leaf absorption - Glyphosate as the only broad-spectrum systemic (phloem-loaded) post-emergent herbicide</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-4","title":"Review Task 4","text":"<p>Watch: 26:20 \u2013 29:08 Task: Describe the modes of action for glyphosate and the dinitroaniline herbicides. For glyphosate, identify the three amino acids affected and explain why this matters for mammalian safety. Key Points to Identify: - Glyphosate inhibits EPSP synthase, blocking production of tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine - The EPSP synthase pathway does not exist in animals \u2014 humans obtain these amino acids through diet - Dinitroanilines disrupt microtubule formation during cell division, preventing chromosome separation - Visual symptom of dinitroaniline overdose: club rooting</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-5","title":"Review Task 5","text":"<p>Watch: 29:42 \u2013 35:16 Task: From the pre-emergent and post-emergent products Dr. Czarnota reviews, identify the two products he recommends most highly for landscape use and note their key advantages and any limitations. Key Points to Identify: - Dimension (dithiopyr): most underutilized; safe on turfgrasses, broad woody ornamentals, some perennials and annuals - Marengo (indaziflam): up to 16 weeks control; established woody ornamentals only; does not control nutsedge - Combination granular products (Snapshot, FreeHand) provide both pre-emergent control and oxyfluorfen burndown</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-6","title":"Review Task 6","text":"<p>Watch: 36:40 \u2013 39:30 Task: List the common application errors Dr. Czarnota identifies that reduce herbicide effectiveness, and note his recommended application frequency for field versus container production. Key Points to Identify: - No rain after pre-emergent application (needs rain within 72 hours) - Rain immediately after post-emergent application - Poorly calibrated equipment - Wrong herbicide for the target weed - Applying pre-emergent after weeds have already germinated - Field: 2\u20134 applications/year; Containers: 4\u20136 applications/year</p> <p>Generated for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Moodle Course Activities Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2021-11-18_WeedControl.srt (786 blocks) Structural Reference: Stage 2 Archive Package</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/","title":"GTBOP Webinar Archive \u2014 Extension Agent Resource","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#weed-control-in-the-landscape-nursery","title":"Weed Control in the Landscape & Nursery","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#dr-mark-czarnota-november-18-2021","title":"Dr. Mark Czarnota \u2014 November 18, 2021","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#ceu-information","title":"CEU INFORMATION","text":"<p>Approved Categories:</p> Category Description 10 Private Applicator 21 Plant Agriculture 22 Animal Agriculture 23 Forestry 24 Ornamental and Turf Pest Control 27 Right-of-Way Pest Control 31 Public Health Pest Control 32 Regulatory Pest Control 35 Industrial, Institutional, Structural and Health Related <p>Credit Hours: 1 hour Duration: 50:05 (presentation + Q&A)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#viewing-instructions-for-asynchronous-ceu-delivery","title":"VIEWING INSTRUCTIONS FOR ASYNCHRONOUS CEU DELIVERY","text":"<p>This recorded webinar is approved for continuing education credit in the categories listed above. For county extension agent programs delivering this content asynchronously:</p> <ol> <li>Attendees should view the full recording (approximately 50 minutes)</li> <li>The presentation covers weed definitions, physical/biological/chemical control methods, herbicide categories, specific product recommendations, modes of action, and safety \u2014 broad applicability across multiple license categories</li> <li>The Q&A section (beginning at 44:54) addresses torpedograss, Virginia buttonweed, and bermudagrass control</li> </ol>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#presentation-summary","title":"PRESENTATION SUMMARY","text":"<p>Speaker: Dr. Mark Czarnota, Associate Professor of Horticulture (Weed Science), University of Georgia Griffin Campus Moderator: Dr. Shimat Joseph, Turfgrass Entomologist, UGA Griffin Campus Series: Green & Commercial</p> <p>Dr. Mark Czarnota presents a comprehensive overview of weed control strategies for landscape and nursery professionals. The session covers three primary control approaches \u2014 physical removal, physical barriers, and chemical weed control \u2014 with the majority of time devoted to herbicide selection and application.</p> <p>Key content areas include weed identification and life cycle management (annual, biennial, perennial), the distinction between pre-emergent and post-emergent herbicides, selective versus non-selective products, and granular versus sprayable formulations. Czarnota highlights underutilized products including Dimension (dithiopyr) and Marengo (indaziflam), reviews herbicide modes of action, and discusses glyphosate safety research. Biological control methods (grass carp, goats, thistle weevil) and physical barriers (fabrics, mulches) are also covered.</p> <p>Practical takeaways for applicators: - Maintain a 2\u20134 inch mulch layer; bare soil always produces weed growth - Apply pre-emergent herbicides in January\u2013February in Georgia; ensure rain within 72 hours - Dimension (dithiopyr) is safe on most turfgrasses and ornamentals and is significantly underutilized - Marengo (indaziflam) provides up to 16 weeks of pre-emergent control on established woody ornamentals - Field applications need 2\u20134 pre-emergent applications per year; containers need 4\u20136 - Clethodim (Envoy) is the preferred selective grass herbicide for bermudagrass in ornamentals - Glyphosate or triclopyr can be painted on stumps for selective removal without affecting surrounding plants</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#content-timestamps","title":"CONTENT TIMESTAMPS","text":"<p>0:00 Introduction and Speaker Background 3:02 What Is a Weed? Definitions and Weediness Predictors 5:13 Challenging Weed Problems in Nursery Production 9:03 Weed Identification and Plant Life Cycles 11:55 Weed Control Methods: Physical Removal and Barriers 15:44 Biological Control: Grass Carp, Goats, Thistle Weevil 19:50 Chemical Weed Control: Impact of Major Herbicides 21:07 Pre-Emergent vs. Post-Emergent Herbicides 25:16 Trade Names, Active Ingredients, and Cost Savings 26:20 Herbicide Modes of Action 29:42 Pre-Emergent Herbicides for Landscape and Nursery 31:17 Post-Emergent and Combination Herbicides 35:16 Recommended Products: Marengo, BroadStar, SureGuard 36:40 Best Practices and Common Application Errors 40:21 Herbicide Fate, Organic Options, and Glyphosate Safety 43:40 Glyphosate Damage, Adjuvants, and Future Technologies 44:54 Q&A: Torpedograss, Virginia Buttonweed, Bermudagrass Control</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#additional-resources","title":"ADDITIONAL RESOURCES","text":"<ul> <li>Labels & Safety Data Sheets: CDMS.net</li> <li>Turfgrass Weed Control Referral: Dr. Patrick McCullough, UGA</li> </ul> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2021-11-18_WeedControl.srt (786 blocks)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/platforms/website/","title":"GTBOP Webinar Archive Summary","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/platforms/website/#weed-control-in-the-landscape-nursery","title":"Weed Control in the Landscape & Nursery","text":"<p>Webinar Date: November 18, 2021 Speaker: Dr. Mark Czarnota, Associate Professor of Horticulture (Weed Science), University of Georgia Griffin Campus Moderator: Dr. Shimat Joseph, Turfgrass Entomologist, UGA Griffin Campus Duration: 50:05 Series: Green & Commercial CEU Categories: Category 10 (Private Applicator), Category 21 (Plant Agriculture), Category 22 (Animal Agriculture), Category 23 (Forestry), Category 24 (Ornamental and Turf Pest Control), Category 27 (Right-of-Way Pest Control), Category 31 (Public Health Pest Control), Category 32 (Regulatory Pest Control), Category 35 (Industrial, Institutional, Structural and Health Related)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/platforms/website/#narrative-summary","title":"NARRATIVE SUMMARY","text":"<p>Dr. Mark Czarnota, a weed scientist at the University of Georgia Griffin Campus with expertise in ornamental, nursery, small fruit, and Christmas tree weed management, presented a comprehensive overview of weed control strategies for landscape and nursery professionals. Drawing on his background in weed science from Virginia Tech and Cornell University and his experience in the commercial nursery and chemical industries, Czarnota organized his talk around three primary control approaches: physical removal, physical barriers, and chemical weed control.</p> <p>Czarnota began by defining weeds and outlining six characteristics that predict whether a plant will become problematic, including vegetative reproductive structures, abundant seed production, rapid population establishment, seed dormancy, adaptive reproduction, and ability to colonize disturbed sites. He illustrated real-world challenges using examples of Marchantia (Marchantia spp.) infesting propagation houses, purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) penetrating plastic mulch in blackberry plantings, and weeds emerging from container weep holes \u2014 situations where chemical options remain limited.</p> <p>The presentation covered physical control methods including tillage, flame weeding, and emerging automated weeding technology, as well as physical barriers such as landscape fabrics and mulches. Czarnota emphasized maintaining a two-to-four-inch mulch layer and noted that bare soil will always produce weed growth. He discussed biological control successes including grass carp for aquatic weed management, goats for kudzu suppression, and the thistle weevil for musk thistle control, along with the bioherbicide DeVine for strangler vine in citrus.</p> <p>The bulk of the presentation focused on chemical weed control, covering the distinction between pre-emergent and post-emergent herbicides, selective versus non-selective products, and granular versus sprayable formulations. Czarnota highlighted underutilized products including Dimension (dithiopyr) and Marengo (indaziflam), which can provide up to 16 weeks of pre-emergent control in established woody ornamentals. He reviewed modes of action for key herbicides including glyphosate's inhibition of the EPSP synthase pathway and the dinitroaniline herbicides' disruption of microtubule formation. Czarnota also discussed glyphosate safety, citing a 2017 Journal of the National Cancer Institute study of nearly 45,000 licensed applicators finding no association between glyphosate use and cancer incidence above national background rates. The session concluded with audience questions on torpedograss control using Drive (quinclorac), Virginia buttonweed management with atrazine, and selective bermudagrass control in ornamentals using clethodim (Envoy).</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/platforms/website/#youtube-timestamps","title":"YOUTUBE TIMESTAMPS","text":"Timestamp Topic 0:00 Introduction and Speaker Background 3:02 What Is a Weed? Definitions and Weediness Predictors 5:13 Challenging Weed Problems in Nursery Production 9:03 Weed Identification and Plant Life Cycles 11:55 Weed Control Methods: Physical Removal and Barriers 15:44 Biological Control: Grass Carp, Goats, Thistle Weevil 19:50 Chemical Weed Control: Impact of Major Herbicides 21:07 Pre-Emergent vs. Post-Emergent Herbicides 25:16 Trade Names, Active Ingredients, and Cost Savings 26:20 Herbicide Modes of Action 29:42 Pre-Emergent Herbicides for Landscape and Nursery 31:17 Post-Emergent and Combination Herbicides 35:16 Recommended Products: Marengo, BroadStar, SureGuard 36:40 Best Practices and Common Application Errors 40:21 Herbicide Fate, Organic Options, and Glyphosate Safety 43:40 Glyphosate Damage, Adjuvants, and Future Technologies 44:54 Q&A: Torpedograss, Virginia Buttonweed, Bermudagrass Control"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/platforms/website/#questions-answers","title":"QUESTIONS & ANSWERS","text":"<p>Q: What are the most important characteristics that make a plant likely to become a weed problem? A: According to Czarnota, six characteristics consistently predict weediness: the presence of a vegetative reproductive structure (like nutsedge tubers), abundant seed production (pigweed can produce 5,000\u201310,000 seeds per plant), rapid population establishment, seed dormancy allowing long-term survival in soil, the ability to reproduce both vegetatively and by seed, and the capacity to colonize disturbed sites.</p> <p>Q: Why is maintaining a mulch layer so important for weed management in landscape beds? A: Czarnota emphasized that bare soil will always produce weed growth. A two-to-four-inch layer of composted organic mulch prevents weed seed germination, maintains soil temperature and moisture, and adds organic matter. This layer should be refreshed once or twice per year. Organic mulch should be composted and contain less than 10% white wood to avoid nitrogen tie-up.</p> <p>Q: What is the difference between pre-emergent and post-emergent herbicides? A: Pre-emergent herbicides are applied to bare soil or mulch before weed seeds germinate. They need a rain event of about half an inch to one inch to move into the top quarter inch of soil where seeds germinate, and they provide roughly 8\u201312 weeks of control. Post-emergent herbicides are applied after weeds have emerged and need a period of dryness after application to be absorbed into the plant.</p> <p>Q: Which pre-emergent herbicides does Czarnota recommend most for landscape use? A: Czarnota highlighted Dimension (dithiopyr) as one of the most underutilized pre-emergent herbicides, safe for use on most turfgrasses and landscape situations including broad woody ornamentals and some perennials and annuals. He also recommended Marengo (indaziflam) as one of the best products he has tested, providing up to 16 weeks of weed control in established woody ornamentals, though it does not control nutsedge. BroadStar (flumioxazin) as a granular and SureGuard as its sprayable form were also recommended.</p> <p>Q: Why is glyphosate considered to have low toxicity to humans and animals? A: Glyphosate inhibits the EPSP synthase pathway, which produces three amino acids \u2014 tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. This pathway does not exist in humans or any animals; we must obtain these amino acids through our diet. Because glyphosate targets a biochemical process absent from animal biology, it is one of the reasons the herbicide has low mammalian toxicity. Czarnota also cited a 2017 study from the Journal of the National Cancer Institute reviewing nearly 45,000 licensed applicators that found no association between glyphosate use and cancer above background rates.</p> <p>Q: What are the advantages and disadvantages of granular versus sprayable herbicide formulations? A: Granular formulations fall through the plant canopy to the ground, making them safer for desirable plants, but they are more expensive per unit of active ingredient \u2014 most granulars are only about 2% active ingredient. Sprayable formulations are cheaper because the concentrate can be up to 90% active, but they contact plant foliage directly, increasing the risk of damage. Combination granular products like Snapshot and FreeHand offer both pre-emergent control and some burndown activity from oxyfluorfen.</p> <p>Q: How should glyphosate be applied to avoid damaging desirable plants? A: Czarnota advised spraying glyphosate only on actively growing plant material, never applying it to the trunk or base of thin-barked trees, and ensuring the application dries before rain. He noted that repeated applications near ornamentals can cause \"bud blasting\" \u2014 sublethal damage where plants emerge with distorted growth. For stump control or selective removal, glyphosate or triclopyr can be painted directly onto cut stumps, which kills the plant about 90% of the time without affecting surrounding plants.</p> <p>Q: What product works best for controlling torpedograss? A: Czarnota recommended Drive (quinclorac) as a product that controls torpedograss very well. He noted that Drive is not yet labeled for over-top use on ornamentals but has been used in blueberry and blackberry weed control. His university research has found it to be fairly safe on most woody ornamentals, though he cautioned it would not be a labeled application and recommended growers conduct their own trials.</p> <p>Q: How can bermudagrass creeping into ornamental beds be selectively controlled? A: Czarnota recommended clethodim (Envoy) as the product giving approximately 10\u201315% better activity than alternatives, providing three to four months of bermudagrass suppression before retreatment is needed. Other effective grass herbicides include Segment, Fusilade DX (also sold as Grass-B-Gon), though all perform similarly. He noted that glyphosate also controls bermudagrass well at high rates but cannot be used selectively \u2014 it would kill both the bermudagrass and any desirable plants.</p> <p>Q: What common mistakes reduce the effectiveness of herbicide applications? A: Czarnota listed several frequent errors: failing to irrigate after pre-emergent applications (they need rain within 72 hours), getting rain too soon after post-emergent applications, poorly calibrated equipment, poor herbicide selection for the target weed, and applying pre-emergent herbicides after weeds have already germinated. He recommended two to four applications per year for field situations and four to six for container production, using at least two different products to broaden the spectrum of control.</p> <p>Q: What biological control methods have proven effective for weed management? A: Czarnota described several successful biocontrol examples. Grass carp stocked at 8\u201310 fish per surface acre effectively control submerged aquatic weeds. Goats can rapidly clear kudzu \u2014 in a demonstration at UGA's ag forestry field day, goats cleared a fenced kudzu area overnight, after which the site could be treated with herbicides on the regrowth. The thistle weevil successfully reduced musk thistle over a two-to-three-year period by larvae feeding on developing seeds, preventing reproduction. The bioherbicide DeVine, developed with the University of Florida, effectively controlled strangler vine in citrus.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/platforms/website/#additional-resources","title":"ADDITIONAL RESOURCES","text":"<ul> <li>Speaker Contact: Dr. Mark Czarnota offered to answer additional questions via email (to be distributed to attendees)</li> <li>Label and SDS Resources: CDMS.net \u2014 contains approximately 80% of pesticide labels and safety data sheets</li> <li>Turfgrass Weed Control Referral: Dr. Patrick McCullough, UGA, for turfgrass-specific weed control questions (referenced during Virginia buttonweed discussion)</li> </ul> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2021-11-18_WeedControl.srt (786 blocks)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/platforms/youtube/","title":"GTBOP YouTube Description","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2021-11-18-czarnota-weed-control/platforms/youtube/#weed-control-in-the-landscape-nursery-dr-mark-czarnota-november-18-2021","title":"Weed Control in the Landscape & Nursery \u2014 Dr. Mark Czarnota (November 18, 2021)","text":"<p>Weed Control in the Landscape & Nursery with Dr. Mark Czarnota</p> <p>Dr. Mark Czarnota, weed scientist at the University of Georgia Griffin Campus, presents a comprehensive overview of weed control strategies for landscape and nursery professionals. Topics include weed identification and life cycles, physical and biological control methods, pre-emergent and post-emergent herbicide categories, recommended products including Dimension (dithiopyr) and Marengo (indaziflam), herbicide modes of action, glyphosate safety research, and practical application tips. The session concludes with audience Q&A on torpedograss, Virginia buttonweed, and bermudagrass control in ornamentals.</p> <p>Speaker: Dr. Mark Czarnota, Associate Professor of Horticulture (Weed Science), UGA Griffin Campus Moderator: Dr. Shimat Joseph, Turfgrass Entomologist, UGA Griffin Campus Series: GTBOP Green & Commercial CEU Categories: 10, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 31, 32, 35</p> <p>\ud83d\udd50 TIMESTAMPS 0:00 Introduction and Speaker Background 3:02 What Is a Weed? Definitions and Weediness Predictors 5:13 Challenging Weed Problems in Nursery Production 9:03 Weed Identification and Plant Life Cycles 11:55 Weed Control Methods: Physical Removal and Barriers 15:44 Biological Control: Grass Carp, Goats, Thistle Weevil 19:50 Chemical Weed Control: Impact of Major Herbicides 21:07 Pre-Emergent vs. Post-Emergent Herbicides 25:16 Trade Names, Active Ingredients, and Cost Savings 26:20 Herbicide Modes of Action 29:42 Pre-Emergent Herbicides for Landscape and Nursery 31:17 Post-Emergent and Combination Herbicides 35:16 Recommended Products: Marengo, BroadStar, SureGuard 36:40 Best Practices and Common Application Errors 40:21 Herbicide Fate, Organic Options, and Glyphosate Safety 43:40 Glyphosate Damage, Adjuvants, and Future Technologies 44:54 Q&A: Torpedograss, Virginia Buttonweed, Bermudagrass Control</p> <p>\u2753 Q&A HIGHLIGHTS</p> <p>Q: Which pre-emergent herbicides are recommended most for landscape use? A: Dimension (dithiopyr) is one of the most underutilized pre-emergent herbicides \u2014 safe for most turfgrasses, broad woody ornamentals, and some perennials and annuals. Marengo (indaziflam) provides up to 16 weeks of control in established woody ornamentals but does not control nutsedge. BroadStar (flumioxazin) as a granular and SureGuard as its sprayable form are also recommended.</p> <p>Q: What is the difference between pre-emergent and post-emergent herbicides? A: Pre-emergent herbicides are applied to bare soil or mulch before weed seeds germinate and need a half-inch to one inch of rain to activate, providing 8\u201312 weeks of control. Post-emergent herbicides are applied after weeds have emerged and need a dry period after application to be absorbed into the plant.</p> <p>Q: How can bermudagrass creeping into ornamental beds be selectively controlled? A: Clethodim (Envoy) gives approximately 10\u201315% better activity than alternatives, providing three to four months of suppression. Other options include Segment and Fusilade DX. Glyphosate also controls bermudagrass but cannot be used selectively over ornamentals.</p> <p>Q: What product works best for controlling torpedograss? A: Drive (quinclorac) controls torpedograss very well. It is not yet labeled for over-top use on ornamentals but research at UGA has found it fairly safe on most woody ornamentals.</p> <p>Q: What common mistakes reduce the effectiveness of herbicide applications? A: Failing to irrigate after pre-emergent applications (they need rain within 72 hours), rain too soon after post-emergent applications, poorly calibrated equipment, poor herbicide selection, and applying pre-emergent herbicides after weeds have already germinated.</p> <p>\ud83d\udccc RESOURCES Labels & Safety Data Sheets: CDMS.net Turfgrass Weed Control: Contact Dr. Patrick McCullough, UGA</p> <p>Presented by the University of Georgia Center for Urban Agriculture Getting the Best of Pests (GTBOP) Webinar Series</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/","title":"Weed Control in Ornamentals for the Nursery and Landscape","text":"","tags":["Green & Commercial","Weed Science","Marble"]},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/#gtbop-green-commercial-july-13-2023","title":"GTBOP Green & Commercial \u2014 July 13, 2023","text":"<p>Speaker: Dr. Chris Marble, Associate Professor, Ornamental and Landscape Invasive Weed Management, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida Moderator: Dr. Shimat Joseph, UGA Turfgrass Entomologist Duration: 50:38 CEU Categories: Category 10 (Private), 21 (Plant Ag), 23 (Forestry), 24 (Ornamental/Turf), 27 (Right-of-Way), 31 (Public Health), 32 (Regulatory), 35 (Industrial/Institutional/Structural/Health)</p>","tags":["Green & Commercial","Weed Science","Marble"]},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/#deliverables","title":"Deliverables","text":"Stage Deliverable Status 1 Corrections Log Complete 2 Archive Summary Complete 3 YouTube Version Complete 3 Website Version Complete 3 Extension Agent Version Complete 4 Quiz Complete 4 Matching Exercises Complete 4 Review Prompts Complete 5 Prose Transcript Complete \u2014 Processing Log Complete","tags":["Green & Commercial","Weed Science","Marble"]},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/#session-overview","title":"Session Overview","text":"<p>Dr. Chris Marble presented a comprehensive guide to developing herbicide programs for nursery and landscape ornamentals, addressing both production and landscape settings. He identified poor calibration as the number one reason herbicides fail, highlighted free UF-developed calibration calculators, and walked through a three-step process for selecting herbicides: determine what is labeled and safe for the target ornamental, identify target weed species, and build a year-round rotation using different modes of action.</p> <p>The core demonstration used container-grown gardenia as an example, building seasonal rotations targeting spotted spurge and eclipta in warm months and bittercress, annual bluegrass, and oxalis in cool months. Marble presented research showing that combining pre-emergent and post-emergence treatments reduced total herbicide use by 40\u201360% and costs by up to 30%. He also reviewed post-emergence alternatives to glyphosate and highlighted underutilized selective options for grass, sedge, and broadleaf management in ornamental beds.</p> <p>Source: Corrected SRT \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2023-07-13_WeedControlOrnamentals.srt (618 blocks) Processed: 2026-02-27 | Pipeline v4.1</p>","tags":["Green & Commercial","Weed Science","Marble"]},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/archive-summary/","title":"GTBOP Webinar Archive Summary","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/archive-summary/#weed-control-in-ornamentals-for-the-nursery-and-landscape","title":"Weed Control in Ornamentals for the Nursery and Landscape","text":"<p>Webinar Date: July 13, 2023 Speaker: Dr. Chris Marble, Associate Professor, Ornamental and Landscape Invasive Weed Management, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida Moderator: Dr. Shimat Joseph, UGA Turfgrass Entomologist Duration: 50:38 Series: Green & Commercial CEU Categories: Category 10 (Private), Category 21, Category 23, Category 24, Category 27, Category 31, Category 32, Category 35</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/archive-summary/#source-document","title":"SOURCE DOCUMENT","text":"<ul> <li>Corrected SRT: GTBOP_Transcript_2023-07-13_WeedControlOrnamentals.srt (618 blocks)</li> <li>File reading: Complete \u2713 (verified in Stage 1)</li> <li>Coverage proof:</li> <li>Early [~2:00]: Calibration as the #1 cause of herbicide failure; UF-developed mixing and calibration calculators</li> <li>Middle [~24:00]: Three-step herbicide selection using container-grown gardenia example with the 2017 Southeast Pest Control Guide</li> <li>Late [~44:00]: Mid-Florida REC website resources including weed ID tools and plant identification app guides</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/archive-summary/#narrative-summary","title":"NARRATIVE SUMMARY","text":"<p>Dr. Chris Marble, an associate professor specializing in ornamental and landscape invasive weed management at the University of Florida's Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, presented a comprehensive guide to developing herbicide programs for nursery and landscape ornamentals. His presentation addressed both production and landscape settings, emphasizing that effective weed control depends on building a complete program rather than relying on individual products.</p> <p>Marble began by identifying poor calibration as the number one reason herbicides fail, noting that his team's field measurements across multiple Southeast locations found some applicators off by 50 to several hundred percent of their target rate. He highlighted free calibration and mixing calculators developed at UF to address this problem, available for both granular and liquid applications. Turning to herbicide timing, he explained that pre-emergent herbicides must be applied before target weed germination and that over-the-top applications should avoid periods of tender new growth, using a SureGuard (flumioxazin) trial on holly to illustrate how young foliage is more susceptible to injury than hardened growth. For post-emergence herbicides, he stressed treating weeds while small and actively growing, and ranked the factors affecting post-emergence performance: herbicide rate and efficacy first, followed by weed size, environmental conditions, adjuvants, and time of day.</p> <p>The core of the presentation was a three-step process for selecting herbicides: determine what is labeled and safe for the target ornamental, identify the primary and secondary weed species, and combine those into a year-round rotation using different modes of action. Marble walked through a detailed example using container-grown gardenia, narrowing granular pre-emergent options using the 2017 Southeast Pest Control Guide's efficacy and safety charts, then building a seasonal rotation targeting spotted spurge and eclipta in warm months and bittercress, annual bluegrass, and oxalis in cool months. He presented research showing that combining pre-emergent herbicides like Specticle or SureGuard with post-emergence treatments reduced total herbicide use by 40 to 60 percent and costs by up to 30 percent compared to post-only programs. Marble also reviewed post-emergence alternatives to glyphosate \u2014 including glufosinate, acetic acid products, and other desiccant-type herbicides \u2014 noting that while they provide fast initial burndown, most require follow-up applications for lasting control. He concluded by highlighting underutilized selective options such as graminicides for grass control in ornamental beds and products like Basagran, Lontrel, and Certainty for sedge and broadleaf management.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/archive-summary/#youtube-timestamps","title":"YOUTUBE TIMESTAMPS","text":"Timestamp Topic 0:00 Introduction and Speaker Credentials 0:58 Overview: Weed Control in Nurseries and Landscapes 1:36 Why Herbicides Fail: Calibration and Application 4:34 Calibration Tools and Mixing Calculators 6:35 Pre-emergent Herbicide Timing 8:20 Avoiding Plant Injury During Application 9:29 SureGuard Holly Trial: New Growth vs. Hardened Foliage 10:42 Post-emergence Herbicide Timing 11:30 Environmental Factors Affecting Efficacy 13:18 Stressed Weeds and Mowing Impacts 14:28 Ranking Factors That Impact Post-emergence Performance 15:38 Importance of Developing a Program, Not Just Products 17:17 Herbicide Rotation and Resistance Prevention 18:48 Three Steps to Choosing Herbicides 19:17 Pre-emergence Options Color-Coded by Mode of Action 20:48 The 2017 Southeast Pest Control Guide 21:00 Step 1 Example: Labeled Options for Container-Grown Gardenia 22:02 Grouping Herbicides by Mode of Action 23:01 Step 2: Targeting Primary and Secondary Weed Species 25:20 Step 3: Building a Year-Round Rotation 27:03 Year-Round Nursery Rotation Plan by Month 27:34 Research: Pre-emergent + Post-emergent vs. Post-Only Programs 30:44 Cost Savings and Herbicide Reduction Results 31:55 Application Interval Considerations 32:09 Landscape-Specific Rotation Planning 33:52 Timing Examples: One, Two, or Three Applications Per Year 35:20 Generic Landscape Rotation Example by Season 37:01 Post-emergence Alternatives to Glyphosate in Landscape Beds 38:08 Glufosinate (Finale/Cheetah) as an Alternative 38:43 Non-Selective Alternatives: Desiccant-Type Herbicides 40:12 Acetic Acid Trial: Burndown and Recovery Results 42:23 Selective Post-emergence Options for Landscape Beds 43:04 Graminicides: Underutilized Grass-Selective Herbicides 43:55 Basagran, Lontrel, Certainty, and Scepter 44:44 UF Mid-Florida REC Resources and Contact Information 45:52 Q&A: Signal Words and PPE Requirements 48:02 Q&A: Wind Drift and Reducing Spray Drift 49:08 Q&A: Marengo for Nursery Gravel Areas"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/archive-summary/#questions-answers","title":"QUESTIONS & ANSWERS","text":"<p>Q: What is the number one reason herbicides fail to provide expected weed control or cause plant injury? A: According to Dr. Marble, the number one reason is poor calibration and application practices. His team measured applicator accuracy at multiple Southeast locations and found that while most people were within 10 to 20 percent of the target rate, some were off by 50 to several hundred percent. When the rate is that far off, the herbicide will either fail to control weeds or cause significant plant injury.</p> <p>Q: When should pre-emergent herbicides be applied in nursery versus landscape settings? A: In nurseries, pre-emergent herbicides should be applied shortly after potting once plants are watered in, and then reapplied approximately every 8 to 12 weeks throughout the production cycle. In landscapes, application can occur soon after planting for woody ornamentals, and two to three applications per year are generally sufficient. In both cases, the soil should be settled before application to prevent root exposure to the herbicide.</p> <p>Q: Why should applicators avoid treating during periods of tender new growth? A: Plants are most susceptible to herbicide injury during bud swell and when young foliage is developing. Dr. Marble demonstrated this with a SureGuard trial on holly, where the newest growth was severely affected while older, hardened foliage showed no injury at all. High temperatures further increase the risk. While plants typically recover, the delay can affect sale timing in nurseries and upset clients in landscapes.</p> <p>Q: How should a professional select pre-emergent herbicides for a specific ornamental crop? A: Dr. Marble outlined a three-step process. First, determine which herbicides are labeled and safe for the ornamental species in question. Second, identify the primary and secondary weed species at each time of year. Third, match herbicides that are effective on those weeds \u2014 rated \"good\" for the primary species and at least \"fair\" for secondary species \u2014 and arrange them in a rotation that uses different modes of action across the year.</p> <p>Q: Why is rotating herbicide modes of action important, and what can happen if you don't? A: Relying on a single herbicide or mode of action allows uncontrolled weed species to take over and increases the risk of resistance development. Dr. Marble shared an example of a nursery that switched to Gallery (isoxaben) for bittercress control and used it exclusively. Because Gallery is only effective on broadleaves, grass species that were not controlled exploded in population. Weed populations increase exponentially, not linearly, so the problem can escalate rapidly.</p> <p>Q: How much can pre-emergent herbicides reduce overall herbicide use and cost compared to a post-emergence-only program? A: Research conducted by Dr. Marble's team compared post-only programs using glyphosate, Finale, or Reward against programs that combined those post-emergence herbicides with Specticle or SureGuard as pre-emergents. The pre-plus-post programs reduced the total amount of herbicide active ingredient applied by 40 to 60 percent and lowered total costs by 3 to 30 percent over 12 months, while also requiring far fewer follow-up applications.</p> <p>Q: What are the main alternatives to glyphosate for non-selective post-emergence weed control in landscape beds? A: Glufosinate (sold as Finale or Cheetah) is the most common alternative, offering broad-spectrum activity on broadleaves, grasses, and sedges, though it is primarily contact-acting and doesn't provide the same systemic control as glyphosate. Other alternatives include desiccant-type products such as Scythe, Reward, Axxe, Finalsan, and FireWorxx. These work fast \u2014 burndown can be visible within 30 minutes \u2014 but because they are not translocated, they often require follow-up applications, especially on larger weeds. Some products are OMRI-certified for organic use. Signal words and PPE requirements vary significantly among these alternatives.</p> <p>Q: How do desiccant-type herbicides perform compared to glyphosate on common landscape weeds? A: Dr. Marble's research showed that at two weeks after treatment, an acetic acid product provided 60 to 90 percent burndown on crabgrass, spotted spurge, and bittercress. However, by four to eight weeks, control dropped dramatically as crabgrass and spurge recovered from incomplete coverage. Two applications were generally needed to achieve control comparable to a single glyphosate application on annual weeds. For large perennials, multiple applications are required and control remains difficult compared to systemic herbicides.</p> <p>Q: What selective post-emergence herbicides can be applied over the top of ornamentals in landscape beds? A: Graminicides such as sethoxydim (Segment), clethodim (Envoy), fluazifop (Fusilade), and fenoxaprop (Acclaim) can be applied over the top of hundreds of broadleaf ornamental species and even some monocots like liriope and mondo grass. Dr. Marble considers them underutilized. For sedge control, Basagran (bentazon) and Certainty are options, with Certainty also labeled for over-the-top use on Asian jasmine, liriope, and certain junipers. Lontrel (clopyralid) is effective on Asteraceae family weeds and legumes. Scepter provides additional broadleaf options in select ornamentals.</p> <p>Q: What are the three signal word levels on pesticide labels, and why do they matter for landscape operations? A: The three levels are caution (lowest toxicity), warning (intermediate), and danger/poison (highest toxicity), based on routes of exposure including skin and eye contact. Higher signal words require more PPE for applicators, and products may become restricted use with stricter record-keeping requirements. In Florida, limited-license holders can only use caution-label products in non-turf landscape areas, which restricts their product options.</p> <p>Q: How can applicators reduce herbicide drift during spraying? A: Dr. Marble recommended using coarser nozzle tips so that water particles are larger and fall more readily, and lowering sprayer pressure. The worst scenario for drift is high pressure combined with fine nozzle tips, which produces very fine water particles that travel off-target. While most herbicide labels recommend application when wind speeds are below 5 miles per hour, conditions are variable in real-world situations, so equipment adjustments are the most practical way to minimize drift.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/archive-summary/#additional-resources","title":"ADDITIONAL RESOURCES","text":"<ul> <li>2017 Southeast Pest Control Guide for Nursery Crops and Landscape Plantings \u2014 Compiled by Dr. Marble, Jeff Derr, and Joe Neal. Available for free download or approximately $20 for a hard copy from North Carolina State University. Contains herbicide efficacy and ornamental safety charts.</li> <li>UF Mid-Florida Research and Education Center \u2014 Dr. Marble's faculty page includes publications, herbicide calibration calculators (granular and liquid), weed identification resources including a weed ID by flower color tool, and guides on using free plant identification apps effectively.</li> <li>Contact: Dr. Chris Marble \u2014 email and contact information available through his UF faculty page.</li> </ul> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/corrections/","title":"SRT Transcript Correction Summary","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/corrections/#file-weed-control-in-ornamentals-for-the-nursery-and-landscape-dr-chris-marble","title":"File: Weed Control in Ornamentals for the Nursery and Landscape \u2014 Dr. Chris Marble","text":"<p>Date Corrected: February 27, 2026 Webinar Date: July 13, 2023 Series: Green & Commercial Topic: Weed Science Speaker: Dr. Chris Marble, Associate Professor, Ornamental and Landscape Invasive Weed Management, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida Moderator: Dr. Shimat Joseph</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/corrections/#source-verification","title":"SOURCE VERIFICATION","text":"<ul> <li>Original blocks: 618</li> <li>Corrected blocks: 618 \u2713 MATCH CONFIRMED</li> <li>Time range: 00:00:00,020 to 00:50:38,099</li> <li>Runtime: ~51 minutes</li> <li>File reading: COMPLETE \u2713</li> <li>Coverage proof:</li> <li>Early [~2:00]: Marble discusses calibration as the #1 reason for herbicide failure; shares calibration calculators developed at UF for granular and liquid applications, individual pot treatment</li> <li>Middle [~24:00]: Step-by-step herbicide selection example using container-grown gardenia \u2014 narrowing options by label safety, then by efficacy on primary (spotted spurge) and secondary (eclipta) weed species using the 2017 Southeast Pest Control Guide</li> <li>Late [~44:00]: Mid-Florida Research and Education Center website resources including weed ID by flower color, plant identification app guide; contact information and offer to share presentation</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/corrections/#corrections-applied","title":"Corrections Applied","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/corrections/#proper-nouns-speaker-names","title":"Proper Nouns \u2014 Speaker Names","text":"<ul> <li>\"Dr. Chris Mahabou\" \u2192 \"Dr. Chris Marble\" (Block 2, line 7)</li> <li>\"Dr. Mahabou\" \u2192 \"Dr. Marble\" (Block 3, line 11)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/corrections/#institutions-and-programs","title":"Institutions and Programs","text":"<ul> <li>\"Mid-Florida Church and Education Center\" \u2192 \"Mid-Florida Research and Education Center\" (Block 5, line 19)</li> <li>\"weenhouses\" \u2192 \"greenhouses\" (Block 7, line 27)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/corrections/#systematic-whisper-error-herbicides-rendered-as-various-garbles","title":"Systematic Whisper Error \u2014 \"herbicides\" Rendered as Various Garbles","text":"<p>This was the most pervasive error in the transcript. Whisper consistently failed to capture \"herbicides\" and rendered it as \"cervicides,\" \"service sites,\" \"surface sites,\" \"service side,\" \"service size,\" \"services,\" and \"pelvies sites.\" All corrected to \"herbicides\" in context:</p> <ul> <li>\"pelvies sites\" \u2192 \"herbicides\" (Block 8, line 31)</li> <li>\"pre-emergent surface sites\" \u2192 \"pre-emergent herbicides\" (Block 92, line 367)</li> <li>\"pre-emergent service sites\" \u2192 \"pre-emergent herbicides\" (Block 193, line 771)</li> <li>\"pre-emergent service site\" \u2192 \"pre-emergent herbicide\" (Block 194, line 775)</li> <li>\"pre-emergent service side is kind of a proponent of them\" \u2192 \"I'm kind of a proponent of pre-emergent herbicides\" (Block 327, line 1307) \u2014 sentence restructured for clarity</li> <li>\"pre-emergent cervicides\" \u2192 \"pre-emergent herbicides\" (Block 334, line 1335)</li> <li>\"post-emergent cervicides\" \u2192 \"post-emergence herbicides\" (Block 338, line 1351)</li> <li>\"pre-emergent cervicides\" \u2192 \"pre-emergent herbicides\" (Block 340, line 1359)</li> <li>\"pre-emergent service sites\" \u2192 \"pre-emergent herbicides\" (Block 348, line 1391)</li> <li>\"pre-emergence services\" \u2192 \"pre-emergence herbicides\" (Block 388, line 1551)</li> <li>\"pre-emergent service size\" \u2192 \"pre-emergent herbicides\" (Block 390, line 1559)</li> <li>\"pre-emergent surface sites\" \u2192 \"pre-emergent herbicides\" (Block 394, line 1575)</li> <li>\"pre-emergent surface site\" \u2192 \"pre-emergent herbicide\" (Block 396, line 1583)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/corrections/#systematic-whisper-error-weed-speciesspectrum-rendered-as-wheat","title":"Systematic Whisper Error \u2014 \"weed species/spectrum\" Rendered as \"wheat\"","text":"<ul> <li>\"wheat species\" \u2192 \"weed species\" (Blocks 42, 192, 424, 501)</li> <li>\"wheat spectrum\" \u2192 \"weed spectrum\" (Blocks 444, 446)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/corrections/#chemicalproduct-names","title":"Chemical/Product Names","text":"<ul> <li>\"pre-mercant\" \u2192 \"pre-emergent\" (Block 85, line 339)</li> <li>\"flumeoxysm\" \u2192 \"flumioxazin\" (Block 116, line 463)</li> <li>\"sugar\" \u2192 \"SureGuard\" (Blocks 117\u2013118, lines 467, 471)</li> <li>\"gallery isoxibin\" \u2192 \"Gallery, isoxaben\" (Block 208, line 831)</li> <li>\"isoxaban\" \u2192 \"isoxaben\" (Blocks 263, 264, lines 1049, 1055)</li> <li>\"exoxifenin\" \u2192 \"isoxaben\" (Block 265, line 1059)</li> <li>\"Spectacle\" \u2192 \"Specticle\" (Blocks 339, 348, 606; lines 1355, 1391, 2423)</li> <li>\"freehand\" \u2192 \"FreeHand\" (Block 311, line 1243)</li> <li>\"Spurgeon and Clipta\" \u2192 \"spurge and eclipta\" (Block 316, line 1263)</li> <li>\"Ranger finale and reward\" \u2192 \"Ranger, Finale, and Reward\" (Block 335, line 1339)</li> <li>\"reward is diquat\" \u2192 \"Reward is diquat\" (Block 337, line 1347)</li> <li>\"reward of the DiQuat\" \u2192 \"Reward, the diquat\" (Block 352, line 1407)</li> <li>\"Phenal\" \u2192 \"Finale\" (Block 348, line 1391)</li> <li>\"pennant magnum\" \u2192 \"Pennant Magnum\" (Block 437, line 1747)</li> <li>\"finale or cheetah\" \u2192 \"Finale or Cheetah\" (Block 461, line 1843)</li> <li>\"Axe\" \u2192 \"Axxe\" (Block 472, line 1887)</li> <li>\"Final Sand\" \u2192 \"Finalsan\" (Block 472, line 1887)</li> <li>\"Fireworks\" \u2192 \"FireWorxx\" (Block 472, line 1887)</li> <li>\"Daiquat\" \u2192 \"diquat\" (Block 472, line 1887)</li> <li>\"acidic acid\" \u2192 \"acetic acid\" (Block 488, line 1951)</li> <li>\"gramaticides\" \u2192 \"graminicides\" (Block 523, line 2091)</li> <li>\"Cethoxedem\" \u2192 \"sethoxydim\" (Block 523, line 2091)</li> <li>\"Clethodem\" \u2192 \"clethodim\" (Block 523, line 2091)</li> <li>\"Fluazofop\" \u2192 \"fluazifop\" (Block 523, line 2091)</li> <li>\"Phenoxapro\" \u2192 \"fenoxaprop\" (Block 523, line 2091)</li> <li>\"Basagram\" \u2192 \"Basagran\" (Block 524, line 2095)</li> <li>\"Long Trail\" \u2192 \"Lontrel\" (Block 524, line 2095)</li> <li>\"Certainty Scepter\" \u2192 \"Certainty, Scepter\" (Block 524, line 2095) \u2014 two separate products</li> <li>\"Pusillate\" \u2192 \"Fusilade\" (Block 525, line 2099)</li> <li>\"Bacagrand\" \u2192 \"Basagran\" (Block 532, line 2127)</li> <li>\"Lontrell\" \u2192 \"Lontrel\" (Block 534, line 2135)</li> <li>\"clopyrrolid\" \u2192 \"clopyralid\" (Block 534, line 2135)</li> <li>\"Dazzaplam\" \u2192 \"indaziflam\" (Block 606, line 2423)</li> <li>\"Marengos\" \u2192 \"Marengo\" (Block 606, line 2423)</li> <li>\"Shergard\" \u2192 \"SureGuard\" (Block 607, line 2427)</li> <li>\"Marengo\" \u2192 \"SureGuard\" (Block 612, line 2447) \u2014 Whisper repeated \"Marengo\" where speaker said \"SureGuard\"</li> <li>\"Pindemagnum\" \u2192 \"Pennant Magnum\" (Block 613, line 2451)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/corrections/#technical-terms","title":"Technical Terms","text":"<ul> <li>\"the flow is yours\" \u2192 \"the floor is yours\" (Block 9, line 35)</li> <li>\"mills in the landscape\" \u2192 \"ornamentals in the landscape\" (Block 79, line 315)</li> <li>\"woody one of mills\" \u2192 \"woody ornamentals\" (Block 89, line 355)</li> <li>\"all beds are almost there\" \u2192 \"all bets are off\" (Block 84, line 335)</li> <li>\"turf grass\" \u2192 \"turfgrass\" (Block 78, line 311)</li> <li>\"annual brograss\" \u2192 \"annual bluegrass\" (Block 421, line 1683)</li> <li>\"genetic rotation\" \u2192 \"generic rotation\" (Block 424, line 1695)</li> <li>\"sitage\" \u2192 \"sedge\" (Block 516, line 2063)</li> <li>\"mongongrass\" \u2192 \"mondo grass\" (Block 527, line 2107)</li> <li>\"non-terf\" \u2192 \"non-turf\" (Block 581, line 2323)</li> <li>\"Vindic\" \u2192 \"wind drift\" (Block 588, line 2351)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/corrections/#grammar","title":"Grammar","text":"<ul> <li>\"your men's and weeds and landscape beds\" \u2192 \"you're managing weeds in landscape beds\" (Block 189, line 755)</li> <li>\"for every one of me, it's important\" \u2192 \"for everyone, it's important\" (Block 581, line 2323)</li> <li>\"snapshot\" \u2192 \"Snapshot\" \u2014 trade name capitalization (Block 189, line 755)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/corrections/#flagged-for-verification-resolved","title":"Flagged for Verification \u2014 Resolved","text":"<p>All items resolved via audio verification. No flags remain in the corrected SRT.</p> <ul> <li>Block 79 (line 315): \"mills in the landscape\" \u2192 \"ornamentals in the landscape\" \u2713 corrected</li> <li>Block 117 (line 467): \"especially broadly, ornamental plants\" \u2014 confirmed as transcribed \u2713</li> <li>Block 189 (line 755): \"your men's and weeds\" \u2192 \"you're managing weeds\" \u2713 corrected</li> <li>Block 472 (line 1887): \"Fireworks\" \u2192 \"FireWorxx\" \u2713 corrected</li> <li>Block 525 (line 2099): \"Segment\" \u2014 confirmed as transcribed \u2713</li> <li>Block 555 (line 2219): \"plan outs\" \u2014 confirmed as transcribed \u2713 (reverted from \"plant apps\")</li> <li>Block 592 (line 2367): \"not when wind speeds are below 5 miles an hour\" \u2014 confirmed as transcribed \u2713</li> <li>Block 612 (line 2447): repeated \"Marengo\" \u2192 \"SureGuard\" \u2713 corrected</li> <li>Block 613 (line 2451): \"Tau\" \u2192 \"Tower\" \u2713 confirmed</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/corrections/#new-correction-patterns-for-reference","title":"New Correction Patterns for Reference","text":"<p>The following patterns are new to the project's Common Corrections Reference and should be flagged for addition:</p> Whisper Output Correct Form Notes cervicides / service sites / surface sites / service side / service size / pelvies sites herbicides Systematic \u2014 appeared 15+ times in one transcript wheat species / wheat spectrum weed species / weed spectrum Appeared 6 times sugar (in SureGuard context) SureGuard Context-dependent Final Sand Finalsan Herbicide product Fireworks FireWorxx Non-selective herbicide product Axe Axxe Ammonium nonanoate herbicide acidic acid acetic acid Vinegar-based herbicide gramaticides graminicides Grass-selective herbicide class Pusillate Fusilade Fluazifop product Bacagrand / Basagram Basagran Bentazon product Long Trail / Lontrell Lontrel Clopyralid product clopyrrolid clopyralid Active ingredient Phenal Finale Glufosinate product Pindemagnum / pennant magnum Pennant Magnum Metolachlor product Dazzaplam indaziflam Active ingredient"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/corrections/#srt-format-compliance","title":"SRT Format Compliance","text":"<p>\u2705 All timestamps preserved exactly as original \u2705 All sequence numbers maintained \u2705 Blank lines between segments preserved \u2705 Maximum 2 lines per subtitle segment maintained \u2705 No segments merged or split \u2705 Block count: 618 original = 618 corrected \u2713</p> <p>Total Corrections: ~80 individual corrections across 65+ blocks (includes audio-verified resolutions) Processing: Complete file (618 subtitle blocks, 2473 lines)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/corrections/#speaker-note","title":"Speaker Note","text":"<p>Dr. Chris Marble is not currently in the GTBOP reference roster. Recommended addition:</p> Name Affiliation Dr. Chris Marble Associate Professor, Ornamental and Landscape Invasive Weed Management, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida <p>Collaborators referenced in presentation (not currently in roster): Jeff Derr, Joe Neal \u2014 contributors to the 2017 Southeast Pest Control Guide efficacy charts.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/","title":"GTBOP Processing Log: Weed Control in Ornamentals \u2014 Dr. Chris Marble","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#conversation-snapshot-february-27-2026","title":"Conversation Snapshot \u2014 February 27, 2026","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#webinar-details","title":"Webinar Details","text":"Field Details Title Weed Control in Ornamentals for the Nursery and Landscape Speaker Dr. Chris Marble, Associate Professor, Ornamental and Landscape Invasive Weed Management, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida Moderator Dr. Shimat Joseph, UGA Turfgrass Entomologist Webinar Date July 13, 2023 Series Green & Commercial Duration 50:38 Topic Area Weed Science CEU Categories 10 (Private), 21, 23, 24, 27, 31, 32, 35"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#pipeline-stages-completed","title":"Pipeline Stages Completed","text":"<p>All five standard archive stages were completed in a single session:</p> Stage Deliverable Filename 1 Corrected SRT <code>GTBOP_Transcript_2023-07-13_WeedControlOrnamentals.srt</code> 1 Correction Summary <code>GTBOP_Corrections_2023-07-13_WeedControlOrnamentals.md</code> 2 Archive Package <code>GTBOP_Archive_Summary_2023-07-13_WeedControlOrnamentals.md</code> 3 YouTube Description <code>GTBOP_YouTube_2023-07-13_WeedControlOrnamentals.md</code> 3 Website Version <code>GTBOP_Website_2023-07-13_WeedControlOrnamentals.md</code> 3 Extension Agent Version <code>GTBOP_ExtAgent_2023-07-13_WeedControlOrnamentals.md</code> 4 Moodle Quiz <code>GTBOP_Quiz_2023-07-13_WeedControlOrnamentals.md</code> 4 Moodle Matching <code>GTBOP_Matching_2023-07-13_WeedControlOrnamentals.md</code> 5 Prose Transcript <code>GTBOP_ProseTranscript_2023-07-13_WeedControlOrnamentals.md</code> <p>Stage 6 (Collaborative Writing Resources) was not requested for this webinar.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#stage-1-transcript-correction-what-happened","title":"Stage 1: Transcript Correction \u2014 What Happened","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#source-file","title":"Source File","text":"<ul> <li>Input: <code>Weed_Control_in_Ornamentals_for_the_Nursery_and_Landscape_with_Dr__Chris_Marble.srt</code></li> <li>618 subtitle blocks, 2,473 lines, read in full across 6 sequential chunks before any processing began</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#transcript-quality","title":"Transcript Quality","text":"<p>This was an unusually correction-heavy transcript. Whisper struggled significantly with weed science terminology, producing ~80 individual corrections across 65+ blocks. Two systematic errors dominated:</p> <p>1. \"Herbicides\" rendered 7+ different ways (~15 occurrences) Whisper could not capture the word \"herbicides\" and produced: \"cervicides,\" \"service sites,\" \"surface sites,\" \"service side,\" \"service size,\" \"services,\" and \"pelvies sites.\" All were corrected to \"herbicides\" in context.</p> <p>2. \"Weed species/spectrum\" rendered as \"wheat\" (6 occurrences) Whisper consistently heard \"wheat\" instead of \"weed\" \u2014 corrected throughout.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#other-major-correction-categories","title":"Other Major Correction Categories","text":"<ul> <li>Speaker name: \"Mahabou\" \u2192 \"Marble\" (Whisper garbled the speaker's surname)</li> <li>Institution: \"Mid-Florida Church and Education Center\" \u2192 \"Mid-Florida Research and Education Center\"</li> <li>Product names: Heavy corrections needed \u2014 Specticle, SureGuard, Gallery, isoxaben, Finale, Fusilade, Basagran, Lontrel, Pennant Magnum, Axxe, Finalsan, FireWorxx, and many active ingredients (flumioxazin, indaziflam, clopyralid, sethoxydim, clethodim, fluazifop, fenoxaprop, acetic acid)</li> <li>Technical terms: \"woody one of mills\" \u2192 \"woody ornamentals,\" \"annual brograss\" \u2192 \"annual bluegrass,\" \"gramaticides\" \u2192 \"graminicides,\" \"mongongrass\" \u2192 \"mondo grass,\" etc.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#audio-verification-round","title":"Audio Verification Round","text":"<p>Nine items were flagged <code>[VERIFY]</code> in the initial corrected SRT for audio confirmation. Rich checked all nine against the recording and provided resolutions:</p> Block Flagged Item Resolution 79 \"mills in the landscape\" Corrected \u2192 \"ornamentals in the landscape\" 117 \"especially broadly, ornamental plants\" Confirmed as transcribed 189 \"your men's and weeds\" Corrected \u2192 \"you're managing weeds\" 472 \"Fireworks\" Corrected \u2192 \"FireWorxx\" 525 \"Segment\" Confirmed as transcribed 555 \"plan outs\" (initially corrected to \"plant apps\") Confirmed as \"plan outs\" \u2014 reverted 592 \"not when wind speeds are below 5 mph\" Confirmed as transcribed 612 Repeated \"Marengo\" Corrected \u2192 \"SureGuard\" 613 \"Tau\" (initially corrected to \"Tower\") Confirmed as \"Tower\" <p>After resolutions, zero VERIFY flags remain in the final corrected SRT.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#new-speaker-for-reference-roster","title":"New Speaker for Reference Roster","text":"<p>Dr. Chris Marble is not in the existing GTBOP speaker reference. Recommended addition:</p> Name Affiliation Dr. Chris Marble Associate Professor, Ornamental and Landscape Invasive Weed Management, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#new-correction-patterns","title":"New Correction Patterns","text":"<p>This transcript surfaced numerous product names not previously in the Common Corrections Reference. The correction summary includes a table of 14+ new Whisper-to-correct patterns for future use, including: cervicides \u2192 herbicides, Fireworks \u2192 FireWorxx, Axe \u2192 Axxe, Final Sand \u2192 Finalsan, acidic acid \u2192 acetic acid, gramaticides \u2192 graminicides, Pusillate \u2192 Fusilade, Basagram/Bacagrand \u2192 Basagran, Long Trail/Lontrell \u2192 Lontrel, clopyrrolid \u2192 clopyralid, Phenal \u2192 Finale, Pindemagnum \u2192 Pennant Magnum, Dazzaplam \u2192 indaziflam.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#verification","title":"Verification","text":"<ul> <li>Block count: 618 original = 618 corrected \u2713</li> <li>All 1,236 timestamps preserved exactly \u2713</li> <li>No blocks merged or split \u2713</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#stage-2-archive-package-what-was-produced","title":"Stage 2: Archive Package \u2014 What Was Produced","text":"<p>The archive package contains three sections, all derived exclusively from the corrected transcript:</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#narrative-summary","title":"Narrative Summary","text":"<ul> <li>385 words, flowing paragraphs, no bullet points</li> <li>Covers the full presentation arc: calibration fundamentals \u2192 pre/post-emergence timing \u2192 three-step herbicide selection \u2192 pre+post research results \u2192 glyphosate alternatives \u2192 selective herbicides \u2192 resources/Q&A</li> <li>Every topic traceable to specific transcript content</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#youtube-timestamps","title":"YouTube Timestamps","text":"<ul> <li>38 chapter markers covering the full 50:38 duration</li> <li>First timestamp: <code>0:00</code> \u2713</li> <li>Last timestamp: <code>49:08</code> (within 1:30 of end) \u2713</li> <li>Density note: 38 entries across ~51 minutes is denser than the typical 3\u20135 minute interval. This presentation had unusually frequent topic transitions \u2014 Marble moved through substantial material quickly. The density reflects genuine content shifts, not over-segmentation.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#questions-answers","title":"Questions & Answers","text":"<ul> <li>11 Q&A pairs (within the 8\u201312 target range)</li> <li>Mix of recall, application, and identification questions</li> <li>All answers derived directly from presentation content \u2014 no external information</li> <li>Covers calibration, timing, the three-step process, rotation importance, pre+post research, glyphosate alternatives, desiccant performance, selective options, signal words, and drift reduction</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#stage-3-platform-optimization-three-versions","title":"Stage 3: Platform Optimization \u2014 Three Versions","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#youtube-description","title":"YouTube Description","text":"<ul> <li>4,914 characters (within ~5,000 limit)</li> <li>Condensed single-paragraph summary</li> <li>All 38 timestamps retained</li> <li>Q&A condensed to 4 highest-value pairs</li> <li>Hashtags included</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#website-version","title":"Website Version","text":"<ul> <li>Full archive package from Stage 2</li> <li>Formatted for web publication with complete Q&A and resource links</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#extension-agent-version","title":"Extension Agent Version","text":"<ul> <li>CEU category table prominently displayed with all 8 applicable categories</li> <li>Asynchronous viewing instructions for county agent CEU delivery</li> <li>Condensed content summary with a \"Key Topics for CEU Relevance\" section connecting material to license categories</li> <li>Full chapter list for video navigation</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#stage-4-moodle-activities-quiz-and-matching","title":"Stage 4: Moodle Activities \u2014 Quiz and Matching","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#quiz","title":"Quiz","text":"<ul> <li>15 multiple choice questions with answer keys</li> <li>Difficulty distribution: 53% Recall / 33% Application / 13% Analysis</li> <li>Coverage spans early (Q1\u20137: calibration, timing, environmental factors), middle (Q8\u201311: rotation, three-step selection, research), and late (Q12\u201315: alternatives, graminicides, signal words) portions of the presentation</li> <li>Every question includes timestamp references and transcript source citations</li> <li>No \"all of the above\" / \"none of the above\" options</li> <li>All distractors drawn from plausible but incorrect interpretations of presentation content</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#matching-exercises","title":"Matching Exercises","text":"<p>Three exercises, each with distractors to prevent elimination guessing:</p> Exercise Type Pairs Distractors 1: Post-Emergence Products & Characteristics Product-Characteristic 7 2 2: Pre-Emergence Mode of Action Groups Product-Category 6 1 3: Weed Management Timing & Practice Timing-Practice 8 2"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#stage-5-prose-transcript-full-conversion","title":"Stage 5: Prose Transcript \u2014 Full Conversion","text":"<p>The corrected SRT was converted into a readable markdown document preserving all 618 blocks of content in flowing prose.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#structure","title":"Structure","text":"<ul> <li>~9,300 words</li> <li>14 H2 major sections aligned to genuine topic transitions</li> <li>24 H3 subsections for distinct subtopics</li> <li>24 speaker labels at every change of speaker (17 Marble, 7 Joseph)</li> <li>9 italicized active ingredient names on first mention</li> <li>Source attribution footer with filename and block count</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#section-architecture","title":"Section Architecture","text":"<p>The H2/H3 structure follows Dr. Marble's own presentation flow:</p> <ol> <li>Introduction</li> <li>Why Herbicides Fail: Calibration and Application</li> <li>Pre-emergent Herbicide Timing</li> <li>Post-emergence Herbicide Timing</li> <li>Importance of Developing a Program, Not Just Products</li> <li>Three Steps to Choosing Herbicides</li> <li>Year-Round Nursery Rotation Plan</li> <li>Research: Pre-emergent + Post-emergent vs. Post-Only Programs</li> <li>Application Interval Considerations</li> <li>Landscape-Specific Rotation Planning</li> <li>Post-emergence Alternatives to Glyphosate in Landscape Beds</li> <li>Selective Post-emergence Options for Landscape Beds</li> <li>UF Mid-Florida REC Resources and Contact Information</li> <li>Questions and Answers (with H3 subheaders for each Q&A topic)</li> </ol>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#presentation-content-overview","title":"Presentation Content Overview","text":"<p>For team members unfamiliar with this webinar, here's what Dr. Marble covered:</p> <p>Dr. Marble presented a comprehensive, practical guide to building herbicide programs for ornamental nursery production and landscape maintenance. He began with calibration \u2014 identifying it as the #1 cause of herbicide failure and sharing free UF-developed calculators. He then covered herbicide timing for both pre-emergent (apply after soil settles, avoid tender new growth, reapply every 8\u201312 weeks in nurseries vs. 2\u20133 times/year in landscapes) and post-emergence applications (treat small, actively growing weeds; morning applications on clear days perform best).</p> <p>The core of the presentation was a three-step herbicide selection process: (1) determine what's labeled/safe for the ornamental, (2) identify primary and secondary weed species by season, and (3) combine into a year-round rotation using different modes of action. He walked through this using container-grown gardenia as an example, referencing the 2017 Southeast Pest Control Guide (compiled by Marble, Jeff Derr, and Joe Neal) for efficacy and safety ratings.</p> <p>He presented research showing that combining pre-emergent with post-emergence herbicides reduced total herbicide active ingredient by 40\u201360% and costs by up to 30% versus post-only programs. He reviewed glyphosate alternatives (glufosinate, desiccant-type products like Axxe, Finalsan, FireWorxx) and highlighted underutilized selective herbicides \u2014 particularly graminicides (Segment, Envoy, Fusilade, Acclaim) that can be applied over the top of hundreds of broadleaf ornamentals.</p> <p>The Q&A covered signal words/PPE requirements, drift reduction strategies, and Marengo use in nursery gravel areas.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/processing-log/#notes-for-team","title":"Notes for Team","text":"<ul> <li>New speaker: Dr. Chris Marble should be added to the reference roster for future processing</li> <li>New correction patterns: 14+ new Whisper error patterns documented in the correction summary \u2014 useful for future weed science transcripts</li> <li>Broad CEU applicability: This session carries 8 CEU categories, making it a strong candidate for cross-disciplinary certificate courses</li> <li>Stage 6 not completed: No publication project was identified for this webinar. The prose transcript is available if collaborative writing resources are needed later</li> </ul> <p>Processing completed February 27, 2026 Pipeline: Stages 1\u20135 (standard archive + prose transcript) Project: GTBOP Webinar Archive Processing (v4.0 instructions)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/","title":"Weed Control in Ornamentals for the Nursery and Landscape","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#gtbop-green-commercial-july-13-2023","title":"GTBOP Green & Commercial \u2014 July 13, 2023","text":"<p>Speaker: Dr. Chris Marble, Associate Professor, Ornamental and Landscape Invasive Weed Management, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida Moderator: Dr. Shimat Joseph, UGA Turfgrass Entomologist Duration: 50:38</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#introduction","title":"Introduction","text":"<p>Shimat Joseph: So welcome back everyone. So our second speaker is Dr. Chris Marble. Dr. Marble received his PhD from Auburn University in 2013. And he is an associate professor at the University of Florida, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center. His research focuses on developing integrated weed management plans for ornamental plants in nurseries, greenhouses, and landscapes, focusing on more efficient use of herbicides, and how cultural practices impact weed control. Dr. Marble, the floor is yours. Can you get started?</p> <p>Chris Marble: Thank you very much. I appreciate it. And thank you all for joining me and for inviting me to come and present today. Is my screen showing up good? Good. All right. So we're going to be talking about weed control and ornamentals. And I'm going to share some information that regardless of whether you're trying to control weeds and ornamentals in a nursery situation, a production scenario, or in the landscape, these things would be applicable and kind of apply in both scenarios. So we'll talk about application, timing, and then how to develop a program and what you want to think about when you're developing a weed management program in terms of combining a bunch of different things together and not just selecting herbicides, essentially.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#why-herbicides-fail-calibration-and-application","title":"Why Herbicides Fail: Calibration and Application","text":"<p>Chris Marble: Overview, what I'll talk about, I kind of just discussed that, but one thing that I'm going to start out with is the number one reasons why herbicides fail and people get either poor results or they get plant injury, and that is when you're using a herbicide that's actually labeled for the use, of course, but it's poor application practices and not being calibrated. So I'll cover some of that and then also share some tools that we've developed to help people with that. Also talk about improving success with pre and post-emergence herbicides. Some things to look for and some keys to really getting the most bang for your buck out of the herbicide applications. And then developing a weed control program based upon individual considerations. So, weed species and then also the ornamentals in which you're trying to control those weed species.</p> <p>I'll give some examples of some different rotations and things like that that could be implemented, but I try to, in these types of presentations, not give people, you know, this is the rotation that you can use. Because some of the examples that I'll give, they could be a great option for your situation, or they could be potentially catastrophic for your situation, depending upon your weed species and the ornamental. So I'm going to try to spend quite a bit of time going through, basically how to develop a program for your specific situation, and just kind of give people the tools and the information they need to do that and not give, you know, just cookie-cutter recommendations.</p> <p>With the common questions, this is probably the most common questions I get, whether I'm talking about nurseries or the landscape is, why didn't the herbicide work? You know, I've been using this herbicide and it's always worked consistently. And then, you know, why am I getting this plant injury? Could this plant injury be attributed to this herbicide application? And a good possibility is that not the right rate was used and that the applicator was not calibrated properly or there was some other kind of misapplication there. And these are just some examples of some cases where someone was calibrated and you had good weed control and good crop safety versus those same plant species and that same herbicide with that rate being off by somewhere between 50 and several hundred percent.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#calibration-tools-and-mixing-calculators","title":"Calibration Tools and Mixing Calculators","text":"<p>We've been around actually at several different locations in the Southeast. And we were measuring, you know, people's applications to see how close they were to the label rate. And, you know, I'd say most people were getting it pretty good, were there within 10 percent, 20 percent. And that's that's really in a real world situation. That's kind of a perfect application. We're talking about large scale, getting it within 10 percent plus or minus. But in some cases, that rate might have been exorbitantly high or low, you know, anywhere from a quarter of the rate that they were actually trying to apply. And so in those cases, that herbicide is going to fail and it's not going to provide weed control results.</p> <p>So these are some of the tools that we've developed to help people with some of this in terms of mixing things properly and staying calibrated and things. We have, for people that are growing in large containers, I don't necessarily recommend this too much. It's kind of still difficult to do, but in terms of applying and treating individual pots, so if someone had, say, 50-gallon, I have growers that, you know, grow in 100-gallon pots, and they want to treat those individually. And so we have some ways to kind of calculate that out to where you're staying calibrated there. We also have some calibration checks where you can do it for liquids or granules in a bunch of different units. And then these are herbicide calculators in terms of mixing. So for granules, you know, what's the size of the area that you're treating, what's the product that you're using, how much you actually need. And then the same for liquid and spray applied. You can put in the size of your tank, the size of the area that you're treating, the length of the production beds and things like that. And then they'll tell you how much to mix, you know, per tank based upon the output of your sprayer. And those can be useful for, you know, whether you're treating turfgrass or ornamentals in the landscape or nursery. But these are available for free download. And I'll talk about our website at the end of the presentation and where some of these resources can be found.</p> <p>This is just another example of stuff that I see, you know, all the time, just misapplications where, you know, you have very high rate, you know, one side of the container, no herbicide on the other. But this, I just put this in there to just address that with all these different herbicides that I'll talk about today and then the performance and the safety that you'll get with a lot of these, that's based upon someone following the label and getting it at the proper rate. So if it's not the proper rate, all bets are off.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#pre-emergent-herbicide-timing","title":"Pre-emergent Herbicide Timing","text":"<p>Chris Marble: So herbicide timing, of course, for pre-emergent herbicides, you've got to have those out before your target weed germinates. In a nursery situation, that's typically going to be, you know, at potting, waiting several days for those plants to be watered in and then for the herbicide to be applied. And then in a landscape situation, it will be, you know, after the depends upon the plant species, but for woody ornamentals and things, soon after they're planted, they're tolerant of a wide range of pre-emergent herbicides. But the key is to make sure that that soil is settled, whether they're just being planted, you know, in a container or the landscape. Because where injury can occur, especially with some root inhibiting herbicides and things like that, is if those roots are exposed to those pre-emergent herbicides.</p> <p>But then in terms of an application schedule, in terms of how many times you would have to apply during a year, you know, in a production situation in a nursery, that's really the only tool that they have are pre-emergent herbicides. They can't go in and spot spray, you know, small containers. So they're going to be applying, you know, approximately every 8 to 12 weeks to keep that weed pressure down. Whereas in a landscape situation, you can go much longer. You know, some people don't even use pre-emergent herbicides and they just spot treat with post-emergent herbicides. And I'll cover that a lot towards the end of the presentation as well in terms of ways to reduce the total amount of herbicides that you're actually using there. But essentially, you know, the timing is going to vary based upon a lot of factors in terms of the weather, the time of year, the herbicide that you're using, et cetera, et cetera.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#avoiding-plant-injury-during-application","title":"Avoiding Plant Injury During Application","text":"<p>This is another important aspect of herbicide timing. So this is all with pre-emergent herbicides, especially those that are going to be applied over the top of ornamentals. So you want to try to avoid during times of tender new growth. That's when plants are going to be most susceptible is during bud swell and development. And when you have very young foliage on those plants. And then also another thing to consider, especially this time of year, when temperatures are really increasing, your chances of injury with these herbicides is going to increase. So there's a lot of plants, you know, that are on, you know, specific herbicide labels and you wouldn't get any injury, but then, you know, in the hot part of, you know, someone's treating in the middle of the day and you have a lot of swelling buds or tender new growth, you can get injury in those cases. Those plants typically recover pretty quickly from that. But if those plants are about to go for sale, that's still not a very good thing that they could have to be delayed and you have to keep them until they recover from that. And in the landscape situation, of course, they're going to upset the clients.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#sureguard-holly-trial-new-growth-vs-hardened-foliage","title":"SureGuard Holly Trial: New Growth vs. Hardened Foliage","text":"<p>This is a good representation of that. So this is a holly, and this is a study that we treated. This was a long time ago, but it's a good photo. And this is an over-the-top application of a herbicide called SureGuard, which is flumioxazin. And that herbicide is not labeled for over-the-top use. So please don't apply SureGuard over the top of, especially broadly, ornamental plants. But this was an experiment, and so we were applying SureGuard over the top of plants and also doing directed applications, and we were looking at safety. But this was an interesting thing occurred, and so this is what we saw. So if you look at this holly here, the newest growth on those was severely affected. And so that's what you would expect from SureGuard. It can have a kind of a post-emergence effect to it as well. But then this older hardened foliage, you had no injury on it at all. And so it's a good example of what can happen, you know, maybe on a much lower scale, but with some of these other pre-emergent herbicides and things that plants, once those leaves are fully expanded and they're matured and kind of hardened off, they become less susceptible to injury, whereas that new growth is much more susceptible.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#post-emergence-herbicide-timing","title":"Post-emergence Herbicide Timing","text":"<p>Chris Marble: And so post-emergence herbicide timing, you know, in a production scenario, it should just be preventative. So you want to mostly focus on sanitation, pre-emergence herbicide use, and then controlling those escapes in the non-crop areas with post-emergence herbicides. But in the landscape, they're going to be a necessity in most cases, unless you have a high tolerance for weeds. But to keep high managed areas, highly managed landscapes, you're typically going to have to have, you know, post-emergence herbicides regardless of your pre-emergence program. And so we'll get into a lot of the different options that you have there. But that timing, you know, it's going to vary based upon basically you're just trying to manage those escapes, treat those weeds when they're small before they go to seed and the problem gets worse.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#environmental-factors-affecting-efficacy","title":"Environmental Factors Affecting Efficacy","text":"<p>So some environmental considerations with post-emergence herbicides. Regardless of what herbicide that you're talking about, they're going to be most effective on small, actively growing weeds. And so that's really the most important part of timing with post-emergence herbicides is, trying to get those out when those weeds are still small and actively growing before they get large. Your efficacy is going to be reduced. You're going to have to use higher rates of herbicides, possibly multiple applications to get control of the same weed species. And then also, once they go into the flowering and vegetative state and they're producing seeds, you're increasing that weed seed bank. And so you'll have a problem for a while to come from that.</p> <p>But the performance can be reduced under certain conditions. So, and this is, again, very herbicide dependent, but cloudy overcast for several days after an application can delay or reduce the effects of herbicides and reduce your efficacy. And so applications early in the morning, you know, during a clear sunny day, they'll likely be more effective than later in the day. For those of you that have route based businesses, that can be pretty hard to do. You're usually treating and managing pests, you know, all day long. So that's not as critical, but that is something where if you're not seeing the same performance that you've had in the past or you do an application and you just don't get good control, the first thing a lot of people suspect is herbicide resistance. And that definitely can be a concern, but keeping good records of your applications and when that went out, what were the weather conditions, all those different things can help you to diagnose these problems and correct it going forward.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#stressed-weeds-and-mowing-impacts","title":"Stressed Weeds and Mowing Impacts","text":"<p>So some other environmental conditions, weeds that are stressed, they're going to be harder to control. You want those weeds to be actually healthy and actively growing for the herbicides to perform the best. For, you know, for the systemic herbicides, they have to move in that plant. That plant needs to be actively growing for those to be translocated as well as they can be. And then stress weeds are going to have reduced photosynthesis. Herbicide movement can be limited. And so another thing too, I'll talk about these other factors. So drought, of course, that's a stress, very hot or very cold weather. But mowing is a big issue and it's not pertaining to ornamentals. But mowing sooner before or after cultivation can really reduce or impact efficacy. So, you know, you can cut a, you have a large weed and it goes through and gets mowed. You know, you might cut off 80, 90% of that weed kind of goes into a semi-state of stress. And then, that herbicide is not going to be effective or you already made the application and its mode or weeded it after that application and doesn't have time to translocate down and give you thorough control. So that's another thing to consider also.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#ranking-factors-that-impact-post-emergence-performance","title":"Ranking Factors That Impact Post-emergence Performance","text":"<p>So ranking factors and impact post-performance. So the rate and efficacy of the herbicide is really the most important thing. You know, if the herbicide doesn't work on that weed, you know, optimal environmental conditions aren't really going to affect that. And then the size of the weed, that's very important and impacts efficacy a lot. And then the environmental conditions like the temperature and the relative humidity at the time of application. And then after that, I have the adjuvant. And so that's probably dependent. Some herbicides have to have adjuvants or surfactants to work. But, you know, you see a lot of claims on different surfactants and adjuvants and spreader stickers. And, well, those are all different types of adjuvants. But you see a lot of claims on a lot of those. But they're not miracle workers. They can improve control, but if that herbicide is not effective on that weed species, it doesn't really matter what surfactant that you used on it, it's not going to work. But some products do have to have certain ones, so that's all label dependent. And then time of day would be probably one of the more least important factors in a lot of cases. So that ties into what we were talking about previously.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#importance-of-developing-a-program-not-just-products","title":"Importance of Developing a Program, Not Just Products","text":"<p>Chris Marble: And so importance of developing a program. So oftentimes people, you know, they just have different herbicides and they might choose a few herbicides that they like and they use them in a bunch of different scenarios. But you want to program, I say you want to program and not products. You don't want to just have herbicides. Different herbicides that you use, you know, you're managing weeds in landscape beds and Snapshot is your herbicide for that. That's a good herbicide and it might be useful, but you don't want to just have, you know, you want to have multiple options, combining that with cultural controls and things like that to develop a program.</p> <p>And so what a program is, is basically a schedule of herbicide applications that's planned, but it's also flexible, depending upon the control that you got, the environmental considerations, and the weed species that you have. Also consider with these pre-emergent herbicides that with all these different options that I'll discuss, you might get one, but in a lot of cases you get two or three applications per year. So I hear people talking about, you know, they have this pre-emergent herbicide that they're using in landscape beds, and that's the only one they use, and they apply it, you know, multiple times per year. But in a lot of cases, you only can apply those things two or three times legally according to that label, or to stay within that label rate, that total label rate. That's important, and so that limits, you know, the herbicides that you can use. But I'll talk about some different rotation options and timings. But again, none of this works for everyone. But I'll try to give you the tools to develop one for your own program, for your own situation.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#herbicide-rotation-and-resistance-prevention","title":"Herbicide Rotation and Resistance Prevention","text":"<p>Selecting herbicides. If you have a good rotation and a good herbicide plan, you're going to get better weed control, better plant tolerance, and then also reduce the chances of resistance development. In this picture, I like to include it on a lot of slides because it's a great example of this. So this crabgrass is not resistant, but in this particular case, this nursery had been battling bittercress for a long time and they were doing a lot of hand weeding because the herbicides that they were using before did not control bittercress and so they switched and they found Gallery, isoxaben, which is very effective on bittercress and we even control bittercress post-emergence if it's pretty small but it provides great pre-emergence control bittercress so they switched to Gallery, started using that over and over again, and they weren't rotating to something that would control grassy species, 'cause Gallery's only really effective on broadleaves. And so then they had grass issues that took over and became a major concern, as you can see in this photo here. So no one herbicide is going to control all the weeds and, you know, the weed that is not controlled is going to eventually take over. And they don't increase linearly. I say they increase exponentially in terms of their population and how many seeds they can produce. And they can do it really fast, too.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#three-steps-to-choosing-herbicides","title":"Three Steps to Choosing Herbicides","text":"<p>Chris Marble: So how do you choose herbicides for your situation? So three steps. One, you know, what's labeled or what is safe for the plants that you're having to treat around for the ornamentals? Two, what are the weeds that you're targeting? And then three, you know, putting those together so that you have a plan for the year based upon the number of applications that you need.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#pre-emergence-options-color-coded-by-mode-of-action","title":"Pre-emergence Options Color-Coded by Mode of Action","text":"<p>Here's basically a pretty thorough list of all the different pre-emergence herbicide options that you have for use in ornamental plants. And these are all color-coded by mode of action. So I developed this so that people could look and see which herbicides are really similar in terms of the modes of action. The ones that have two colors on the same product, those are combination products where you have two different herbicides that have been combined there. But we have a lot of herbicides from our group three, our mitosis inhibitors, that's represented by yellow. And then we also have a lot of PPO inhibitors, which is represented by orange. But those are a lot of the herbicides that we have for use in ornamentals. So when you're developing a program, you want to make sure that you're rotating through these different modes of action. You're not using the same products every application, you know, multiple years in a row or the same mode of action, not just the same herbicide.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#the-2017-southeast-pest-control-guide","title":"The 2017 Southeast Pest Control Guide","text":"<p>So this is probably the best resource that I know of for in terms of a compilation of a bunch of pest control guides and things. It has information on weeds, insects, and then also diseases. But it's the 2017 Southeast Pest Control Guide. And so we have efficacy charts in there. We have safety charts in there. But it's available for download for free or you can order a copy from I think it's North Carolina State. And it's only I think it's $20 for a hard copy of it if you want it. But it's probably the best resource with a compilation of all that different information there. And so that's going to be kind of what I use for these examples that I'll show here.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#step-1-example-labeled-options-for-container-grown-gardenia","title":"Step 1 Example: Labeled Options for Container-Grown Gardenia","text":"<p>So the step one, figuring out what herbicides that you can use. In this example, let's say that we need a year-long rotation for a container-grown gardenia. And so we look at gardenia, and this is from that guide. We have all of our pre-emergence herbicides, and then we have all the different products that are labeled for use on that, represented by an FC, whether it's field or container. And so with gardenia, you can look at that and you see all of your different options and we'll narrow it down to just granulars. We'll say that we're going to develop a program and the only thing we can apply is granular. But these are our different granular products here. These are all labeled for use, you know, over the top in gardenia to control different weeds. So we have a lot of different labeled options. So the next step is to figure out, you know, which ones are going to be most effective for the weed species that we're dealing with.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#grouping-herbicides-by-mode-of-action","title":"Grouping Herbicides by Mode of Action","text":"<p>So let's take those different herbicides and let's group them because, you know, you look at a list like this. So, you know, how did you go through picking, you know, which herbicide to use? So that's where this kind of comes into handy where you look at basically the modes of action of those and you want to kind of group them by that. Here's all of our 14 plus three combinations. You know, five different herbicides have the same mode of action. Some of the active ingredients are a little bit different, but they all perform, you know, pretty much similarly. We have a couple of group threes, one group 29, which is represented by indaziflam. Then we have some isoxaben combinations. Those are all products that contain isoxaben, which is the Gallery, essentially, but they contain an isoxaben plus, you know, another herbicide. Those are all group 23 or group 21 plus three combinations. Then we have one 15 plus three and then some group 14s, or it's just group 14 by itself. So the reason to think of it like this is you wouldn't want to pick, you know, a rotation with two or three options from the same combination because you may be controlling the same spectrum of weeds. And, you know, you can lead to resistance development as well.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#step-2-targeting-primary-and-secondary-weed-species","title":"Step 2: Targeting Primary and Secondary Weed Species","text":"<p>So determining what weeds you need to target, at least in the nursery industry and in the southeast, I'll say that there's two seasons. There's spurge season and bittercress season. And that's by our primaries here. But really what you want to do when you're thinking about this is, you know, you have your herbicides that are safe for your, you know, your potential site. And the next thing is to look and see, OK, what is my primary weed species that I'm dealing with at this time of year, whether it's spring, summer, fall or winter? And then you've got to pick a herbicide that's effective, especially for that primary weed species. But then you're also going to have some secondary species that are problematic at the same time or possibly a little bit before or later. And so you want to make sure that that herbicide is effective for your primary species, but is also at least okay on the secondary species.</p> <p>So you could go back to that guide, the 2017 pest management guide, and you could look up, so say we spotted spurge was our primary issue, and so we look, and then myself and Jeff Derr and Joe Neal rank these based upon their labels and also our data. And we have whether they're good, fair or poor, you know, for these different herbicides. And so you would want to look and then for your primary species, you'd want something that's good that has a G. There, that will be, you know, that's your most important plant or your most important weed to control because it's your primary weed species. And so we look and we narrow that list down. And so these are all ranked as good for spurge and they're also labeled in gardenia.</p> <p>And so let's say that our secondary species was eclipta. And so for that secondary species, it's not as bad, you know, it's kind of a problem, but it definitely isn't, you know, taking over like spurge was. So in this case, we want something that's at least fair or good, you know, a G or F based upon these particular charts. And so then we narrow our list down further. And so all these options here, they're good for, they're great on spurge. They're, you know, pretty good on eclipta and they're labeled for use in gardenia. So these would be good options, you know, in that warm time of the year when spurge and eclipta are issues. So that will be, you know, where you would place these in a rotation.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#step-3-building-a-year-round-rotation","title":"Step 3: Building a Year-Round Rotation","text":"<p>And so the third step is basically just combining all those together through the year to figure that out. So we covered the priorities and how to kind of pick those and go through everything. But you just want to pick your best options and then make sure that you're saving those applications for when you need them. You know, if you get two applications of FreeHand a year and you really like it for spurge, you wouldn't want to put it in the winter when spurge isn't really an issue. You want to place them maybe in the spring and then one, you know, late summer, something like that, so that you get the best advantage out of that herbicide for your weed. But this could be like a for a three or about a 16, 20, 24 week rotation here are more like 24 to 30 week rotation where you have three different products here. They're all safe on gardenia and they all control spurge and eclipta. And then, you know, for your cool season, you might have a different group of herbicides that you've also determined to be safe. They're good on, you know, your cool season weed spectrum like bittercress or annual bluegrass or oxalis, and they're effective for those. And so you kind of combine all those together and figure out your program for the year.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#year-round-nursery-rotation-plan","title":"Year-Round Nursery Rotation Plan","text":"<p>Chris Marble: In landscape, you know, you might just have one application, two applications that you can make. In the nursery situation, you know, you're making an application every 8 to 10 weeks, and so you'd have to have more options put together to develop your program for the year.</p> <p>This would be a plan for the year for this would be like a nursery situation. You've got your months of the year up here, your primary species, and then all of your herbicide options based upon the ones that are safe and labeled for your plants. And so, you know, early February, you know, you've got a 3 plus 21, then you follow that with a 14 plus 3, then you come with a group 29, then a group 3 plus 15, on and on down the line, so that you're not repeating the same mode of action too many times, and you're controlling all those weeds in that spectrum when those weeds are most problematic.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#research-pre-emergent-post-emergent-vs-post-only-programs","title":"Research: Pre-emergent + Post-emergent vs. Post-Only Programs","text":"<p>Chris Marble: And then, you know, in a landscape, you know, people might say, you know, I don't like to use any pre-emergence herbicides or it's too much trouble to go in and make a pre-emergence application. Or I've gotten this before, too, where people will say, you know, why are you recommending people use pre-emergence herbicide? I thought you always talked about reducing herbicide applications. I can just go and manage them by spot spraying, you know, Roundup or Finale or something like that. And the reason I say I'm kind of a proponent of pre-emergent herbicides in certain situations is that we've done a lot of research on this, and this is results from one of the trials that we did.</p> <p>And so basically what we wanted to look at is for someone that's managing weeds in the landscape situation, if they wanted to keep weed pressure to optimal level, let's say 15 to 20%, you know, how many follow-up post applications of just Roundup or glyphosate, could they eliminate if they incorporated pre-emergent herbicides? And so this is a study that we did where we had Ranger, Finale, and Reward. Ranger was our glyphosate product. Finale is glufosinate, and then Reward is diquat. But those are all post-emergent herbicides. And then we combine them with either Specticle or SureGuard. And those are two pretty long-lasting pre-emergent herbicides that are labeled for use in landscape planting beds. And then we compared them to just Ranger or glyphosate by itself.</p> <p>And so this is the average control that we got over the course of 12 weeks. And the way that we did this was we went out every two weeks and we did our ratings, our weed control ratings. And then if those ratings were, you know, if our weed control rating was basically below 80%, we would go back in and spot treat like someone would do in a landscape situation. And so then over time, after we got to about, I think, and the data that I have here is for maybe four months, I believe. But then we looked and we saw the average number of basically retreatments that we had to make.</p> <p>And so when we included these pre-emergent herbicides, like especially if we started out with glyphosate or Finale, and we included Specticle or SureGuard, we were only making one or two follow-up applications after that. If we just used Ranger or glyphosate by itself, we were having to go in basically every month or more than every month to go back in and spot treat because that weed pressure was up. And so we ended up using a lot more herbicide by just using, you know, a post-only program. With Reward, the diquat, we had to make three follow-up applications is that's because we didn't get, you know, optimal control with that first initial post-emergence treatment. Because it's, all things considered, it's not as effective as Finale and definitely not as effective as glyphosate as a post-emergence herbicide.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#cost-savings-and-herbicide-reduction-results","title":"Cost Savings and Herbicide Reduction Results","text":"<p>And so this is the total cost expected over 12 months. And then this is the pounds on the ground, or basically the total amount of herbicide active ingredient that was applied. And so this is the estimated potential savings for the total cost over 12 months. When we included basically these different combinations, we were reducing total costs by anywhere from 3% or up to 30% reducing our costs by 30%. And then if you look at the amount of herbicide that we eliminated, we were reducing the amount of herbicide that we actually had to use by somewhere between 40% and 60%. We were really reducing the amount of herbicide that we needed to use to get that, still get that good optimal weed control by including, you know, a pre-emergent herbicide into the mix. They can offer advantage, you know, in certain situations, especially if the primary weed species that you're dealing with are annuals that are spreading from seed. Perennials, it's a different story.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#application-interval-considerations","title":"Application Interval Considerations","text":"<p>Chris Marble: Application interval, it's going to depend upon a lot of things. The season, your location, you know, down here in Florida, you know, people are going to have to use it more than they would, you know, a lot further north because we don't really get a winter or a break, you know, production practices and then things like cultural practices like irrigation, mowing heights, stuff like that is going to affect it as well. Rainfall also, you know, higher the rainfall typically the higher the weed growth especially for a lot of species. And then on a production situation, eight to 12 weeks, eight to 10 weeks on average, could push it up to 12 weeks. Then in the landscape, you know, maybe two or three applications per year, and you're going to get pretty good results from that.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#landscape-specific-rotation-planning","title":"Landscape-Specific Rotation Planning","text":"<p>Chris Marble: And so landscape-specific rotations, these are kind of some things to consider. So one is how many applications do you actually want to make? You might have only time to make one application per year. So where is that going to be most optimal? And then some people, you know, they might do two applications. And so you have some flexibility in terms of when you can apply those. And then in any of their other cases, someone might make, you know, they say, you know, I want to focus on pre-emergent herbicide so that I can reduce my callbacks or my labor or, you know, the weed species that we have. We took over this job and the weeds were out of control. We can't stay on top of it with just our post-emergence program. So we've got to focus on pre-emergence herbicides to get this place back, you know, into shape.</p> <p>So you want to consider how many applications you want to make. Are pre-emergent herbicides going to be the foundation of your program, or do you want just to be kind of a supplement to your program? And there's not really a wrong way to do that. You know, what's the weed pressure like? What are the weed species that you're dealing with? And then when are those pre-emergent herbicides going to be most advantageous? You know, is it a case where, you know, in the winter you don't have very many issues, but then in the summer, you know, spurge goes crazy or, you know, the only weed that you deal with in the summer is yellow nutsedge. And so you just got to, you're not going to get great control with any pre-emergent herbicide, but you want an option to at least suppress that a little bit. You know, you would apply it maybe later in the year than if you were targeting crabgrass, for instance, which is an early species to come up. So those are just kind of all things to consider. What is my primary goal with these? And what is my primary issue?</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#timing-examples-one-two-or-three-applications-per-year","title":"Timing Examples: One, Two, or Three Applications Per Year","text":"<p>Some timing examples for the landscape. I'd say if someone had just one application per year, it's probably going to be best, you know, is that first spring part to give you a head start into the warmer time of the year, somewhere around February to March, at least in the southeast. That's going to vary depending upon where you're at and then also the weather and where you're at. If you had two applications per year, you have some flexibility. I would say still that first application in the early spring is probably the most important. Then if you had a second one, you know, if you had, if you really dealt with weeds really bad during the warm time of the year and they weren't as bad in the winter, you might do, you know, you might not make a fall application. You might apply one in May and June. Say that doveweed is a primary concern. Well, maybe time it for then as opposed to September, October timeframe. And then for that third application or for a fall application, somewhere between August to October, maybe you can push even into November in some cases. It's really going to depend upon the weather, but you want to get it before those cool season weeds start coming up like chickweed and annual bluegrass and all that. And then again, you don't really want to base a lot of these application things upon calendar month, kind of use the calendar as a way to gauge it and plan and start prepping for those applications, but really want to go based upon the weather. That's the most important thing.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#generic-landscape-rotation-example-by-season","title":"Generic Landscape Rotation Example by Season","text":"<p>So this is kind of a generic rotation example for the landscape. So what you want to do is you've got several options here. I listed three or four different herbicide options that would be effective on particular weed species, and these are all important weeds in Florida. Are going to be different in your scenario. But, you know, you want to look at the early spring, you know, for your first application, what species are you really trying to target? And then make sure you have some options that are going to control all these. So a lot of times it's crabgrass, maybe goosegrass a little bit later after crabgrass. And then some of the other warm season weeds that germinate a little bit earlier. So you want to time it and make sure that you're getting those species. And then if you do a second application in the late spring or early summer, you know, you have things like doveweed, artillery weed, stuff like that, at least in Florida we do. Maybe if you had sedge, you might put Pennant Magnum as that application. Sedge was the primary thing that you were targeting. And then for that fall application, you have more cool season species, possibly still some warm species, warm season species still hanging around that you might have to control like spurge. But you look for those options that are effective on those.</p> <p>And basically, you've got your applications when you can do them and when you want to do them. Look at your most critical weed species at that time. And try to pick an option that's, you know, controls that weed spectrum at that time of year. You know, don't just choose dimension because it worked great on crabgrass. That doesn't necessarily mean it's going to work great, you know, on a cool season weed spectrum.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#post-emergence-alternatives-to-glyphosate-in-landscape-beds","title":"Post-emergence Alternatives to Glyphosate in Landscape Beds","text":"<p>Chris Marble: So post-herbicide options in the landscape beds, this is another thing that I want to talk about just a little bit. And really the, what I know I've talked to a lot of people across, really the U.S. and really the number one standard is glyphosate, just spot spraying with glyphosate. But of course, you know, I don't have to tell all of you that that's becoming a lot less popular. In Florida, you know, it's been banned in certain counties for use on public properties and things. And then I'm also, you know, I've sat in on meetings with HOAs and municipalities and stuff like that where people don't want it used in common areas. So it's becoming, you know, very limited in terms of where people can use it. And so people need alternatives to it.</p> <p>And then I think even if people don't need alternatives to glyphosate, if your customers and your sites, you know, don't have any problem with it at all and understand the, you know, some of the benefits of glyphosate and things, but it's not a perfect herbicide for sure. And you don't want to rely too heavily on just any one herbicide. That's the reason we have a lot of glyphosate-resistant weeds is because it's probably been overused and not enough people have rotated between different modes of action. So you need alternatives regardless.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#glufosinate-finalecheetah-as-an-alternative","title":"Glufosinate (Finale/Cheetah) as an Alternative","text":"<p>The most common alternative is glufosinate. That's sold as Finale or Cheetah. Liberty is the crop version of that. But it's pretty similar to glyphosate in terms of it's a post-emergence, broad-spectrum herbicide. It has activity on broadleaves, grasses, and sedges, but it is primarily contact action. So you don't get the same post-emergence control as you typically would with glyphosate.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#non-selective-alternatives-desiccant-type-herbicides","title":"Non-Selective Alternatives: Desiccant-Type Herbicides","text":"<p>But we've looked at a lot of other non-selective alternatives that are out there that can be applied, you know, in a similar manner to glyphosate as a spot treatment. You know, there's things that have been around for a while, like Scythe or Reward or diquat, but then there's a lot of other products. You're seeing more of these. And look at the herbicide names, not necessarily the trade names, because a lot of these are sold under multiple different trade names, but things like Axxe, Finalsan, FireWorxx. There's a bunch of different plant oils that are out there, but a lot of these different products, they all have different signal words. That's something to pay attention to because they have differing degrees of acute toxicity. A lot of these can be pretty caustic to your eyes and skin. So people have to wear different PPE than they would with just glyphosate or some of the other pesticides that they might be used to applying.</p> <p>But then another thing that comes up with school boards and things like that is that they want only organic options to be used. So some of these are OMRI certified and they could technically be used on organic foods and things like that, USDA organic. But these are all certified as organic. Some of these options are. So if that was important, you know, you could look and pick some organically labeled options there.</p> <p>So these things, all of them are fairly similar in that they work very fast. They primarily work as desiccants. And you see symptoms very quickly. And the burn down can be remarkable. You know, you can apply some of these on a hot day. And 30 minutes later, you know that you treated that weed. And it's already starting to desiccate.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#acetic-acid-trial-burndown-and-recovery-results","title":"Acetic Acid Trial: Burndown and Recovery Results","text":"<p>And so these pictures we're taking, this is an acetic acid product. This was all taken at two weeks after treatment. You have a high degree of burn down on crabgrass, garden spurge, and then also bittercress. But then if you go out to four weeks, this is the problem that you see with some of these products is, is that because they're not translocated, if you don't get good coverage or if that weed is pretty large, like in this case, these weeds were pretty large when we treated them, they can recover from that. And so oftentimes you're going to have to make a follow-up application with these herbicides. So now bittercress, I will point out that we did get 100% control of those post-emergence, but what you see here is seed germination. Those are all bittercress seed that are being germinated. But with spurge and crabgrass and those larger plants where it's difficult when you have a weed that's up, it's really difficult to get thorough coverage because you're hitting the top part of the weed and it's not going down to the bottom there.</p> <p>Here's how some of them perform. This is four weeks after treatment. This is a visual injury rating. So all of them, you know, 60 to 90% or so. We have glyphosate here that we used as a control. So all of them, you know, most of them perform pretty well on these three weed species, crabgrass, spurge, and oxalis. But then if you get to eight weeks, this is the control that we saw. And so they drop, you know, dramatically as those weeds recover. And so you need a follow-up application for that. And if you do a follow-up application, even though it's large weeds, this is another study that we did where we did two applications. And in that case, that's when you can get really good control. You treat, you have some regrowth and then you do another treatment. And of course, that increases costs and things like that. But with a lot of these, you have to get at least two applications to get control similar to glyphosate with annual. These were oxalis is technically perennial, but for annual species, they're small perennials. With large perennials, all bets are off and it's going to be multiple, multiple, multiple applications to get the same control as a systemic post-emergence herbicide.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#selective-post-emergence-options-for-landscape-beds","title":"Selective Post-emergence Options for Landscape Beds","text":"<p>Chris Marble: Then lastly, I'll just share this. So these are some selective alternatives that can be used and labeled for use in landscape beds. So I have on here, you know, the trade name of all the different options and then the active ingredient, and then whether they control broadleaf grasses or sedge. We have a lot of products that will control grasses and then several that will give you really good control of much said species. Broad leaves are the difficult options. And so these are all, or a lot of these can be applied over the top too for certain ornamental species. The exceptions to those are the ones that are highlighted here.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#graminicides-underutilized-grass-selective-herbicides","title":"Graminicides: Underutilized Grass-Selective Herbicides","text":"<p>So these are the graminicides, sethoxydim, clethodim, fluazifop, and fenoxaprop. Whereas things like Basagran, Lontrel, Certainty, Scepter, they might have 20 to 30 different ornamentals on the label where they can be applied over the top. Those grass herbicides, Segment, Envoy, Fusilade, Acclaim, they can be applied over the top of hundreds of different ornamental plants. They only affect grasses, true grasses. So some of them can even be applied in things like liriope and mondo grass and stuff like that. But they're great options. I think that they're probably underutilized. People will rather try to go in and spot treat a grass around a rose and potentially damage that rose with glyphosate as opposed to utilizing one of these options. And I think they're really useful tools in some cases and very safe to most broadleaf ornamental plants.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#basagran-lontrel-certainty-and-scepter","title":"Basagran, Lontrel, Certainty, and Scepter","text":"<p>So Basagran, you know, that's been around for a while, used in turfgrass a lot. It'll control some broadleaves, but mostly used as a sedge product. Lontrel is clopyralid, so that can be used in turfgrass, but you can use it in planting beds. And it's really good on any weeds that are in the Asteraceae family, and then also for legumes. So things like your beggar weeds and stuff like that, it's a really good option. And Certainty, I also kind of consider it a sedge product, but it will control some broadleaf and grass weeds. It has things like Asian jasmine, liriope, certain junipers. Those are all on the label as it can be applied as an over-the-top application. So it's useful in some ground cover situations. And then Scepter, it is the same way. Just some different things to consider and possibly add to your toolbox, depending upon your needs.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#uf-mid-florida-rec-resources-and-contact-information","title":"UF Mid-Florida REC Resources and Contact Information","text":"<p>Chris Marble: Getting ready to close out the presentation, but I'll share this. This is the Mid-Florida Research and Education Center. That's my faculty page. And so I've got a list of a lot of the publications that I've done. And then also that herbicide calibration chart, that's all on this page. We have several weed identification resources on there. It's a weed ID by flower color, a little thing that you can go and search for weed species. And then we also have a couple of guides on how to use weed or plant identification apps. Because there's a lot of great apps out there, but you've got to be able to take a good picture for them to work. We looked at all the free versions of all of them, and we kind of show you how to use those to get the best results and the most accurate results from each of those different plan outs. But that's something you can check out. My email address is down there, too. I'd be happy to share this presentation with anyone and help in any way that I can for any kind of weed control issues. There's the rest of my contact information. And with that, I'll close it down and try to answer any questions anyone has.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#questions-and-answers","title":"Questions and Answers","text":"<p>Shimat Joseph: Thank you so much, Chris. This is a wonderful presentation. Thanks. This is time for question and answers. Any questions you might have, please use the Q&A box here and type it in. And we have about five minutes. For like a minute or so for people to think about the questions. Sure. Yeah, I'll wait for a couple more minutes and there is no questions. I think that's very good.</p> <p>Chris Marble: Yeah, there's a comment saying very thorough, so I either did a thorough job or everyone's asleep, one or the other. It's a very thorough job. Yeah, it's either thorough or everybody does it all.</p> <p>Shimat Joseph: It looks like your talk was really comprehensive. Now there's no questions there.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#signal-words-and-ppe-requirements","title":"Signal Words and PPE Requirements","text":"<p>Shimat Joseph: So there's one question about a quick review of the signal words.</p> <p>Chris Marble: Yeah, so there's caution, which is the lowest level. And then there's the warning, which is upper. And then the danger poison is the most dangerous signal word. And those can all be based upon several different routes of toxicity, whether it's skin exposure, eye exposure, et cetera, et cetera. But so it's something to consider for sure with any pesticide. In Florida, we have laws like where people can use only caution label products. You know, for certain licenses, they can get a limited license and use caution label products to non-turf areas and landscapes. So they have to look at that in terms of their specific options that they can use. But for everyone, it's important to consider, but, you know, just from a safety standpoint, but then also the PPE that has to be supplied to the employees or to have on site. As those caution labels go up, you're typically going to be required to have a lot more PPE and then they become restricted use and stuff like that. So there's stricter label or record-keeping requirements on those restricted use products as well.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#wind-drift-and-reducing-spray-drift","title":"Wind Drift and Reducing Spray Drift","text":"<p>Shimat Joseph: One more question about wind drift. So wind drift can sometimes be problematic when spraying herbicides. So what is the maximum wind speed recommended?</p> <p>Chris Marble: Yeah, so it's going to be different depending upon the herbicide. Typically, most of them are going to recommend, you know, not when wind speeds are below 5 miles an hour. You know, that's optimal for things. But, you know, some of them will allow it to go up to higher wind speeds. It's real difficult in a real-world situation, and it's going to be variable. You can't just go outside and tell that it's going to be constantly five miles per hour while you're treating or whatever. But some things to reduce drift. Physical drift like you're talking about from wind, coarser nozzles so that those water particles are larger and they fall easier. The worst things you can do is have high pressure and a real fine nozzle tip where you have just real fine water particles that are just going everywhere. So coarse particles and lower your sprayer pressure and that's going to do a lot, you know, in terms of reducing drift.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/prose-transcript/#marengo-for-nursery-gravel-areas","title":"Marengo for Nursery Gravel Areas","text":"<p>Shimat Joseph: Great. We have one more question and I will call this the last question, okay, for this interest of time. So is the Marengo sprayed over your gravel roads a good way to control weeds throughout the year at a nursery operation?</p> <p>Chris Marble: Yes, the easy answer to that is yes, but Marengo, and indaziflam in the landscape side of things is called Specticle, same herbicide, but different uses. But that's probably that and SureGuard are probably the two herbicides that I recommend the most for non-crop use in nursery operations. Marengo is probably the most broad spectrum option. You can't go over the top of ornamentals with at least the spray version, but it's a pretty broad spectrum herbicide. It's a great option for gravel areas and things or to treat prior to putting plants onto a gravel production space. Yeah, that's a good option. You could rotate Marengo and possibly something like SureGuard. SureGuard, and then if you had sedge, you know, maybe something like Pennant Magnum or Tower or something like that, so that you're using different modes of action. But it's a good, really good herbicide for those, for that use case.</p> <p>Shimat Joseph: Thanks. Thank you so much, Chris. And really appreciate your talks. I'm sure we learned a lot today. Thank you.</p> <p>Transcript processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2023-07-13_WeedControlOrnamentals.srt (618 blocks)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/matching/","title":"GTBOP Moodle Matching Exercises","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/matching/#weed-control-in-ornamentals-for-the-nursery-and-landscape-dr-chris-marble","title":"Weed Control in Ornamentals for the Nursery and Landscape \u2014 Dr. Chris Marble","text":"<p>Webinar Date: July 13, 2023 Speaker: Dr. Chris Marble, University of Florida Series: Green & Commercial Source Documents: Corrected SRT (618 blocks) + Archive Package (Stage 2)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/matching/#matching-exercise-1-post-emergence-herbicide-products-and-characteristics","title":"Matching Exercise 1: Post-Emergence Herbicide Products and Characteristics","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 37:01 \u2013 42:22 (primary coverage area) Type: Product-Characteristic</p> <p>Instructions: Match each herbicide or herbicide type in Column A with its correct characteristic described by Dr. Marble in Column B. Two items in Column B are distractors and will not be matched.</p> # Column A Column B 1 Glyphosate (Ranger) a) Primarily contact-acting; broad-spectrum on broadleaves, grasses, and sedges 2 Glufosinate (Finale/Cheetah) b) Systemic post-emergence herbicide; most common standard for spot spraying in landscape beds 3 Diquat (Reward) c) Effective on Asteraceae family weeds and legumes; can be used in planting beds 4 Acetic acid products d) Required the most follow-up applications in Dr. Marble's comparison study due to weaker initial control 5 Desiccant-type alternatives (Axxe, Finalsan, FireWorxx) e) Pre-emergent herbicide applied to gravel production areas in nurseries 6 Lontrel (clopyralid) f) Provided 60\u201390% burndown at two weeks but control dropped dramatically by four to eight weeks as weeds recovered 7 Graminicides (Segment, Envoy, Fusilade, Acclaim) g) Work fast as desiccants with visible symptoms within 30 minutes; some are OMRI-certified for organic use h) Affect only true grasses; can be applied over the top of hundreds of broadleaf ornamental species i) Systemic herbicide that provides both pre- and post-emergence activity on bittercress <p>Answer Key: 1 \u2192 b, 2 \u2192 a, 3 \u2192 d, 4 \u2192 f, 5 \u2192 g, 6 \u2192 c, 7 \u2192 h</p> <p>Distractors: e (describes Marengo, discussed in Q&A), i (describes Gallery/isoxaben characteristics)</p> <p>Source in transcript: Blocks 447\u2013531, ~37:01\u201343:50; Block 352 for Reward/diquat performance</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/matching/#matching-exercise-2-pre-emergence-herbicide-mode-of-action-groups","title":"Matching Exercise 2: Pre-Emergence Herbicide Mode of Action Groups","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 19:17 \u2013 22:45 (primary coverage area) Type: Product-Category</p> <p>Instructions: Match each pre-emergent herbicide product or active ingredient in Column A with its correct mode of action group as discussed by Dr. Marble in Column B. One item in Column B is a distractor and will not be matched.</p> # Column A Column B 1 Gallery (isoxaben) a) Group 14 \u2014 PPO inhibitor 2 Indaziflam (Specticle/Marengo) b) Group 3 \u2014 Mitosis inhibitor 3 SureGuard (flumioxazin) c) Group 29 \u2014 Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor 4 FreeHand d) Group 21 \u2014 used in combination products with isoxaben 5 Snapshot e) Group 15 \u2014 Very long chain fatty acid inhibitor 6 Prodiamine/dithiopyr (Group 3 herbicides) f) Group 3 + 14 combination product g) Group 3 + 21 combination product <p>Answer Key: 1 \u2192 d, 2 \u2192 c, 3 \u2192 a, 4 \u2192 f, 5 \u2192 g, 6 \u2192 b</p> <p>Distractor: e (VLCFA inhibitor group \u2014 mentioned as Group 15 in the rotation chart but not matched to a specific product in this exercise)</p> <p>Notes: Dr. Marble color-coded his pre-emergence options chart by mode of action and explained that combination products contain two different herbicide groups. He specifically discussed Group 3 (mitosis inhibitors, represented by yellow) and Group 14 (PPO inhibitors, represented by orange) as the most common groups in ornamental herbicides. Indaziflam was identified as the sole Group 29 representative. The isoxaben combination products were identified as Group 21 plus 3 combinations.</p> <p>Source in transcript: Blocks 225\u2013268, ~19:17\u201322:46; Blocks 606\u2013607 for Marengo/Specticle/indaziflam equivalency</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/matching/#matching-exercise-3-weed-management-timing-and-practice","title":"Matching Exercise 3: Weed Management Timing and Practice","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 6:35 \u2013 8:07 and 31:55 \u2013 35:19 (primary coverage areas) Type: Timing-Practice</p> <p>Instructions: Match each weed management scenario in Column A with the recommended timing or practice described by Dr. Marble in Column B. Two items in Column B are distractors and will not be matched.</p> # Column A Column B 1 Pre-emergent reapplication interval in nursery container production a) February to March in the Southeast 2 Pre-emergent reapplication interval in landscape beds b) Apply when weeds are small and actively growing, before they flower and set seed 3 If only making one pre-emergent application per year in the landscape c) Every 8 to 12 weeks 4 Fall pre-emergent application timing in the landscape d) Two to three applications per year 5 Optimal timing for post-emergence herbicide applications e) August to October, before cool-season weeds like chickweed and annual bluegrass germinate 6 When targeting doveweed with a second landscape application f) Apply when weeds are large and stressed for maximum herbicide uptake 7 Best time of day for post-emergence applications g) May to June, timed for this later-germinating warm-season species 8 Avoiding injury from over-the-top pre-emergent applications h) Early morning on a clear, sunny day i) Apply during periods of active new growth for maximum absorption j) Avoid periods of tender new growth, bud swell, and high temperatures <p>Answer Key: 1 \u2192 c, 2 \u2192 d, 3 \u2192 a, 4 \u2192 e, 5 \u2192 b, 6 \u2192 g, 7 \u2192 h, 8 \u2192 j</p> <p>Distractors: f (opposite of what Marble recommended \u2014 stressed weeds are harder to control), i (opposite of the injury-avoidance guidance \u2014 new growth increases susceptibility)</p> <p>Source in transcript: Blocks 85\u201399 (~6:35\u20138:07) for nursery/landscape intervals; Blocks 104\u2013112 (~8:20\u20139:11) for injury avoidance; Blocks 136\u2013148 (~11:30\u201312:43) for post-emergence timing and time of day; Blocks 370\u2013421 (~31:55\u201335:02) for landscape timing examples; Block 411 (~34:34) for doveweed timing</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/matching/#matching-exercises-summary","title":"Matching Exercises Summary","text":"Exercise Type Pairs Distractors Transcript Coverage 1 Product-Characteristic 7 2 37:01\u201343:50 2 Product-Category (MOA) 6 1 19:17\u201322:46 3 Timing-Practice 8 2 6:35\u20138:07, 31:55\u201335:19 <p>Source document: Corrected SRT \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2023-07-13_WeedControlOrnamentals.srt (618 blocks)</p> <p>Generated for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Moodle Certificate Courses</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/quiz/","title":"GTBOP Moodle Quiz","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/quiz/#weed-control-in-ornamentals-for-the-nursery-and-landscape-dr-chris-marble","title":"Weed Control in Ornamentals for the Nursery and Landscape \u2014 Dr. Chris Marble","text":"<p>Webinar Date: July 13, 2023 Speaker: Dr. Chris Marble, University of Florida Series: Green & Commercial Source Documents: Corrected SRT (618 blocks) + Archive Package (Stage 2)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-1","title":"Question 1","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 1:36 \u2013 3:54 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>According to Dr. Marble, what is the number one reason herbicides fail or cause plant injury when a labeled product is being used?</p> <p>a) Herbicide resistance in the weed population b) Applying during unfavorable weather conditions c) Poor calibration and application practices d) Using an expired herbicide product</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Dr. Marble identified poor calibration and application practices as the number one reason herbicides fail, noting that some applicators were off by 50 to several hundred percent of the target rate during field measurements. Source in transcript: Blocks 28\u201356, ~1:36\u20133:54</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-2","title":"Question 2","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 4:00 \u2013 4:28 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>When Dr. Marble's team measured applicator accuracy at multiple Southeast locations, what percentage range did most people fall within of the target rate?</p> <p>a) Within 1\u20135 percent b) Within 10\u201320 percent c) Within 30\u201340 percent d) Within 50\u201360 percent</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Marble reported that most people were within 10 to 20 percent of the label rate, which he considered a good real-world result. However, some were off by a quarter of the rate or more. Source in transcript: Blocks 59\u201363, ~4:00\u20134:28</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-3","title":"Question 3","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 6:35 \u2013 7:46 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A nursery manager has just potted a new crop of woody ornamentals. When should pre-emergent herbicides first be applied?</p> <p>a) Immediately at potting before watering in b) After the plants are watered in and the soil has settled c) Two weeks after potting to allow root establishment d) Only after the first weeds appear in the containers</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Marble explained that in a nursery situation, pre-emergent herbicides are typically applied after potting once plants have been watered in and the soil is settled, to prevent exposed roots from contacting the herbicide. Source in transcript: Blocks 85\u201391, ~6:35\u20137:24</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-4","title":"Question 4","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 8:20 \u2013 9:28 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A landscape applicator plans to apply a pre-emergent herbicide over the top of ornamentals during a hot afternoon when plants are actively producing new growth. What is the most likely concern?</p> <p>a) The herbicide will break down too quickly in the heat b) Tender new growth is more susceptible to herbicide injury c) Pre-emergent herbicides are ineffective at high temperatures d) The soil will be too dry for proper herbicide activation</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Marble stressed that plants are most susceptible to injury during bud swell and when young foliage is developing, and that high temperatures further increase the risk of injury from over-the-top pre-emergent applications. Source in transcript: Blocks 104\u2013113, ~8:20\u20139:28</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-5","title":"Question 5","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 11:30 \u2013 13:17 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>Which of the following environmental conditions does Dr. Marble say can reduce post-emergence herbicide performance?</p> <p>a) Several days of cloudy, overcast weather after application b) Applying to weeds during a period of rapid active growth c) High relative humidity at the time of application d) Applying in the early morning on a clear day</p> <p>Correct Answer: a Explanation: Marble stated that cloudy, overcast conditions for several days after application can delay or reduce the effects of post-emergence herbicides and reduce efficacy. He noted that applications on clear, sunny mornings tend to be more effective. Source in transcript: Blocks 147\u2013148, ~12:21\u201312:43</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-6","title":"Question 6","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 13:18 \u2013 14:24 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A lawn care operator mows a landscape bed area and then immediately applies a systemic post-emergence herbicide to the remaining weed stems. What problem is most likely to occur?</p> <p>a) The herbicide will damage the surrounding ornamental plants b) The mowing removed leaf tissue needed for herbicide uptake and translocation c) The herbicide will be more effective because weeds are stressed d) Soil disturbance from mowing will activate weed seeds</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Marble explained that mowing soon before or after a post-emergence application can reduce efficacy because it removes the majority of the weed's leaf tissue, puts the weed into a semi-state of stress, and limits the herbicide's ability to translocate down to the roots for thorough control. Source in transcript: Blocks 165\u2013171, ~13:57\u201314:25</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-7","title":"Question 7","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 14:28 \u2013 15:35 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>Dr. Marble ranked several factors that impact post-emergence herbicide performance. Which factor did he rank as MOST important?</p> <p>a) Time of day of application b) Adjuvant or surfactant selection c) Rate and inherent efficacy of the herbicide on the target weed d) Environmental conditions at the time of application</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Marble ranked the rate and efficacy of the herbicide on the target weed as the most important factor, reasoning that if the herbicide doesn't work on that weed species, optimal environmental conditions or adjuvants won't compensate. Weed size ranked second, followed by environmental conditions, adjuvants, and time of day. Source in transcript: Blocks 172\u2013186, ~14:28\u201315:35</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-8","title":"Question 8","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 17:17 \u2013 18:43 Difficulty: Analysis</p> <p>A nursery used Gallery (isoxaben) exclusively for several years to control bittercress. They now have a severe crabgrass infestation. Based on Dr. Marble's presentation, what is the most likely explanation?</p> <p>a) The crabgrass developed resistance to Gallery b) Gallery is only effective on broadleaf weeds, allowing grass species to proliferate unchecked c) Gallery's residual activity decreased over time due to soil buildup d) Bittercress seeds were contaminated with crabgrass seed</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Marble used this exact example to illustrate why herbicide rotation matters. Gallery is only effective on broadleaves, so when the nursery used it exclusively, grass species were not controlled and their populations increased exponentially, eventually becoming a major problem. Source in transcript: Blocks 205\u2013219, ~17:33\u201318:44</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-9","title":"Question 9","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 18:48 \u2013 25:10 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>In Dr. Marble's three-step process for choosing herbicides, what is the correct order of steps?</p> <p>a) Identify target weeds \u2192 select the cheapest option \u2192 apply at the highest labeled rate b) Determine what is labeled/safe for the ornamental \u2192 identify the target weed species \u2192 combine selections into a rotation plan c) Choose a mode of action group \u2192 find products in that group \u2192 check the ornamental safety label d) Identify the primary weed species \u2192 apply the most effective herbicide \u2192 rotate only if resistance develops</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Marble outlined three steps: first, determine which herbicides are labeled and safe for the ornamental species; second, identify the primary and secondary weed species by season; third, combine those into a year-round rotation using different modes of action. Source in transcript: Blocks 220\u2013308, ~18:48\u201325:20</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-10","title":"Question 10","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 23:01 \u2013 25:06 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>When selecting a pre-emergent herbicide using the efficacy charts Dr. Marble referenced, what rating should you look for on your PRIMARY weed species?</p> <p>a) Any rating, as long as the herbicide is labeled for the ornamental b) Fair (F) or better c) Good (G) d) It does not matter as long as the secondary species rating is good</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Marble explained that for the primary weed species \u2014 the most important weed to control \u2014 you want a herbicide rated \"good\" (G) on the efficacy chart. For secondary species, a rating of \"fair\" (F) or better is acceptable. Source in transcript: Blocks 280\u2013302, ~23:32\u201324:59</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-11","title":"Question 11","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 27:34 \u2013 31:06 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>In Dr. Marble's research comparing post-only versus pre-plus-post herbicide programs, by what percentage range was total herbicide active ingredient reduced when pre-emergent herbicides were included?</p> <p>a) 10 to 20 percent b) 20 to 30 percent c) 40 to 60 percent d) 70 to 80 percent</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Marble's research showed that including pre-emergent herbicides like Specticle or SureGuard with post-emergence treatments reduced the total amount of herbicide active ingredient applied by 40 to 60 percent compared to using glyphosate or other post-emergence herbicides alone. Source in transcript: Blocks 356\u2013358, ~30:27\u201331:06</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-12","title":"Question 12","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 37:01 \u2013 38:05 Difficulty: Analysis</p> <p>Dr. Marble discussed the increasing restrictions on glyphosate use in certain counties and by HOAs in Florida. Based on his presentation, why is it important to have alternatives to glyphosate even if your sites have no restrictions on its use?</p> <p>a) Glyphosate is more expensive than alternative products b) Over-reliance on any single herbicide contributes to resistance development c) Glyphosate is no longer available for commercial purchase d) Alternative products provide faster visual results for clients</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Marble stated that the reason there are many glyphosate-resistant weeds is because it has been overused without enough rotation between different modes of action. He emphasized that professionals need alternatives regardless of restrictions, to prevent further resistance development. Source in transcript: Blocks 455\u2013459, ~37:53\u201338:06</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-13","title":"Question 13","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 38:08 \u2013 39:00 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>What is the primary limitation of glufosinate (Finale/Cheetah) compared to glyphosate as a post-emergence herbicide?</p> <p>a) It can only be used on grasses, not broadleaves b) It is primarily contact-acting and doesn't provide the same systemic control c) It requires a restricted-use pesticide license to purchase d) It cannot be used in landscape planting beds</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Marble described glufosinate as similar to glyphosate in its broad-spectrum activity on broadleaves, grasses, and sedges, but noted that it is primarily contact action, meaning it doesn't translocate systemically through the plant the way glyphosate does. Source in transcript: Blocks 460\u2013467, ~38:08\u201338:34</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-14","title":"Question 14","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 42:23 \u2013 43:50 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A landscape professional needs to control bermudagrass growing into a bed of azaleas and roses. Based on Dr. Marble's presentation, which type of selective herbicide would be the safest option for over-the-top application?</p> <p>a) A PPO-inhibiting pre-emergent herbicide b) A glufosinate-based non-selective spray, applied carefully c) A graminicide such as sethoxydim, clethodim, fluazifop, or fenoxaprop d) Basagran (bentazon) applied as a directed spray</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Marble highlighted graminicides as underutilized tools that can be applied over the top of hundreds of broadleaf ornamental species. They affect only true grasses and are much safer than spot-treating with non-selective herbicides like glyphosate, which risks damaging the ornamentals. Source in transcript: Blocks 514\u2013531, ~42:23\u201343:50</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/quiz/#question-15","title":"Question 15","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 45:52 \u2013 47:59 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>What are the three signal word levels on pesticide labels, listed from lowest to highest toxicity?</p> <p>a) Caution, Warning, Danger/Poison b) Notice, Caution, Danger c) Warning, Caution, Restricted d) Low, Moderate, High</p> <p>Correct Answer: a Explanation: During the Q&A, Marble reviewed the three signal word levels: caution (lowest), warning (intermediate), and danger/poison (most dangerous). He noted these are based on different routes of toxicity including skin and eye exposure, and that higher signal words require more PPE and may carry restricted-use designations. Source in transcript: Blocks 575\u2013587, ~46:51\u201348:02</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/quiz/#quiz-summary","title":"Quiz Summary","text":"Difficulty Count Percentage Recall 8 53% Application 5 33% Analysis 2 13% <p>Coverage distribution: - Early (0:00\u201317:00): Questions 1\u20137 - Middle (17:00\u201335:00): Questions 8\u201311 - Late (35:00\u201350:38): Questions 12\u201315</p> <p>Source document: Corrected SRT \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2023-07-13_WeedControlOrnamentals.srt (618 blocks)</p> <p>Generated for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Moodle Certificate Courses</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/","title":"GTBOP Moodle Review Prompts","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#weed-control-in-ornamentals-for-the-nursery-and-landscape-dr-chris-marble","title":"Weed Control in Ornamentals for the Nursery and Landscape \u2014 Dr. Chris Marble","text":"<p>Webinar Date: July 13, 2023 Speaker: Dr. Chris Marble, Associate Professor, University of Florida Mid-Florida Research and Education Center Series: Green & Commercial Duration: 50:38</p> <p>Activity Type: Timestamp-Linked Review Prompts Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 <code>GTBOP_Transcript_2023-07-13_WeedControlOrnamentals.srt</code> (618 blocks)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-1","title":"Review Task 1","text":"<p>Watch: 1:36 \u2013 6:34 Task: Identify the number one reason herbicides fail according to Dr. Marble, and describe the range of rate errors his team measured at Southeast nursery and landscape operations. Key Points to Identify: - Poor calibration as the primary cause of both poor weed control and plant injury - Most applicators were within 10\u201320% of label rate, but some were off by 50% to several hundred percent - Free UF-developed calibration tools and herbicide mixing calculators available for download</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-2","title":"Review Task 2","text":"<p>Watch: 6:35 \u2013 10:42 Task: Explain why the timing of pre-emergent herbicide applications over the top of ornamentals matters, and describe the holly/SureGuard example that illustrates the difference between new growth and hardened foliage. Key Points to Identify: - Avoid application during bud swell, tender new growth, or high-temperature periods - In the SureGuard (flumioxazin) trial, newest growth was severely affected while older hardened foliage showed no injury - Plants with fully expanded, matured leaves are less susceptible to injury from over-the-top pre-emergent applications</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-3","title":"Review Task 3","text":"<p>Watch: 10:42 \u2013 15:38 Task: List the factors Dr. Marble ranks in order of importance for post-emergence herbicide performance, from most to least important. Key Points to Identify: - Rate and inherent efficacy of the herbicide (most important) - Size of the weed at time of application - Environmental conditions (temperature, relative humidity) - Adjuvant/surfactant selection - Time of day (least important)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-4","title":"Review Task 4","text":"<p>Watch: 15:38 \u2013 19:17 Task: Describe the Gallery/crabgrass example and explain why Dr. Marble says you need a \"program, not products.\" Key Points to Identify: - A nursery switched to Gallery (isoxaben) exclusively for bittercress control; it worked well on bittercress but had no activity on grasses - Crabgrass population exploded because no herbicide in the rotation targeted grassy species - No single herbicide controls all weeds; the uncontrolled species increases exponentially - A program is a planned but flexible schedule rotating herbicides across modes of action, combined with cultural controls</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-5","title":"Review Task 5","text":"<p>Watch: 19:17 \u2013 26:08 Task: Walk through Dr. Marble's three-step herbicide selection process using his container-grown gardenia example. For each step, identify what decision is being made. Key Points to Identify: - Step 1: Determine which herbicides are labeled and safe for the ornamental (gardenia) \u2014 narrows to granular options using the 2017 Southeast Pest Control Guide - Step 2: Identify primary weed species (spotted spurge) and secondary species (eclipta) by season; select herbicides rated \"Good\" for the primary and at least \"Fair\" for the secondary - Step 3: Combine selected herbicides into a year-round rotation using different mode-of-action groups to avoid resistance</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-6","title":"Review Task 6","text":"<p>Watch: 27:52 \u2013 31:17 Task: Summarize the research results comparing post-emergence-only programs to combined pre+post-emergence programs in landscape beds. Note the specific metrics Dr. Marble reports. Key Points to Identify: - Study compared Ranger (glyphosate), Finale (glufosinate), and Reward (diquat) alone versus combined with Specticle or SureGuard - Glyphosate-only required retreatment basically every month; combined programs needed only 1\u20132 follow-up applications - Including pre-emergent herbicides reduced total costs by 3\u201330% and reduced total herbicide active ingredient by 40\u201360%</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-7","title":"Review Task 7","text":"<p>Watch: 37:01 \u2013 42:05 Task: Compare glyphosate alternatives as post-emergence non-selective herbicides. Describe how desiccant-type products differ from systemic herbicides in terms of performance over time. Key Points to Identify: - Glufosinate (Finale/Cheetah) is the most common alternative \u2014 broad-spectrum but primarily contact action, less systemic than glyphosate - Desiccant products (Axxe, Finalsan, FireWorxx, acetic acid) show rapid burndown (visible within 30 minutes) but are not translocated - At 2 weeks, burndown is impressive; by 4\u20138 weeks, larger weeds recover because coverage doesn't reach the base - Two applications of desiccants can achieve control comparable to one glyphosate application on annuals; large perennials require many more</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-8","title":"Review Task 8","text":"<p>Watch: 42:23 \u2013 44:44 Task: Identify the selective post-emergence herbicide options available for landscape beds and explain why Dr. Marble considers graminicides underutilized. Key Points to Identify: - Graminicides (sethoxydim, clethodim, fluazifop, fenoxaprop \u2014 sold as Segment, Envoy, Fusilade, Acclaim) can be applied over the top of hundreds of broadleaf ornamentals because they only affect true grasses - Other selective options (Basagran for sedge, Lontrel/clopyralid for Asteraceae and legumes, Certainty for sedge in ground covers) are limited to 20\u201330 labeled ornamentals each - Many practitioners default to risky glyphosate spot treatments around ornamentals rather than using these safer selective alternatives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-9","title":"Review Task 9","text":"<p>Watch: 45:52 \u2013 50:22 Task: From the Q&A discussion, explain the three signal word levels, how they affect PPE requirements, and describe two practical steps to reduce spray drift. Key Points to Identify: - Signal words in order of increasing toxicity: Caution (lowest), Warning, Danger/Poison (highest) \u2014 based on routes of exposure (skin, eye, etc.) - Higher signal words require more PPE and may trigger restricted use product requirements with stricter record-keeping - To reduce physical drift: use coarser nozzle tips (larger droplets fall more readily) and lower sprayer pressure (avoids fine mist)</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2023-07-13_WeedControlOrnamentals.srt (618 blocks)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/","title":"GTBOP Webinar Archive \u2014 Extension Agent Resource","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#weed-control-in-ornamentals-for-the-nursery-and-landscape","title":"Weed Control in Ornamentals for the Nursery and Landscape","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#webinar-information","title":"Webinar Information","text":"Field Details Date July 13, 2023 Speaker Dr. Chris Marble, Associate Professor, Ornamental and Landscape Invasive Weed Management, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida Moderator Dr. Shimat Joseph, UGA Turfgrass Entomologist Duration 50:38 Series Green & Commercial"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#applicable-ceu-categories","title":"Applicable CEU Categories","text":"Category Description 10 Private Applicator 21 Plant Agriculture 23 Forestry 24 Ornamental and Turf Pest Control 27 Right-of-Way Pest Control 31 Public Health Pest Control 32 Regulatory Pest Control 35 Industrial, Institutional, Structural and Health Related"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#asynchronous-viewing-instructions","title":"Asynchronous Viewing Instructions","text":"<p>This archived webinar is approved for continuing education credit in the categories listed above. For asynchronous CEU delivery, participants should view the complete 50:38 recording and complete any associated assessment activities. The video chapter list below can be used to navigate to specific content segments for review.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#content-summary","title":"Content Summary","text":"<p>Dr. Chris Marble presents a comprehensive guide to developing weed management programs in nursery production and landscape ornamentals. The presentation covers calibration and application fundamentals, pre-emergent and post-emergence herbicide timing, a systematic three-step process for herbicide selection and rotation by mode of action, and research demonstrating the cost and environmental benefits of combining pre-emergent and post-emergence programs. Marble also reviews alternatives to glyphosate for non-selective post-emergence control and highlights underutilized selective herbicides including graminicides, Basagran, Lontrel, and Certainty. A brief Q&A covers signal words, drift reduction, and Marengo use in nursery non-crop areas.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#key-topics-for-ceu-relevance","title":"Key Topics for CEU Relevance","text":"<p>This session is particularly relevant for professionals managing weed control in ornamental nursery production, commercial landscape maintenance, and right-of-way applications. Topics include herbicide mode of action rotation, the 2017 Southeast Pest Control Guide as a decision tool, label compliance and calibration, research on reducing total herbicide use through integrated pre/post programs, signal word classifications and PPE requirements, and drift reduction strategies. The presentation's emphasis on developing site-specific programs rather than relying on single products supports best management practices across all applicable license categories.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#video-chapters","title":"Video Chapters","text":"<p>0:00 Introduction and Speaker Credentials 0:58 Overview: Weed Control in Nurseries and Landscapes 1:36 Why Herbicides Fail: Calibration and Application 4:34 Calibration Tools and Mixing Calculators 6:35 Pre-emergent Herbicide Timing 8:20 Avoiding Plant Injury During Application 9:29 SureGuard Holly Trial: New Growth vs. Hardened Foliage 10:42 Post-emergence Herbicide Timing 11:30 Environmental Factors Affecting Efficacy 13:18 Stressed Weeds and Mowing Impacts 14:28 Ranking Factors That Impact Post-emergence Performance 15:38 Importance of Developing a Program, Not Just Products 17:17 Herbicide Rotation and Resistance Prevention 18:48 Three Steps to Choosing Herbicides 19:17 Pre-emergence Options Color-Coded by Mode of Action 20:48 The 2017 Southeast Pest Control Guide 21:00 Step 1 Example: Labeled Options for Container-Grown Gardenia 22:02 Grouping Herbicides by Mode of Action 23:01 Step 2: Targeting Primary and Secondary Weed Species 25:20 Step 3: Building a Year-Round Rotation 27:03 Year-Round Nursery Rotation Plan by Month 27:34 Research: Pre-emergent + Post-emergent vs. Post-Only Programs 30:44 Cost Savings and Herbicide Reduction Results 31:55 Application Interval Considerations 32:09 Landscape-Specific Rotation Planning 33:52 Timing Examples: One, Two, or Three Applications Per Year 35:20 Generic Landscape Rotation Example by Season 37:01 Post-emergence Alternatives to Glyphosate in Landscape Beds 38:08 Glufosinate (Finale/Cheetah) as an Alternative 38:43 Non-Selective Alternatives: Desiccant-Type Herbicides 40:12 Acetic Acid Trial: Burndown and Recovery Results 42:23 Selective Post-emergence Options for Landscape Beds 43:04 Graminicides: Underutilized Grass-Selective Herbicides 43:55 Basagran, Lontrel, Certainty, and Scepter 44:44 UF Mid-Florida REC Resources and Contact Information 45:52 Q&A: Signal Words and PPE Requirements 48:02 Q&A: Wind Drift and Reducing Spray Drift 49:08 Q&A: Marengo for Nursery Gravel Areas</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent/#additional-resources","title":"Additional Resources","text":"<ul> <li>2017 Southeast Pest Control Guide for Nursery Crops and Landscape Plantings \u2014 Free download or ~$20 hard copy from NC State. Contains herbicide efficacy and ornamental safety charts referenced throughout the presentation.</li> <li>UF Mid-Florida Research and Education Center \u2014 Dr. Marble's faculty page with free calibration calculators, weed ID resources, and publications.</li> </ul> <p>Part of the Getting the Best of Pests (GTBOP) Green & Commercial Webinar Series UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/platforms/website/","title":"GTBOP Webinar Archive","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/platforms/website/#weed-control-in-ornamentals-for-the-nursery-and-landscape","title":"Weed Control in Ornamentals for the Nursery and Landscape","text":"<p>Webinar Date: July 13, 2023 Speaker: Dr. Chris Marble, Associate Professor, Ornamental and Landscape Invasive Weed Management, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida Moderator: Dr. Shimat Joseph, UGA Turfgrass Entomologist Duration: 50:38 Series: Green & Commercial CEU Categories: Category 10 (Private), Category 21, Category 23, Category 24, Category 27, Category 31, Category 32, Category 35</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/platforms/website/#summary","title":"Summary","text":"<p>Dr. Chris Marble, an associate professor specializing in ornamental and landscape invasive weed management at the University of Florida's Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, presented a comprehensive guide to developing herbicide programs for nursery and landscape ornamentals. His presentation addressed both production and landscape settings, emphasizing that effective weed control depends on building a complete program rather than relying on individual products.</p> <p>Marble began by identifying poor calibration as the number one reason herbicides fail, noting that his team's field measurements across multiple Southeast locations found some applicators off by 50 to several hundred percent of their target rate. He highlighted free calibration and mixing calculators developed at UF to address this problem, available for both granular and liquid applications. Turning to herbicide timing, he explained that pre-emergent herbicides must be applied before target weed germination and that over-the-top applications should avoid periods of tender new growth, using a SureGuard (flumioxazin) trial on holly to illustrate how young foliage is more susceptible to injury than hardened growth. For post-emergence herbicides, he stressed treating weeds while small and actively growing, and ranked the factors affecting post-emergence performance: herbicide rate and efficacy first, followed by weed size, environmental conditions, adjuvants, and time of day.</p> <p>The core of the presentation was a three-step process for selecting herbicides: determine what is labeled and safe for the target ornamental, identify the primary and secondary weed species, and combine those into a year-round rotation using different modes of action. Marble walked through a detailed example using container-grown gardenia, narrowing granular pre-emergent options using the 2017 Southeast Pest Control Guide's efficacy and safety charts, then building a seasonal rotation targeting spotted spurge and eclipta in warm months and bittercress, annual bluegrass, and oxalis in cool months. He presented research showing that combining pre-emergent herbicides like Specticle or SureGuard with post-emergence treatments reduced total herbicide use by 40 to 60 percent and costs by up to 30 percent compared to post-only programs. Marble also reviewed post-emergence alternatives to glyphosate \u2014 including glufosinate, acetic acid products, and other desiccant-type herbicides \u2014 noting that while they provide fast initial burndown, most require follow-up applications for lasting control. He concluded by highlighting underutilized selective options such as graminicides for grass control in ornamental beds and products like Basagran, Lontrel, and Certainty for sedge and broadleaf management.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/platforms/website/#video-chapters","title":"Video Chapters","text":"<p>0:00 Introduction and Speaker Credentials 0:58 Overview: Weed Control in Nurseries and Landscapes 1:36 Why Herbicides Fail: Calibration and Application 4:34 Calibration Tools and Mixing Calculators 6:35 Pre-emergent Herbicide Timing 8:20 Avoiding Plant Injury During Application 9:29 SureGuard Holly Trial: New Growth vs. Hardened Foliage 10:42 Post-emergence Herbicide Timing 11:30 Environmental Factors Affecting Efficacy 13:18 Stressed Weeds and Mowing Impacts 14:28 Ranking Factors That Impact Post-emergence Performance 15:38 Importance of Developing a Program, Not Just Products 17:17 Herbicide Rotation and Resistance Prevention 18:48 Three Steps to Choosing Herbicides 19:17 Pre-emergence Options Color-Coded by Mode of Action 20:48 The 2017 Southeast Pest Control Guide 21:00 Step 1 Example: Labeled Options for Container-Grown Gardenia 22:02 Grouping Herbicides by Mode of Action 23:01 Step 2: Targeting Primary and Secondary Weed Species 25:20 Step 3: Building a Year-Round Rotation 27:03 Year-Round Nursery Rotation Plan by Month 27:34 Research: Pre-emergent + Post-emergent vs. Post-Only Programs 30:44 Cost Savings and Herbicide Reduction Results 31:55 Application Interval Considerations 32:09 Landscape-Specific Rotation Planning 33:52 Timing Examples: One, Two, or Three Applications Per Year 35:20 Generic Landscape Rotation Example by Season 37:01 Post-emergence Alternatives to Glyphosate in Landscape Beds 38:08 Glufosinate (Finale/Cheetah) as an Alternative 38:43 Non-Selective Alternatives: Desiccant-Type Herbicides 40:12 Acetic Acid Trial: Burndown and Recovery Results 42:23 Selective Post-emergence Options for Landscape Beds 43:04 Graminicides: Underutilized Grass-Selective Herbicides 43:55 Basagran, Lontrel, Certainty, and Scepter 44:44 UF Mid-Florida REC Resources and Contact Information 45:52 Q&A: Signal Words and PPE Requirements 48:02 Q&A: Wind Drift and Reducing Spray Drift 49:08 Q&A: Marengo for Nursery Gravel Areas</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/platforms/website/#questions-answers","title":"Questions & Answers","text":"<p>Q: What is the number one reason herbicides fail to provide expected weed control or cause plant injury? A: According to Dr. Marble, the number one reason is poor calibration and application practices. His team measured applicator accuracy at multiple Southeast locations and found that while most people were within 10 to 20 percent of the target rate, some were off by 50 to several hundred percent. When the rate is that far off, the herbicide will either fail to control weeds or cause significant plant injury.</p> <p>Q: When should pre-emergent herbicides be applied in nursery versus landscape settings? A: In nurseries, pre-emergent herbicides should be applied shortly after potting once plants are watered in, and then reapplied approximately every 8 to 12 weeks throughout the production cycle. In landscapes, application can occur soon after planting for woody ornamentals, and two to three applications per year are generally sufficient. In both cases, the soil should be settled before application to prevent root exposure to the herbicide.</p> <p>Q: Why should applicators avoid treating during periods of tender new growth? A: Plants are most susceptible to herbicide injury during bud swell and when young foliage is developing. Dr. Marble demonstrated this with a SureGuard trial on holly, where the newest growth was severely affected while older, hardened foliage showed no injury at all. High temperatures further increase the risk. While plants typically recover, the delay can affect sale timing in nurseries and upset clients in landscapes.</p> <p>Q: How should a professional select pre-emergent herbicides for a specific ornamental crop? A: Dr. Marble outlined a three-step process. First, determine which herbicides are labeled and safe for the ornamental species in question. Second, identify the primary and secondary weed species at each time of year. Third, match herbicides that are effective on those weeds \u2014 rated \"good\" for the primary species and at least \"fair\" for secondary species \u2014 and arrange them in a rotation that uses different modes of action across the year.</p> <p>Q: Why is rotating herbicide modes of action important, and what can happen if you don't? A: Relying on a single herbicide or mode of action allows uncontrolled weed species to take over and increases the risk of resistance development. Dr. Marble shared an example of a nursery that switched to Gallery (isoxaben) for bittercress control and used it exclusively. Because Gallery is only effective on broadleaves, grass species that were not controlled exploded in population. Weed populations increase exponentially, not linearly, so the problem can escalate rapidly.</p> <p>Q: How much can pre-emergent herbicides reduce overall herbicide use and cost compared to a post-emergence-only program? A: Research conducted by Dr. Marble's team compared post-only programs using glyphosate, Finale, or Reward against programs that combined those post-emergence herbicides with Specticle or SureGuard as pre-emergents. The pre-plus-post programs reduced the total amount of herbicide active ingredient applied by 40 to 60 percent and lowered total costs by 3 to 30 percent over 12 months, while also requiring far fewer follow-up applications.</p> <p>Q: What are the main alternatives to glyphosate for non-selective post-emergence weed control in landscape beds? A: Glufosinate (sold as Finale or Cheetah) is the most common alternative, offering broad-spectrum activity on broadleaves, grasses, and sedges, though it is primarily contact-acting and doesn't provide the same systemic control as glyphosate. Other alternatives include desiccant-type products such as Scythe, Reward, Axxe, Finalsan, and FireWorxx. These work fast \u2014 burndown can be visible within 30 minutes \u2014 but because they are not translocated, they often require follow-up applications, especially on larger weeds. Some products are OMRI-certified for organic use. Signal words and PPE requirements vary significantly among these alternatives.</p> <p>Q: How do desiccant-type herbicides perform compared to glyphosate on common landscape weeds? A: Dr. Marble's research showed that at two weeks after treatment, an acetic acid product provided 60 to 90 percent burndown on crabgrass, spotted spurge, and bittercress. However, by four to eight weeks, control dropped dramatically as crabgrass and spurge recovered from incomplete coverage. Two applications were generally needed to achieve control comparable to a single glyphosate application on annual weeds. For large perennials, multiple applications are required and control remains difficult compared to systemic herbicides.</p> <p>Q: What selective post-emergence herbicides can be applied over the top of ornamentals in landscape beds? A: Graminicides such as sethoxydim (Segment), clethodim (Envoy), fluazifop (Fusilade), and fenoxaprop (Acclaim) can be applied over the top of hundreds of broadleaf ornamental species and even some monocots like liriope and mondo grass. Dr. Marble considers them underutilized. For sedge control, Basagran (bentazon) and Certainty are options, with Certainty also labeled for over-the-top use on Asian jasmine, liriope, and certain junipers. Lontrel (clopyralid) is effective on Asteraceae family weeds and legumes. Scepter provides additional broadleaf options in select ornamentals.</p> <p>Q: What are the three signal word levels on pesticide labels, and why do they matter for landscape operations? A: The three levels are caution (lowest toxicity), warning (intermediate), and danger/poison (highest toxicity), based on routes of exposure including skin and eye contact. Higher signal words require more PPE for applicators, and products may become restricted use with stricter record-keeping requirements. In Florida, limited-license holders can only use caution-label products in non-turf landscape areas, which restricts their product options.</p> <p>Q: How can applicators reduce herbicide drift during spraying? A: Dr. Marble recommended using coarser nozzle tips so that water particles are larger and fall more readily, and lowering sprayer pressure. The worst scenario for drift is high pressure combined with fine nozzle tips, which produces very fine water particles that travel off-target. While most herbicide labels recommend application when wind speeds are below 5 miles per hour, conditions are variable in real-world situations, so equipment adjustments are the most practical way to minimize drift.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/platforms/website/#additional-resources","title":"Additional Resources","text":"<ul> <li>2017 Southeast Pest Control Guide for Nursery Crops and Landscape Plantings \u2014 Compiled by Dr. Marble, Jeff Derr, and Joe Neal. Available for free download or approximately $20 for a hard copy from North Carolina State University. Contains herbicide efficacy and ornamental safety charts.</li> <li>UF Mid-Florida Research and Education Center \u2014 Dr. Marble's faculty page includes publications, herbicide calibration calculators (granular and liquid), weed identification resources including a weed ID by flower color tool, and guides on using free plant identification apps effectively.</li> <li>Contact: Dr. Chris Marble \u2014 email and contact information available through his UF faculty page.</li> </ul> <p>Part of the Getting the Best of Pests (GTBOP) Green & Commercial Webinar Series, hosted by the University of Georgia Center for Urban Agriculture.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/platforms/youtube/","title":"GTBOP YouTube Description","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/platforms/youtube/#weed-control-in-ornamentals-for-the-nursery-and-landscape-dr-chris-marble","title":"Weed Control in Ornamentals for the Nursery and Landscape \u2014 Dr. Chris Marble","text":"<p>Dr. Chris Marble, Associate Professor at the University of Florida's Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, presents a comprehensive guide to developing herbicide programs for nursery and landscape ornamentals. He covers why herbicides fail (poor calibration is the #1 cause), proper timing for pre-emergent and post-emergence applications, and a three-step process for selecting and rotating herbicides by mode of action. Using container-grown gardenia as an example, Marble walks through the 2017 Southeast Pest Control Guide to build a year-round rotation targeting primary and secondary weed species. Research from his program shows that combining pre-emergent herbicides with post-emergence treatments reduces total herbicide use by 40\u201360% and costs by up to 30%. He also reviews glyphosate alternatives including glufosinate and desiccant-type products, plus underutilized selective options like graminicides for grass control in ornamental beds.</p> <p>\ud83d\udd17 UF Mid-Florida REC \u2014 Dr. Marble's faculty page with free calibration calculators, weed ID tools, and publications \ud83d\udd17 2017 Southeast Pest Control Guide \u2014 Free download with herbicide efficacy and ornamental safety charts</p> <p>Presented as part of the Getting the Best of Pests (GTBOP) Green & Commercial Webinar Series, hosted by the UGA Center for Urban Agriculture.</p> <p>\ud83d\udccb CEU Categories: 10 (Private), 21, 23, 24, 27, 31, 32, 35 \u23f1\ufe0f Duration: 50:38</p> <p>\u2014 TIMESTAMPS \u2014</p> <p>0:00 Introduction and Speaker Credentials 0:58 Overview: Weed Control in Nurseries and Landscapes 1:36 Why Herbicides Fail: Calibration and Application 4:34 Calibration Tools and Mixing Calculators 6:35 Pre-emergent Herbicide Timing 8:20 Avoiding Plant Injury During Application 9:29 SureGuard Holly Trial: New Growth vs. Hardened Foliage 10:42 Post-emergence Herbicide Timing 11:30 Environmental Factors Affecting Efficacy 13:18 Stressed Weeds and Mowing Impacts 14:28 Ranking Factors That Impact Post-emergence Performance 15:38 Importance of Developing a Program, Not Just Products 17:17 Herbicide Rotation and Resistance Prevention 18:48 Three Steps to Choosing Herbicides 19:17 Pre-emergence Options Color-Coded by Mode of Action 20:48 The 2017 Southeast Pest Control Guide 21:00 Step 1 Example: Labeled Options for Container-Grown Gardenia 22:02 Grouping Herbicides by Mode of Action 23:01 Step 2: Targeting Primary and Secondary Weed Species 25:20 Step 3: Building a Year-Round Rotation 27:03 Year-Round Nursery Rotation Plan by Month 27:34 Research: Pre-emergent + Post-emergent vs. Post-Only Programs 30:44 Cost Savings and Herbicide Reduction Results 31:55 Application Interval Considerations 32:09 Landscape-Specific Rotation Planning 33:52 Timing Examples: One, Two, or Three Applications Per Year 35:20 Generic Landscape Rotation Example by Season 37:01 Post-emergence Alternatives to Glyphosate in Landscape Beds 38:08 Glufosinate (Finale/Cheetah) as an Alternative 38:43 Non-Selective Alternatives: Desiccant-Type Herbicides 40:12 Acetic Acid Trial: Burndown and Recovery Results 42:23 Selective Post-emergence Options for Landscape Beds 43:04 Graminicides: Underutilized Grass-Selective Herbicides 43:55 Basagran, Lontrel, Certainty, and Scepter 44:44 UF Mid-Florida REC Resources and Contact Information 45:52 Q&A: Signal Words and PPE Requirements 48:02 Q&A: Wind Drift and Reducing Spray Drift 49:08 Q&A: Marengo for Nursery Gravel Areas</p> <p>\u2014 Q&A HIGHLIGHTS \u2014</p> <p>Q: What is the #1 reason herbicides fail? A: Poor calibration. Dr. Marble's field measurements found some applicators off by 50\u2013several hundred percent of target rate. UF offers free calibration calculators for both granular and liquid applications.</p> <p>Q: How should professionals select pre-emergent herbicides for a specific crop? A: Three steps \u2014 (1) determine what's labeled/safe for the ornamental, (2) identify primary and secondary weed species by season, (3) match herbicides rated \"good\" on primary species and \"fair+\" on secondary, then rotate modes of action across the year.</p> <p>Q: How much does adding pre-emergent herbicides reduce overall use and cost? A: UF research showed combining Specticle or SureGuard with post-emergence treatments reduced total herbicide active ingredient by 40\u201360% and costs by 3\u201330% over 12 months, with far fewer follow-up applications needed.</p> <p>Q: What are the main alternatives to glyphosate in landscape beds? A: Glufosinate (Finale/Cheetah) is the most common. Desiccant-type products like Axxe, Finalsan, and FireWorxx provide fast burndown but usually require follow-up applications. Selective graminicides (Segment, Envoy, Fusilade, Acclaim) are underutilized options safe on hundreds of broadleaf ornamentals.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2023-07-13-marble-weed-control/platforms/youtube/#gtbop-weedcontrol-ornamentals-herbicides-pestmanagement-uga-ceu-landscapemanagement-nurseryproduction","title":"GTBOP #WeedControl #Ornamentals #Herbicides #PestManagement #UGA #CEU #LandscapeManagement #NurseryProduction","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/","title":"Dr. Ignazio Graziosi \u2014 Tree Pests of the Southeast","text":"<p>Webinar Date: January 15, 2026 Speaker: Dr. Ignazio Graziosi, UGA Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources Moderator: Beth Horne, Extension Associate Series: Green & Commercial CEU Categories: Category 24 (Ornamental and Turf)</p>","tags":["Green & Commercial","Entomology","Graziosi"]},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/#deliverables","title":"Deliverables","text":"Deliverable Stage Description Archive Summary 2 Narrative summary, YouTube timestamps, Q&A Prose Transcript 5 Full presentation in readable prose Transcript Corrections 1 Correction log and verification YouTube Version 3 Character-limited YouTube description Website Version 3 Full web publication version Extension Agent Version 3 CEU-focused asynchronous version Quiz 4 Multiple choice assessment Matching 4 Term-to-definition exercises Review Prompts 4 Timestamp-linked review tasks Corrected SRT 1 Download corrected subtitle file <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>","tags":["Green & Commercial","Entomology","Graziosi"]},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/archive-summary/","title":"GTBOP Webinar Archive Summary","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/archive-summary/#understanding-tree-pests-disease-interactions-invasive-threats-and-management-strategies","title":"Understanding Tree Pests: Disease Interactions, Invasive Threats, and Management Strategies","text":"<p>Webinar Date: January 15, 2026 Speaker: Dr. Ignazio Graziosi, Assistant Professor, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia Moderator: Dr. Bodie Pennisi, UGA Horticulturist Duration: 52:11 Series: Green & Commercial CEU Categories: TBD</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/archive-summary/#narrative-summary","title":"NARRATIVE SUMMARY","text":"<p>Dr. Ignazio Graziosi, an assistant professor in the Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources at the University of Georgia, presented a framework for understanding tree pest damage through ecological interactions. He emphasized that damage results from the interplay of three components \u2014 the pest, the host tree, and the environment \u2014 known as the disease triangle. He extended this concept through the spiral of tree decline, illustrating how predisposing factors like soil compaction, inciting factors like drought, and contributing factors including wood-boring insects and fungi push trees toward death, particularly in urban environments.</p> <p>Dr. Graziosi applied this framework to three case studies. The first examined the emerald ash borer (EAB), a non-native pest devastating native ash across North America. He reviewed the EAB life cycle, the role of firewood movement in spreading the invasion, and the diversity of ash species at risk in Georgia, including the white fringetree (family Oleaceae) as an alternate host and population reservoir. He explained how EAB populations remain low in Asia due to co-evolved resistant trees and specialist parasitoid wasps, which USDA has introduced to North America through importation biological control. Chemical protection via tree injection, bark spray, and soil drench remains critical for high-value landscape trees.</p> <p>The second case study addressed crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS), a non-native pest attacking crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) across the South. Dr. Graziosi described overlapping generations that complicate control timing, an expanding host range including American beautyberry and St. John's wort, and urban heat island effects that stress trees while accelerating insect development. Chemical options include soil drench, soil injection, and foliar sprays, though trunk injection is ineffective in crapemyrtle. Native predators such as lady beetles and green lacewings provide some control but lack the specialization needed for sustained suppression.</p> <p>The third case study examined the orange-striped oakworm moth, a native pest of native oaks. Dr. Graziosi explained why clonal nursery stock in urban landscapes creates genetically uniform stands with low resistance, compounded by urban heat effects. He outlined a practical decision framework: managers should distinguish aesthetic damage from actual harm using a 25% defoliation threshold and recognize that late-season defoliation is less damaging. Btk (Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki) as a foliar spray is effective against young larvae with minimal impact on natural enemies.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/archive-summary/#youtube-timestamps","title":"YOUTUBE TIMESTAMPS","text":"Timestamp Topic 0:00 Introduction and speaker credentials 1:28 The disease triangle: pest, tree, and environment 3:02 The spiral of tree decline 6:07 Native vs. non-native pest and tree interactions 7:22 Example 1: Emerald ash borer (EAB) \u2014 overview 8:23 EAB life cycle and damage symptoms 10:48 EAB generation time and temperature effects 11:57 EAB spread across North America and firewood 13:47 EAB in Georgia and native ash species diversity 15:26 White fringetree as alternate EAB host 16:43 Global trade and non-native species introductions 18:20 The invasion curve: detection, eradication, and control 21:32 Why EAB is not a pest in Asia 22:34 Chemical control methods for EAB 23:57 Importation biological control: parasitoid wasps 28:01 Native natural enemies and the goal of balance 29:42 Example 2: Crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS) \u2014 overview 31:47 CMBS biology, life cycle, and overlapping generations 33:47 CMBS invasion timeline and early detection 35:02 CMBS and the invasion curve in Georgia 36:06 CMBS host range expansion in North America 36:42 Urban heat island effects on scales 37:28 Chemical control options for CMBS 38:31 Natural enemies: lady beetles and lacewings 42:04 Balancing chemical and biological control for CMBS 42:25 Example 3: Orange-striped oakworm moth \u2014 overview 43:53 Oakworm life cycle and seasonal timing 44:51 Why urban and clonal trees are vulnerable 46:35 Natural enemies of the oakworm 47:56 Control decisions: damage thresholds and Btk 49:19 Presentation wrap-up and key takeaways 50:01 Moderator comments on CMBS expansion in Georgia"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/archive-summary/#questions-answers","title":"QUESTIONS & ANSWERS","text":"<p>Q: What is the disease triangle, and why is it important for understanding tree pest damage? A: The disease triangle describes how damage to a tree results from the interaction of three components: the pest, the host tree, and the environment. Damage is not caused by the pest alone \u2014 a susceptible tree in a stressful environment amplifies the impact. Dr. Graziosi emphasized that this framework helps professionals identify which factors they can influence when managing pest problems, particularly in urban settings where environmental stress is high.</p> <p>Q: What is the spiral of tree decline, and how does it relate to tree death in urban environments? A: The spiral of tree decline is a diagram with three levels of stressors \u2014 predisposing factors (such as soil compaction and genetic potential), inciting factors (such as defoliating insects and drought), and contributing factors (such as wood-boring insects, nematodes, and Armillaria). Each level can independently bring a tree to death, and urban environments intensify these stressors. The key takeaway is that tree death typically results from multiple interacting factors rather than a single cause.</p> <p>Q: How does firewood movement contribute to the spread of the emerald ash borer? A: The movement of infested firewood by campers and travelers was the primary pathway for EAB's rapid spread across North America. Researchers were able to connect the pattern of EAB spread closely with the highway and freeway system. This led to the \"Don't Move Firewood\" campaign, which also helps contain other invasive insects such as the Asian longhorned beetle.</p> <p>Q: Why is the emerald ash borer not considered a pest in its native range in Asia? A: Two main reasons explain this. First, native Asian ash species co-evolved with the EAB and are resistant or less susceptible \u2014 only very weak, stressed trees are attacked there. Second, a community of specialist natural enemies, including parasitoid wasps, keeps EAB populations low in Asia. This understanding directly informed both the chemical protection approach (making North American trees artificially resistant) and the importation biological control program.</p> <p>Q: What are the chemical control options for protecting ash trees from the emerald ash borer? A: Three main application methods are available: tree injection, bark spray, and soil drench. Some products can be applied by homeowners while others require a professional applicator. Timing is important \u2014 for example, soil drench needs to be applied in spring before leaves emerge. Dr. Graziosi noted that chemical protection remains critical for saving individual high-value trees, since biological control has not yet been fully successful for EAB in North America.</p> <p>Q: Why is trunk injection not effective for controlling crapemyrtle bark scale? A: Crapemyrtle does not absorb systemic insecticides well through trunk injection \u2014 the chemical moves very slowly through the plant, making it an ineffective delivery method. Instead, soil drench, soil injection, and foliar sprays are the recommended chemical control approaches for CMBS. Soaps can also be used to target crawlers, the young mobile nymphs.</p> <p>Q: What native predators help control crapemyrtle bark scale, and what are their limitations? A: Three lady beetle species \u2014 the twice-stabbed lady beetle, the bigeminal lady beetle, and the non-native Harlequin lady beetle \u2014 are active predators of CMBS, feeding on both nymphs and adults. Green lacewings, particularly the red-lipped green lacewing, also prey on CMBS nymphs and eggs and are commercially available. However, these predators are generalists that often arrive late in the season and do not build sustained populations on infested trees, limiting their effectiveness as standalone control agents.</p> <p>Q: How should a landscape professional decide whether to treat for orange-striped oakworm? A: Dr. Graziosi outlined a two-part decision framework. First, distinguish between aesthetic damage and actual harm to the tree \u2014 the threshold is approximately 25% defoliation. Second, assess the season: late-season defoliation, even if substantial, is less harmful because the tree has already stored its nutrients. Treatment is most warranted for young or small trees experiencing significant early-season defoliation.</p> <p>Q: Why are urban landscape trees particularly vulnerable to the orange-striped oakworm? A: Urban landscape trees are often clonal nursery stock with very low genetic variability. Dr. Graziosi used the example of Nuttall oaks on the UGA Athens campus \u2014 beautiful, high-quality trees that are essentially genetically identical, meaning the susceptibility of one tree is the susceptibility of all. Combined with urban heat island effects that accelerate insect development, this creates conditions favoring pest outbreaks.</p> <p>Q: What is importation biological control, and how has it been applied to the emerald ash borer? A: Importation biological control involves studying the natural enemies that effectively control a pest in its native range and introducing them to the invaded region. USDA conducted risk assessments and introduced three specialist parasitoid wasp species from Asia to target EAB. Two species attack EAB larvae under the bark using ovipositors to locate them through vibrational cues, while the third parasitizes EAB eggs. These wasps are specialists that only attack EAB, ensuring they won't harm other insects.</p> <p>Q: What is the significance of the white fringetree for emerald ash borer management in Georgia? A: The white fringetree, which belongs to the same family (Oleaceae) as ash, was discovered in 2014 to be an alternate host for the EAB. This is significant not only because it means another native plant species is at risk, but more importantly because white fringetree can serve as a population reservoir, allowing EAB to persist in an area even after all ash trees are gone. This has direct implications for long-term management strategies in Georgia.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/archive-summary/#additional-resources","title":"ADDITIONAL RESOURCES","text":"<ul> <li>Dr. Graziosi referenced QR codes linking to UGA publications on EAB status and control in Georgia, the full insecticide protocol for EAB, and CMBS biology and management.</li> <li>The iTree tool suite (mentioned for calculating ecosystem services and benefits of trees, and for right-tree-right-place selection) is available at itreetools.org.</li> <li>Sign-in sheets for CEU credit should be submitted to gtbop@uga.edu or mailed to the address on the sign-in sheet.</li> <li>The next GTBOP webinar was announced for March 2026.</li> </ul> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/","title":"SRT Transcript Correction Summary","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#file-tree-pests-in-the-landscape-dr-ignazio-graziosi","title":"File: Tree Pests in the Landscape \u2014 Dr. Ignazio Graziosi","text":"<p>Date Corrected: February 8, 2026 Webinar Date: January 15, 2026 Series: Green & Commercial Topic: Entomology / Tree Health / Urban Forestry Speaker: Dr. Ignazio Graziosi, Assistant Professor, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia Moderator: Dr. Bodie Pennisi, UGA Horticulturist Closing: Rich Braman</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#source-verification","title":"SOURCE VERIFICATION","text":"<ul> <li>Original blocks: 529</li> <li>Corrected blocks: 529 \u2713 MATCH CONFIRMED</li> <li>Time range: 00:00:01,100 to 00:52:11,580</li> <li>Runtime: ~52 minutes</li> <li>File reading: COMPLETE \u2713</li> <li>Coverage proof:</li> <li>Early [~2:28]: Disease triangle concept \u2014 pest, tree, and environment interaction causes damage</li> <li>Middle [~24:03]: Importation biological control for EAB \u2014 parasitoid wasps brought from Asia to North America</li> <li>Late [~48:46]: Btk (Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki) as foliar spray for orange-striped oakworm control; 25% defoliation threshold</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#corrections-applied","title":"Corrections Applied","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#proper-nouns-speaker-names","title":"Proper Nouns \u2014 Speaker Names","text":"<ul> <li>\"Ignacio\" \u2192 \"Ignazio\" (Blocks 2, 503)</li> <li>\"Bori\" \u2192 \"Bodie\" (Blocks 15, 62)</li> <li>\"body\" \u2192 \"Bodie\" (Block 502)</li> <li>\"Bodhi\" \u2192 \"Bodie\" (Block 526)</li> <li>\"buddy\" \u2192 \"Bodie\" (Block 519 \u2014 Graziosi farewell to Pennisi)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#emerald-ash-borer-name-corrections-extensive","title":"Emerald Ash Borer \u2014 Name Corrections (extensive)","text":"<p>Whisper produced dozens of garbled variants of \"emerald ash borer\" and its abbreviation \"EAB\" throughout the transcript. All were corrected to the standard forms:</p> <p>Full name variants corrected \u2192 \"emerald ash borer\": - \"emeralish borer\" (Blocks 84, 85) - \"emeralash borer\" (Blocks 87, 88) - \"gemaralash borer\" (Block 100) - \"Emmerlash border\" (Blocks 123, 124) - \"emeralosh borer\" (Block 91) - \"Yemalash Bor\" (Block 146) - \"Ammonash war\" (Block 150) - \"MLA-Scheish border\" (Block 163) - \"Amaralash border\" (Block 220)</p> <p>Abbreviation variants corrected \u2192 \"EAB\": - \"EAD\" (Block 91) - \"IAB\" (Blocks 278, 280, 281) - \"AAB\" (Blocks 170, 171, 172, 173) - \"EEA-B\" (Block 229) - \"AB\" (Block 297) - \"AEB\" (Blocks 185, 186) - \"yebby\" / \"yebe\" / \"yee-be\" / \"yeb\" / \"yebis\" (Blocks 188, 193, 243, 254, 257, 263, 265, 266, 269, 270) - \"the baby\" (Block 243 \u2014 context: \"the EAB there\") - \"the bee\" (Block 264 \u2014 context: parasitoid drilling into bark) - \"YB\" (Block 170)</p> <p>Total EAB-related corrections: ~45+ individual instances</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#crapemyrtle-bark-scale-name-corrections","title":"Crapemyrtle Bark Scale \u2014 Name Corrections","text":"<p>All variants standardized to \"crapemyrtle bark scale\" (one word, no hyphen per extension convention): - \"crepe-mirtle bark scale\" \u2192 \"crapemyrtle bark scale\" (multiple blocks) - \"crepe-myrtle bark scale\" \u2192 \"crapemyrtle bark scale\" - \"crepe myrtle bark scale\" \u2192 \"crapemyrtle bark scale\" - \"crepe-mirtle bar scale\" \u2192 \"crapemyrtle bark scale\" - \"crepe myrtle bar scale\" \u2192 \"crapemyrtle bark scale\" - \"crab myrtle basket\" \u2192 \"crapemyrtle bark scale\" (Block 337) - \"capemir\" \u2192 \"crapemyrtle\" (Block 404) - \"bar scale\" \u2192 \"bark scale\" (Blocks 334, 405) - All standalone \"crepe myrtle\" / \"crepe-myrtle\" / \"crepe-mirtle\" \u2192 \"crapemyrtle\"</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#scientific-names","title":"Scientific Names","text":"<ul> <li>\"Lagerstrenia indica\" \u2192 \"Lagerstroemia indica\" (Block 304)</li> <li>\"La Grestorhemia speciosa\" \u2192 \"Lagerstroemia speciosa\" (Block 353)</li> <li>\"armillaria\" \u2192 \"Armillaria\" (Block 57 \u2014 genus capitalized)</li> <li>\"oleese\" \u2192 \"Oleaceae\" (Block 165)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#technical-terms-entomology","title":"Technical Terms \u2014 Entomology","text":"<ul> <li>\"four-inch star\" \u2192 \"fourth instar\" (Block 102)</li> <li>\"pre-culture\" \u2192 \"prepupa\" (Block 107)</li> <li>\"ovopositor\" \u2192 \"ovipositor\" (Block 264, 2 instances)</li> <li>\"T's tail \u2026 T's ovipositor\" \u2192 \"Its tail \u2026 its ovipositor\" (Block 264)</li> <li>\"BDK, Bacillus thuringiensis, Crustacea\" \u2192 \"Btk, Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki\" (Blocks 488\u2013489)</li> <li>\"inseticides\" \u2192 \"insecticides\" (Block 231)</li> <li>\"twice-tapped\" \u2192 \"twice-stabbed\" (Block 392)</li> <li>\"ladybeadle\" \u2192 \"lady beetle\" (Blocks 393, 394, multiple instances)</li> <li>\"Geminal\" / \"begeminal\" \u2192 \"bigeminal\" (Blocks 392, 393)</li> <li>\"infuriate the biological control\" \u2192 \"interfere with the biological control\" (Block 415)</li> <li>\"incident\" \u2192 \"insect\" (Block 327 \u2014 \"stages of the insect\")</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#technical-terms-tree-biology","title":"Technical Terms \u2014 Tree Biology","text":"<ul> <li>\"the camium, the artoxylem\" \u2192 \"the cambium, the outer xylem\" (Block 92)</li> <li>\"are incapacity\" \u2192 \"carrying capacity\" (Block 207)</li> <li>\"interesting trace\" \u2192 \"interesting tree\" (Block 155 \u2014 about blue ash)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#species-names","title":"Species Names","text":"<ul> <li>\"orange-type wormoth\" \u2192 \"orange-striped oakworm moth\" (Blocks 461, 464)</li> <li>\"orange-type oak wormoth\" \u2192 \"orange-striped oakworm moth\" (Block 421 was correct; Block 461 corrected)</li> <li>\"orange stripe, / awkward mouth\" \u2192 \"orange-striped / oakworm moth\" (Blocks 474\u2013475)</li> <li>\"natal oaks\" \u2192 \"Nuttall oaks\" (Block 456)</li> <li>\"Nuttal oak\" \u2192 \"Nuttall oak\" (Block 460)</li> <li>\"white fring tree\" \u2192 \"white fringetree\" (Blocks 165, 357)</li> <li>\"white fringe tree\" \u2192 \"white fringetree\" (Blocks 168, 169, 172)</li> <li>\"four webworm\" \u2192 \"fall webworm\" (Block 29)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#pest-names-other","title":"Pest Names / Other","text":"<ul> <li>\"also can't send John's work\" \u2192 \"also on St. John's wort\" (Block 358)</li> <li>\"in the festive fire\" \u2192 \"infested firewood\" (Block 137)</li> <li>\"non-80 species\" \u2192 \"non-native species\" (Block 181)</li> <li>\"expansion of the past\" \u2192 \"expansion of the pest\" (Block 506)</li> <li>\"contain the incident to quarantine\" \u2192 \"contain the insect through quarantine\" (Block 130)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#grammar-transcription-cleanup","title":"Grammar / Transcription Cleanup","text":"<ul> <li>\"invasive invasive species\" \u2192 \"invasive species\" (Block 5 \u2014 Whisper doubled word)</li> <li>\"those past\" \u2192 \"those pests\" (Block 76)</li> <li>\"different tests\" \u2192 \"different pests\" (Block 77)</li> <li>\"This is the map, is the trap\" \u2192 \"This is the trap\" (Block 186)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#flagged-for-verification","title":"Flagged for Verification","text":"<ul> <li> <p>Block 45: [VERIFY: \"Dr. Klein\"] \u2014 Speaker references \"Dr. Klein\" as the previous presenter on the webinar. Confirm name against webinar program for January 15, 2026.</p> </li> <li> <p>Block 161: [VERIFY: \"swamp white and small ash\"] \u2014 Speaker lists Georgia ash species. \"Swamp white ash\" is not a standard species name. \"Small ash\" may refer to Fraxinus smallii (Small's ash). Verify species list against audio.</p> </li> <li> <p>Block 176: [VERIFY: \"this not accidental introduction\"] \u2014 Meaning is likely \"this accidental introduction\" (EAB was accidentally introduced via trade). Whisper may have misplaced \"not\" from later in the sentence. Verify against audio.</p> </li> <li> <p>Block 277: [VERIFY: \"the O-binator\"] \u2014 Name of egg parasitoid release device. Possibly \"Oobinator\" (a play on Oobius agrili, the egg parasitoid). Verify device name against audio and USDA-ARS biocontrol literature.</p> </li> <li> <p>Block 392\u2013393: [VERIFY: \"bigeminal lady beetle\"] \u2014 Corrected from \"begeminal\" / \"Geminal ladybeadle.\" Likely refers to Hyperaspis bigeminata, a documented predator of crapemyrtle bark scale. Confirm species name against audio.</p> </li> <li> <p>Block 473\u2013474: [VERIFY: \"pinnacle leaf\"] \u2014 Speaker describes underside of a leaf with oakworm eggs. \"Pinnacle\" is not a standard botanical term. Possibly \"pin oak leaf\" spoken with Italian accent. Verify against audio.</p> </li> <li> <p>Block 511: [VERIFY: \"the planet\"] \u2014 Bodie Pennisi says \"all across the areas around the planet.\" Context suggests she may have said \"the plantings\" (discussing CMBS in Savannah plantings). Verify against audio.</p> </li> <li> <p>Block 528: [VERIFY: \"buddy\"] \u2014 Rich Braman says \"I'll see you soon, buddy.\" Could be the word \"buddy\" or a misheard \"Bodie.\" Left as-is pending audio verification.</p> </li> <li> <p>Blocks 13\u201314: [VERIFY: \"education and analysis. / outreach.\"] \u2014 These blocks have overlapping timestamps (13 ends at 01:01.380, 14 starts at 01:00.920). Block 13's \"analysis\" may actually be \"outreach\" (matching block 14). Verify against audio.</p> </li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#srt-format-compliance","title":"SRT Format Compliance","text":"<p>\u2705 All timestamps preserved exactly as original \u2705 All sequence numbers maintained (1\u2013529) \u2705 Blank lines between segments preserved \u2705 Maximum 2 lines per subtitle segment maintained \u2705 No segments merged or split \u2705 Block count: 529 original = 529 corrected \u2713</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/corrections/#new-patterns-for-common-corrections-reference","title":"New Patterns for Common Corrections Reference","text":"<p>The following Whisper error patterns are new to this webinar and should be added to the project reference:</p> Whisper Output Correct Form Context emeralish/emeralash/gemaralash/Emmerlash/emeralosh borer emerald ash borer Multiple phonetic approximations yebby / yebe / yee-be / yeb EAB Whisper interpreting the abbreviation spoken with accent IAB / AAB / EAD / EEA-B / AEB / AB EAB Abbreviation variants four-inch star fourth instar Entomology life stage ovopositor ovipositor Entomology anatomy pre-culture prepupa Entomology life stage ladybeadle lady beetle Common name twice-tapped twice-stabbed Lady beetle common name BDK / Crustacea Btk / kurstaki Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies La Grestorhemia / Lagerstrenia Lagerstroemia Crapemyrtle genus natal oaks Nuttall oaks Oak species crab myrtle basket crapemyrtle bark scale Pest common name in the festive fire infested firewood EAB spread pathway can't send John's work St. John's wort CMBS alternate host <p>Total Corrections: ~120+ individual corrections across 529 subtitle blocks Processing: Complete file (529 subtitle blocks, 2116 lines)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/downloads/","title":"Downloads \u2014 Graziosi, Tree Pests","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/downloads/#corrected-srt-file","title":"Corrected SRT File","text":"<p>Place the corrected SRT file in this folder alongside this page:</p> <pre><code>docs/green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 GTBOP_Transcript_2026-01-15_TreePests.srt \u2190 place here\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 downloads.md \u2190 this file\n\u2514\u2500\u2500 ...\n</code></pre> <p>MkDocs will serve the <code>.srt</code> file as a static asset. Link to it with:</p> <pre><code>[Download Corrected SRT](GTBOP_Transcript_2026-01-15_TreePests.srt)\n</code></pre> <p>File details: Update block count, time range, and filename below after placing the file.</p> Detail Value Filename <code>GTBOP_Transcript_2026-01-15_TreePests.srt</code> Blocks \u2014 Time range \u2014 <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/","title":"Understanding Tree Pests: Disease Interactions, Invasive Threats, and Management Strategies","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#gtbop-green-industry-series-january-15-2026","title":"GTBOP Green Industry Series \u2014 January 15, 2026","text":"<p>Speaker: Dr. Ignazio Graziosi, Assistant Professor, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia Moderator: Dr. Bodie Pennisi, Horticulturist, University of Georgia Duration: 52:11</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#introduction","title":"Introduction","text":"<p>Bodie Pennisi: Welcome back, everyone. Our second speaker is Dr. Ignazio Graziosi, who is an assistant professor in Warnell School of Forestry at University of Georgia. Dr. Graziosi studies tree health and raises awareness of the benefits provided by trees. As a field biologist, he has studied the impact of invasive species \u2014 insects and microorganisms \u2014 on tree health and used this knowledge to develop management and surveillance tools while engaging land managers and the public in education programs. In his early career as a forester, he focused on the management of natural and urban trees. Dr. Graziosi has held positions with non-governmental and governmental organizations, universities, and private companies in different countries. His work involves field and laboratory studies, data collection and analysis, development of protocols, use of photography, team project and partnership coordination, capacity building, education, and outreach. And Dr. Graziosi, the floor is yours from Italy.</p> <p>Ignazio Graziosi: Thank you. Thank you, Bodie. Good afternoon, everybody. Give me one sec that I'm going to click the magic button. All right. Can you hear me all right and see my screen? Fantastic. It's great to be here. Thank you again.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#the-disease-triangle","title":"The Disease Triangle","text":"<p>So we are all dealing with a variety of different tree pests. You can see on the screen a couple of examples. There is a woolly adelgid. We have fall webworm, caterpillar, beetles, scales \u2014 and we tend to concentrate on the pest itself because it's what produces damage to our trees. But it is important to remember that it is always a team result. We have the pest, yes, but there are other actors in the picture that cause the overall damage. Of course, we have the tree itself and we have the environment. And the damage on the tree, the damage from the pest and from the disease, is caused by the interaction of these three components. And this is the concept of the disease triangle. So the damage is not caused by just one component. The pest alone is not enough, but it is the interaction with the tree, which for example is susceptible, and the environment. And we are dealing with trees, especially in the landscape, for the focus of this webinar, and in urban environment. And in those environments, the situation gets worse.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#the-spiral-of-tree-decline","title":"The Spiral of Tree Decline","text":"<p>And I introduce to you the spiral of tree decline. And this is a diagram that was developed in the 90s and is really useful to understand this concept one step more. So how does this diagram work? You see three different levels of spirals. Each spiral is a family of factors that add stress to the tree at different levels. A lot of those are similar to the stressors that Dr. Klein presented at the beginning of his presentation. And all these different families of stressors, they end up eventually with the death of the tree. And you see at the center of the death spiral, there is in fact the death of the tree.</p> <p>And if we look at those three spirals one by one, we can see, for example, the first one that is called the predisposing factor \u2014 general stressors. The urban environment of course is stressful for the tree, there is the genetic potential of the tree itself, and again it's a demonstration that the disease triangle is really important. And then we have well-known stressors like soil compaction, which is often the number one issue for many trees. And then we have another spiral that is closer to the center of our death spiral, which is called here inciting factor, and we have defoliating insects, for example, we have drought. And then we have an even more internal spiral which is contributing factor, and you see a lot of biotic factors. You have fungi, wood-boring insects, nematodes, Armillaria for example.</p> <p>The important thing to understand of this diagram is that each of the spirals \u2014 the predisposing factor, the inciting factor, and the contributing factor \u2014 contain factors that can directly bring the tree to death. If you see, I'm not sure if you are able to see my pointer that I'm using on the screen.</p> <p>Bodie Pennisi: Yes, we are.</p> <p>Ignazio Graziosi: Fantastic. Thank you, Bodie. And you can see these lines here. These lines mean that each of these factors \u2014 for example, urban environment alone or soil compaction alone \u2014 are able to cut through the different layers of the spiral and bring the tree directly to death. One important message to take home from this diagram is that the health of the tree and potentially the death of the tree is an interaction between many factors.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#native-and-non-native-pest-interactions","title":"Native and Non-Native Pest Interactions","text":"<p>And if we go back to our slide visualizing different pests that we have to deal with, we have here non-native pests. We have examples of native pests. We have examples of native trees, examples of also exotic trees. And understanding the interaction among those \u2014 native pests attacking native trees and vice versa, non-native attacking native and native attacking non-native \u2014 is really important because it allows us to understand the mechanism and to understand what are the general strategies we can use to manage and control those pests. And this is true for many different pests.</p> <p>So I'm bringing to you three examples, three stories if you want, that investigate, explore different scenarios and present to us some important components of this interaction that will help us to deal in the future with a variety of different pests.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#example-1-emerald-ash-borer-a-non-native-pest-on-native-trees","title":"Example 1: Emerald Ash Borer \u2014 A Non-Native Pest on Native Trees","text":"<p>So the first one, the first example, the first story for you is a native tree impacted by a non-native pest. And this is the very famous case, the superstar of insect pests, the emerald ash borer. So the emerald ash borer \u2014 I'm sure many of you are familiar with it \u2014 on the picture on the left is a canopy dieback caused by the insect. And remember, when you see canopy dieback caused by the emerald ash borer and you identify the problem to be that, the emerald ash borer, that means that the insect has been spreading in the area for at least 5 to 10 years. And then you see on the right that is the damage at a stand or forest level.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#eab-life-cycle-and-damage","title":"EAB Life Cycle and Damage","text":"<p>So a very quick summary of what the EAB, emerald ash borer, is about. Larvae feed under the bark and doing so disrupt the phloem, the cambium, the outer xylem, and it cuts off the movement of nutrient and water. And trees, they can die very fast. This is an overview of how the damage happens. And if you start from the picture on the left, you see a young tree that is debarked, and you see the gallery caused by the feeding larvae, and you see that the tree is desperately trying to sprout. It has a reaction to the attack, and the water sprouts are actually a very important diagnostic feature in order to understand if a tree is attacked by the emerald ash borer.</p> <p>And if you get closer to the tree, you can actually see the larvae, like here, that is feeding. This is a fourth instar, is a mature larva, is probably around two inches long. And by feeding, it basically disrupts all the cambium tissue and the outer xylem. And then, after the larva completes its development, which is usually at the end of the season, it folds in a J-shape and gets a little bit deeper in the outer wood, and it starts kind of sleeping, and overwinters as what is called a J-larva, or prepupa. And then at the end of the winter, it pupates and emerges in spring. You can see the shiny green beetle that is emerging from a tree. And while it emerges, it leaves a very characteristic, the famous D-shaped exit hole.</p> <p>This is another way to represent the life cycle of the insect. We can start from here, where the insect again comes out from the tree, leaving the D-shaped hole, and then mates. The female lays eggs in the cracks of the bark. From the egg, a larva hatches, goes through the bark and starts feeding and causing the galleries you already saw in the previous photos. And then it pupates and will emerge again the following year.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#generation-time-and-temperature","title":"Generation Time and Temperature","text":"<p>Here it is important to remember that this is usually mostly a one-generation-per-year insect. But there is always a part of the population of the emerald ash borer in any location that requires two years instead of one to develop. And this is true especially in the northern part of North America, where temperatures are lower. As we know, temperature usually increases the development of insects. And so the colder it is, the slower it develops. So at northern latitudes in North America, a larger part of the local populations of emerald ash borer requires two years to develop. And it is important to know when we have to deal with this insect to control it.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#spread-across-north-america","title":"Spread Across North America","text":"<p>It was found, was discovered in 2002 in the Detroit area, which means again, as I pointed out earlier, it was present in the area already for at least 10 years. And then you see all the little red dots. Yes, it took North America, as we know, by storm. This is one of the last available maps from USDA. This is 2023, because in 2021, I believe, the quarantine was lifted at federal level. It was lifted because there was no hope to contain the insect through quarantine.</p> <p>And then the invasion of North America by the EAB was caused by one single individual cause. There was one culprit that allowed the EAB to move so quickly all over the United States. And I let you guess \u2014 you can write your answer if you have an idea in the chat box. I will not be able to see it right now, but I will go later and check.</p> <p>And this is, of course, firewood. Campers and travelers, they move infested firewood to the next city, to the next county, to the next state. And this really is what determined a lot of the pathways of the invasion in North America. They were able to connect very closely the pattern of the spread with the highway and freeway system. There is one good thing that came out from this disaster, which is the \"Don't Move Firewood\" campaign. This is a very effective and important campaign that helps, for example, contain other invasive insects, such as the Asian longhorned beetle.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#eab-in-georgia-and-ash-species-diversity","title":"EAB in Georgia and Ash Species Diversity","text":"<p>Okay, so we know that as the EAB spread in North America, it attacked and impacted heavily the native species of ash. In Georgia, for example, there is of course the emerald ash borer, and this is a spread \u2014 I would say the southern edge of the invasion, so it's still spreading. This map is from 2020. So there is active surveillance, it's present in the Athens area of course, and even a little bit further south. So you may think that it's not very important, is not as important as fighting against the emerald ash borer in Georgia compared to other states. It's true, there are other states where there is a continuous presence and availability of ash, and Georgia is more scattered. But if we start looking at the distribution of ash species in Georgia, we see that it is really important for biodiversity and actually the state hosts multiple species of ash. We have green ash statewide, we have blue ash, which is an interesting tree because it shows a little bit of resistance against the emerald ash borer \u2014 it will die eventually, but it will take way longer compared to other species of ash. We have white ash, Carolina ash which is a southern ash, we have Biltmore ash which is a subspecies of white, we have pumpkin ash on the southern part of the state, swamp white and small ash.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#white-fringetree-as-alternate-host","title":"White Fringetree as Alternate Host","text":"<p>And then there is another plant that unfortunately is important for the ecology of the emerald ash borer, and it's a surprise that happened in 2014, when they discovered that the EAB was able to expand its host range and attack a native plant in North America, which is the white fringetree \u2014 which is the same family, Oleaceae, as ash. And this is present also in Georgia. It's important to know that because not only could it be a damage for the white fringetree, but more importantly, the white fringetree could function as a reservoir for the population of the EAB, even though all the other ash trees in the area are gone. So the EAB can stay in an area utilizing the white fringetree.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#global-trade-and-non-native-species","title":"Global Trade and Non-Native Species","text":"<p>Okay, so we know that the EAB is non-native and we know that it is from Asia. So if we look at the map where it was in Asia and where it is now in North America, spreading and causing damage, we may ask \u2014 how did it get there? Of course we know, through trade. This is a photo in the port of Savannah. And we know that this accidental introduction through trade of non-native species is not a new trend, but is an exponentially increasing trend. And you can see here an example from different parts of the world. So it is really exponentially increasing. One reason is that our ability to detect species has increased as well, improved. But trade is increasing, of course, and the introduction of non-native species is reflecting this globalization.</p> <p>If you go near potential ports of entry, such as airports and ports, you may notice traps. This is a generic trap in the port of Savannah. This is another example since we are talking about the EAB. This is the trap that is designed to catch the EAB \u2014 it's a series of interconnected funnels. There is a pouch, which is the green pouch there, that is a lure that produces an attractant for the EAB. The EAB arrives, hits the funnel, and it falls in the cup. These types of traps, they are not designed to catch as many beetles as possible to remove them from the environment. It's just a detection, but it's a very important detection methodology.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#the-invasion-curve","title":"The Invasion Curve","text":"<p>Okay, we know of the damage, as the EAB spread in North America it caused immense damage to the native population of ash. And we have another tool here I want to present to you, because it's a useful tool to understand the strategy to manage non-native and native pests alike, which is the invasion curve. This is a diagram that illustrates the growth of a population of a pest, which here is called pest prevalence, over time.</p> <p>So the story starts with the introduction, when the pest arrives in the area. After the introduction, of course, the population of the pest, the prevalence, is still low. And then it starts growing and start multiplying and feeding on the host. And then it enters exponential growth. And this is when land managers, for example, start to be aware. And it's a little bit more time before the public starts to be aware. And by the time the public starts to be aware, usually the population is already really high until it reaches a plateau which is the so-called carrying capacity \u2014 what is that, for example, is where or when all the ash trees in the area are gone, so the population of the pest cannot grow anymore.</p> <p>This diagram is important because it can be connected with our ability to deal with and control the pest. When the population is really low, right after the introduction, we can even try to eradicate a pest. Of course, it's very difficult, but in some cases, for some pests, it's not impossible. We can do prevention, for example. But then as the pest prevalence starts to grow, it's really impossible to eradicate. And then the only control that is possible is a local control \u2014 for example, just trying to save individual trees. But as the prevalence and the difficulties of controlling a pest grow, the cost associated with the control grows as well. And this is really important to understand. And this is why detection is so important, and ideally we want to have effective tools to detect a pest as close to the introduction event as possible, because everything is easier and is possible.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#why-eab-is-not-a-pest-in-asia","title":"Why EAB Is Not a Pest in Asia","text":"<p>Okay, so as we understand how an invasion works, we can look at the map again and we can ask ourselves \u2014 okay, we know that the emerald ash borer is non-native, is from Asia. And it's a pest here, but what about in its native range? What about in Asia? Was it a pest? The answer is no. And there are multiple reasons for that, and they will relate to our disease triangle.</p> <p>The first reason is that the native species of ash in Asia, they say, co-evolved with the pest, which means they are less susceptible or resistant. And the only ash trees \u2014 Asian species of ash trees \u2014 that can be attacked by the EAB in Asia are very weak and stressed trees. That's one important reason. And this is why one of the approaches to control the EAB is to artificially make them resistant through chemical protection.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#chemical-control-for-eab","title":"Chemical Control for EAB","text":"<p>Of course, this is just a visual summary of the technology that I'm sure you are familiar with. There is tree injection, bark spray, and soil drench. I want to give just a little flash and overview of the chemical control methodology for the EAB. And there are a few involving systemic insecticides. Some of them can be applied by homeowners. Some of them, of course, need a professional applicator. And you have to choose carefully which one, depending on the season \u2014 for example, soil drench needs to be applied in the spring before leaves are out. I leave you here two links, two QR codes. I encourage you to check them. One is an overview of the status and the control of the EAB in Georgia. And the one on the bottom on the left is the full protocol for insecticide control for the EAB.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#importation-biological-control","title":"Importation Biological Control","text":"<p>Okay, we are still trying to answer our question \u2014 why is it not a problem in Asia? One reason is the trees are resistant, but there is another reason. The other reason is that the population of the EAB there is kept in check by a community of natural enemies. These are predators, are parasitoids \u2014 and we will see later what a parasitoid is \u2014 that are able to attack the EAB and to keep the population low.</p> <p>Okay, so why don't we bring them over? That's exactly what we did. And this is called importation biological control, where you go there, you study the natural enemies that are effective in the native range, and you bring them over. USDA did that after risk assessment and introduced a few different species. And you see here three tiny wasps. Those wasps are parasitic wasps, or parasitoids. The first two, the one on the left and the one on the center, they attack the larvae of the EAB. The one on the right attacks the eggs. And those are specialists. What that means is that they only attack the EAB. They don't attack any other insect. And so this warrants success in a way, because they cannot start attacking another insect and kind of waste their potential.</p> <p>How do they work? Okay, let's start with the first one here, the one on the left. And you see it's a small wasp and has a kind of a long tail. Its tail is an ovipositor, and it uses its ovipositor to find trees that are infested with the EAB and drill through the bark. It is able to use vibrational cues to understand if there is a larva under the bark and exactly where it is, and it stings the larvae of the EAB and it puts its own eggs in the larvae. Think about the movie Alien \u2014 Alien 1, not Alien 3, because the life cycle in Alien 3 gets very complicated \u2014 but in Alien 1 is exactly how it works. Inside, there will be the larvae of the wasp that feeds in the body of the larvae of the EAB, eventually consuming the whole animal.</p> <p>The infographic that you see on the slide is the technology that is used to release it. This is a log prepared in the lab that is filled with larvae of the EAB infested with the parasitoid wasp. You hang them on a tree, the adult wasps will eventually fly out and find other trees infested with the EAB to be parasitized.</p> <p>The second one is the egg parasitoid. I think you know the story now. It works exactly the same way \u2014 it attacks eggs. The technology is a small container. You can see in the picture on the bottom right, it's a drugstore container, called the O-binator. It contains a paper where there are eggs of the EAB that have been parasitized with this parasitic wasp. Look now at the picture in the center. These brown circles are the eggs of the EAB. If you look at the one on the bottom, you can see that inside there is actually a tiny baby larva of the EAB that is waiting to hatch. But if you look at the other two, the dark ones, you see that inside there is something different. That is the wasp that is ready to emerge.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#native-natural-enemies-and-the-goal-of-balance","title":"Native Natural Enemies and the Goal of Balance","text":"<p>Okay, so we understand about biological control now, the importation biological control, but you may ask \u2014 okay, so we are in North America. What about our native natural enemies? The answer is yes, we have some. There are many species that have been described of parasitic wasps or other types of insects, but those are not specialists. They can attack also other types of insects. So they are not effective in providing \u2014 they cannot be the only ones that can provide control. Alone, they are not enough.</p> <p>So at the end of the story, what we want to reach for the EAB, and in general for many non-native pests attacking native trees, is balance between the susceptibility of the plant and the community of natural enemies \u2014 both native natural enemies and also biological control. But also in the picture there is the chemical protection that is really important, especially to save trees of great value. Because it's true that biological control in North America for the EAB hasn't been fully successful yet, but we can still save large trees of big value in the city and the landscape using chemical protection.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#example-2-crapemyrtle-bark-scale-a-non-native-pest-on-non-native-trees","title":"Example 2: Crapemyrtle Bark Scale \u2014 A Non-Native Pest on Non-Native Trees","text":"<p>Okay, so we are ready for our second example \u2014 a non-native tree that is attacked by a non-native pest. And this is an example that may be relevant for us in the South, which is the crapemyrtle bark scale.</p> <p>So the crapemyrtle bark scale \u2014 you can see here in the center \u2014 is of course a non-native scale attacking our beloved crapemyrtle. There is a huge crapemyrtle culture in the South. There are hundreds, I think, of different cultivars belonging to different species \u2014 it's not only Lagerstroemia indica, but there are hybrids of different species, different color, flower, texture of the bark, size. And of course, it's easy to be judgmental toward the crapemyrtle because it's so commonly used and you can say it's used too much. It's true. It's easy to be judgmental, but it's important to remember a couple of things. One is that crapemyrtles provide benefits. And you can see here a little report that has been prepared using this tool called iTree. If you are not familiar with iTree, it is a suite of different tools that can be extremely useful to calculate benefits, so-called ecosystem services of trees, but also can be used to select the right tree for the right place. The second reason is that regardless of how much the crapemyrtle is planted in the South, we have to deal with this pest because it will create damage. We will have to deal with removal of attacked trees or the control of the pest itself.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#cmbs-biology-and-life-cycle","title":"CMBS Biology and Life Cycle","text":"<p>Okay, so the crapemyrtle bark scale, starting from the picture on the left. This is a twig of a crapemyrtle \u2014 of course you see the white specks, those are individual, mostly females, of the crapemyrtle bark scale, CMBS in short. Why is it black? Because like aphids, of course, scales while they feed secrete droplets of sugary sap. And so black sooty molds grow on that. On the picture in the center, different things. Those white lumps are mostly mature females of the scale, but you can also see here immature female nymphs. And this is important for the life cycle. On the right you see a female, and if you flip the female you see the eggs. Those very nice pink colored ones are eggs.</p> <p>The life cycle involves both males and females. The male is actually winged; the female is not winged, and a mature female loses her legs and cannot move. One of the things that complicates control is that it's not clear how many generations there are. They describe up to five generations, but the problem is that they are overlapping. So at one point, at any point, you may find different stages of the insect. If I go back one slide, the picture in the middle here has been shot one month ago in Athens, so in the winter. And you can see there are nymphs and adults. The nymphs are called crawlers.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#cmbs-invasion-timeline","title":"CMBS Invasion Timeline","text":"<p>Okay, what is the situation? It was found in 2004 in Texas \u2014 of course a huge crapemyrtle culture state \u2014 and then in 2014 in Georgia, and only in 2018, unfortunately, was found in nurseries in Georgia. The QR code I put there is a summary of the status and the biology of the crapemyrtle bark scale from UGA. So if you are interested, please snatch that.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#cmbs-and-the-invasion-curve-in-georgia","title":"CMBS and the Invasion Curve in Georgia","text":"<p>Okay, so we already know the invasion curve, what it means, and it's really important for the crapemyrtle bark scale. Even though it's already present in the South, even though it's already present in Georgia, to be able to detect it as soon as possible \u2014 it's not everywhere yet. In Athens, it got there, I think, in 2021. And you can see it in high numbers on some trees, but there are a lot of trees with very low infestation. So I would say we are at the beginning of the invasion in a lot of places in Georgia. So we are in the situation where we can do well because we are at the point on the invasion curve where the population is not so high that our control can mean something.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#cmbs-host-range-in-asia-and-north-america","title":"CMBS Host Range in Asia and North America","text":"<p>Alrighty, let's go back to our well-known map. So we know that it is non-native, comes from Asia. So we may ask, okay, what about the host there? The bad news is that this insect in native Asia can feed on many different species of plants. It's not a specialist, so it can feed on apple in Asia, and soybean \u2014 it has been found on fig. One good news is that since there are so many, they were able to find some cultivars, some species of crapemyrtle that have low susceptibility. And for example, the species Lagerstroemia speciosa \u2014 they are studying this still, though.</p> <p>Okay, so those are the plants in Asia. What about the plants in North America? We know that it attacks basically most of the cultivars of the crapemyrtle, but unfortunately, like the EAB was able to find the white fringetree, the crapemyrtle bark scale started to feed happily on American beautyberry and also on St. John's wort. So this can be a problem, of course, because it can go around attacking other plants.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#urban-heat-island-effects","title":"Urban Heat Island Effects","text":"<p>Okay, we are familiar with the disease triangle, so we may ask \u2014 okay, what about the role of the environment? What is the role of the environment here? Unfortunately, again, scales are one of the groups of insects that most take advantage of urban heat island. Urban heat island, of course, is the phenomenon that causes temperatures due to hardscape in the city to be even 10 degrees higher. And this has two effects. First of all, it stresses trees and they become more susceptible to pests. Second, it accelerates the development of the insect itself. And scales are very good at taking advantage of that.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#chemical-control-for-cmbs","title":"Chemical Control for CMBS","text":"<p>Okay, let's go to some good news \u2014 the tools, the weapons we have to control it. So this is an overview, again, of the chemical control available for the crapemyrtle bark scale. We have soil drench, we have soil injection, we have foliar sprays, and also some soaps \u2014 they can be used mostly to target crawlers, which again are the small, the young nymphs, like the pinkish one in the photo here. You can see in the table different product brand names and how they can be applied. And I encourage you again to snatch that QR code because it will give you the full protocol that you can use.</p> <p>The control, the chemical control, is complicated by the fact that crapemyrtle is not good at absorbing systemic insecticide through trunk injection. The chemical moves very slowly, so that is not a viable option, unfortunately.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#natural-enemies-lady-beetles-and-lacewings","title":"Natural Enemies: Lady Beetles and Lacewings","text":"<p>Okay, we know about natural enemies, so we may ask now, looking at our map, what is the situation for this pest? Yes, in Asia, there is a healthy community of predators and parasitic wasps that worldwide and in Asia can attack it. In the US, they were not able yet to clearly find an effective parasitoid, but there are many predators that can feed on the crapemyrtle bark scale, and they are used to try to control it.</p> <p>So this is my last question for you, if you have any idea of what this is. Okay, so those are eggs of lady beetles, because lady beetles \u2014 different species of lady beetles \u2014 are avid, hungry predators of the crapemyrtle bark scale. There are three main species: the twice-stabbed lady beetle, the bigeminal lady beetle, which looks like the twice-stabbed but is a completely different species, and also the non-native Harlequin lady beetle. These species will find trees infested with the crapemyrtle bark scale and they will feed on nymphs and adults alike.</p> <p>So they help \u2014 yes, they do help \u2014 but often they arrive too late in the season and they are not specialists. They will feed on other prey, which means they will not stay for many generations on the tree, providing continuous control. And that is a problem.</p> <p>So this is another question for you. This of course is an egg from another predator that would happily feed on the crapemyrtle bark scale. It's called a stalked egg. This is a beautiful egg of lacewings. One species in particular, the red-lipped green lacewing, feeds and predates on crapemyrtle bark scale nymphs and eggs as well. And you can see on the sequence on the right, this is a larva of the lacewing, which are the most voracious. Do they work? Yes, they are actually available commercially, of course, to control different pests including CMBS. But the problem is they don't build up a population on the plant, like the previous case. And also adults need to feed on sugar. And this means that you have to continuously, through the season, release them. So just one release at the beginning of the season is not enough. But they are commercially available and they can be used.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#balancing-chemical-and-biological-control","title":"Balancing Chemical and Biological Control","text":"<p>Of course, you need to do chemical control very carefully because it has the potential to interfere with the biological control. At the same way as for the EAB, what we want in the future is a balance. We want the population of the scale low because the community of natural enemies is healthy, but we want to use and we want to do additional research to find effective chemical control that maybe is more compatible with the natural enemies.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#example-3-orange-striped-oakworm-moth-a-native-pest-on-native-trees","title":"Example 3: Orange-Striped Oakworm Moth \u2014 A Native Pest on Native Trees","text":"<p>Okay, this brings me to the last, I would say, five to eight minutes, which is the last story in my presentation \u2014 a native tree impacted by a native pest. And our example is the orange-striped oakworm moth.</p> <p>So this, of course, is a very well-known pest of oaks, especially red oaks in the group of the red oaks, but can feed on other plants including hickory, birch, and maple. On the left, it's interesting because you can see that the skeletonizing damage is the one that is done by the baby larvae after hatching. And then as they grow, they start feeding on the entirety of the leaf lamina. And in some cases, extreme cases, especially for small trees, they can completely strip a tree. And this tree, the photo on the right, is in early August. And it's a young, but not super young tree. It's a willow oak that was completely defoliated.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#oakworm-life-cycle-and-seasonal-timing","title":"Oakworm Life Cycle and Seasonal Timing","text":"<p>Okay, a little summary \u2014 I know a lot of you are already familiar with it \u2014 it is of course a late summer and fall season pest that overwinters as a pupa and produces in the South two generations per year. So we can start here. The adults mate and the female lays eggs on the underside of leaves in late summer. And then young larvae initially feed all together on the same branch where they hatched. And then as they grow, they disperse a little bit because they need a lot of leaves. And then again, they can defoliate \u2014 in some cases they can defoliate completely a tree, but those cases are quite rare and exclusively for small trees. And at the end of the season, after, for example for the South, the second generation is complete in the fall, with the first cold the larvae drop to the ground and they will pupate in the first five inches in the ground.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#why-urban-and-clonal-trees-are-vulnerable","title":"Why Urban and Clonal Trees Are Vulnerable","text":"<p>Okay, so we can use our map as a tool to ask questions. Okay, it's a native pest. Why does it cause or can it cause so much damage? What about the plant? What about the other factors we looked at together earlier for the other two pests?</p> <p>First of all, of course, it's a pest of particular relevance for urban and landscape trees and young trees. Why? Remembering this triangle \u2014 what is the role of the plant? This is an example. A lot of the trees in urban environments are trees that come from the nursery, and so are often clonal trees. The genetic variability of those trees is very low. For example, on the UGA campus in Athens, there are a lot of beautiful Nuttall oaks. But those \u2014 they come from, they are very high quality trees, but they are basically the same tree. And so the susceptibility is low. One tree means the susceptibility for all the trees on campus of the Nuttall oak is low. And so they are heavily attacked by the orange-striped oakworm moth.</p> <p>Okay, what about the environment? An example, again \u2014 yes, in urban environments, we have the problem of heat. Again, and we know that it will stress trees, but will help the development of the orange-striped oakworm moth as well. These are some of the reasons why it can be a pest.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#natural-enemies-of-the-oakworm","title":"Natural Enemies of the Oakworm","text":"<p>Okay, what about natural enemies? So right now we know all the questions we should ask. Yes, there are natural enemies that have been described. We know of them. There are various predators that feed on larvae \u2014 for example, yellow jackets and other wasps. There are various parasitoids and fungal diseases that kill the pupae, up to 10 or in some cases 20% of the pupae. And there are a lot of parasitoids that parasitize the eggs.</p> <p>And this is important \u2014 this is an example. On the picture on the left, this is the underside of a pinnacle leaf full of eggs from the orange-striped oakworm moth. But if we look closely, we see that some of those eggs are yellow. Those eggs are empty eggs. You can see the opening here on the side. They open like a wallet, and the baby larvae already came out, so they hatched. But some other eggs \u2014 you can see this one, for example, the dark ones \u2014 they have circular openings. That means they have been parasitized. So that is a parasitoid, that is an egg parasitoid, a wasp that emerged from that egg.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#control-decisions-damage-thresholds-and-btk","title":"Control Decisions: Damage Thresholds and Btk","text":"<p>Okay, let's talk about control. So since this pest can be a pest but in some cases the damage is not so high, it's important to understand the need for control. First of all, we need to distinguish between aesthetic damage and actual damage for the plant. The threshold is around 25% of defoliation. And then we need to assess the season. Why? Because late defoliation, even if it's very substantial defoliation but occurs late in the season, is not really harmful to the tree, because the tree already stores all the nutrients. So it's not very harmful. So it's important to kind of judge the severity of the situation.</p> <p>What can we use, though? So we can use Btk, Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, as a foliar spray, which is effective, but mostly on young instars \u2014 on young larvae. It has very little impact on natural enemies, which is good, but often needs to be reapplied. But there are also other options for contact and also systemic insecticides. I encourage you also here to take a look at the publication linked to the QR code here if you are interested.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#wrap-up","title":"Wrap-Up","text":"<p>With that, I came to the end of my presentation. And I hope I was able to provide you some insight on what are the biological parameters and the ecological interactions you have to look at to understand what is the damage and the control that can be applied to a pest. With that, I think I will stop my sharing and I will take any question you may have. And I will ask your help, Bodie, to summarize any questions that came.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#audience-discussion","title":"Audience Discussion","text":"<p>Bodie Pennisi: Thank you, Ignazio. That was great. Lots of really, really excellent information. There hasn't been a question in the chat. There's lots of really good comments. Thank you. I do want to mention something. When you were talking about the crapemyrtle bark scale, unfortunately I have seen much expansion of the pest in landscapes \u2014 especially new landscapes, but even established landscapes. I mean, I was in Savannah last year, same tree. At that height, there was no evidence. I mean, again, the tree was pretty high. But this year, we were just there like two weeks ago, and it was right there. And, you know, it was a large tree too. And all across the areas around the plantings, I have visited pretty much \u2014 I would say maybe about 60 to 70% of plantings have evidence. So yeah, it's pretty bad.</p> <p>Yeah, we just have lots of really happy people. So thank you so much again. I know you stayed late to entertain us and share with us your expertise and knowledge. So have fun, be safe, and have a safe trip back to the U.S.</p> <p>Ignazio Graziosi: Thank you, Bodie. It was my pleasure. I really enjoyed it. And yeah, I'm looking forward to being in touch. Thank you. Bye-bye.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/prose-transcript/#closing","title":"Closing","text":"<p>Rich Braman: All right, everybody. Thanks for joining us again for the first one of these this year. And we'll see everyone in March. And just make sure you get your sign-in sheets to us at gtbop@uga.edu. And if you need to mail those to us, you'll find that mailing address at the top of the sign-in sheet. I think that's it for me, Bodie.</p> <p>Bodie Pennisi: Thank you, Richie.</p> <p>Rich Braman: I'm going to hang around for just a minute to make sure we don't have any procedural questions, but I'll see you soon, Bodie.</p> <p>Bodie Pennisi: All righty.</p> <p>Transcript processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2026-01-15_TreePests_Graziosi.srt (529 blocks)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/matching/","title":"GTBOP Moodle Matching Exercises","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/matching/#understanding-tree-pests-disease-interactions-invasive-threats-and-management-strategies","title":"Understanding Tree Pests: Disease Interactions, Invasive Threats, and Management Strategies","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/matching/#dr-ignazio-graziosi-january-15-2026","title":"Dr. Ignazio Graziosi \u2014 January 15, 2026","text":"<p>Source: Corrected SRT transcript (Stage 1) + Archive Package (Stage 2) Exercises: 3 Total pairs: 26 (8 + 8 + 10)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/matching/#matching-exercise-1-pest-ecology-and-interaction-scenarios","title":"Matching Exercise 1: Pest Ecology and Interaction Scenarios","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 7:22 \u2013 42:25 (spans all three case studies) Type: Species ID / Ecological Scenario</p> <p>Instructions: Match each pest in Column A with the correct ecological description from Column B. Two items in Column B are distractors and will not be used.</p> # Column A Column B 1 Emerald ash borer (EAB) a) Non-native pest attacking non-native host; overlapping generations complicate control; trunk injection ineffective 2 Crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS) b) Native pest of native trees; clonal urban plantings increase vulnerability; late-season damage less harmful 3 Orange-striped oakworm moth c) Non-native pest attacking native host; co-evolved natural enemies in Asia keep populations low; firewood spread primary pathway 4 EAB parasitoid wasps (from Asia) d) Generalist predators that arrive late in season; do not maintain sustained populations on host trees 5 Lady beetles (twice-stabbed, bigeminal, Harlequin) e) Specialist biological control agents introduced by USDA; attack only their target pest; two species target larvae, one targets eggs 6 Green lacewing f) Non-native pest of native pines; larvae create pitch tubes on trunk 7 White fringetree g) Commercially available predator of CMBS; larvae are the most voracious stage; adults need sugar to feed; requires multiple releases per season 8 Blue ash h) Alternate host in family Oleaceae; serves as population reservoir for EAB even after ash trees are gone i) Native ash species showing some resistance to EAB; will die eventually but takes much longer than other ash species j) Native parasitoid that specializes exclusively on CMBS in North America <p>Answer Key: 1 \u2192 c, 2 \u2192 a, 3 \u2192 b, 4 \u2192 e, 5 \u2192 d, 6 \u2192 g, 7 \u2192 h, 8 \u2192 i</p> <p>Distractors: f (no pine pest discussed), j (Dr. Graziosi stated no effective specialist parasitoid for CMBS has been found in the US)</p> <p>Source in transcript: EAB section ~7:22\u201329:40; CMBS section ~29:42\u201342:25; Oakworm section ~42:25\u201349:19</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/matching/#matching-exercise-2-control-methods-by-pest","title":"Matching Exercise 2: Control Methods by Pest","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 22:34 \u2013 49:05 (control discussions across all three case studies) Type: Timing-Practice</p> <p>Instructions: Match each control method or strategy in Column A with the correct pest and application detail from Column B. Two items in Column B are distractors and will not be used.</p> # Column A Column B 1 Soil drench for EAB a) Target young larvae (early instars); minimal impact on natural enemies; often requires reapplication 2 Tree injection for EAB b) Apply in spring before leaves emerge 3 Trunk injection for CMBS c) Requires professional applicator; effective delivery method for systemic insecticides into ash 4 Soil drench / soil injection for CMBS d) Not a viable option \u2014 crapemyrtle absorbs systemic insecticides through the trunk very slowly 5 Foliar soaps for CMBS e) Recommended chemical methods; multiple products and brand names available 6 Btk foliar spray for oakworm f) Used to target crawlers (young mobile nymphs) 7 Importation biological control for EAB g) Specialist parasitoid wasps from Asia introduced after USDA risk assessment; attack larvae and eggs 8 \"Don't Move Firewood\" campaign h) Prevention strategy resulting from EAB invasion; also helps contain Asian longhorned beetle i) Apply systemic insecticide in late fall after leaves drop for maximum CMBS uptake j) Biological control using native generalist predators that fully suppress EAB without chemical assistance <p>Answer Key: 1 \u2192 b, 2 \u2192 c, 3 \u2192 d, 4 \u2192 e, 5 \u2192 f, 6 \u2192 a, 7 \u2192 g, 8 \u2192 h</p> <p>Distractors: i (no fall application timing was described for CMBS soil treatment), j (Dr. Graziosi stated native natural enemies alone are not enough for EAB and biological control has not been fully successful yet)</p> <p>Source in transcript: EAB chemical control ~22:34\u201323:42; EAB biocontrol ~23:57\u201327:30; CMBS chemical control ~37:28\u201338:30; CMBS biocontrol ~38:31\u201341:44; Oakworm control ~47:56\u201349:05; Firewood ~13:02\u201313:46</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/matching/#matching-exercise-3-spiral-of-tree-decline-and-disease-triangle-concepts","title":"Matching Exercise 3: Spiral of Tree Decline and Disease Triangle Concepts","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 1:28 \u2013 6:06 (framework), applied throughout presentation Type: Timing-Practice / Concept Application</p> <p>Instructions: Match each factor or concept in Column A with its correct classification or description from Column B as presented by Dr. Graziosi. Two items in Column B are distractors and will not be used.</p> # Column A Column B 1 Soil compaction a) Inciting factor in the spiral of tree decline 2 Defoliating insects b) Predisposing factor; described as \"often the number one issue for many trees\" 3 Wood-boring insects c) Contributing factor in the innermost spiral 4 Armillaria d) Contributing factor; a fungal genus in the innermost spiral 5 Genetic potential of the tree e) Predisposing factor in the outermost spiral 6 Drought f) The outcome at the center of the spiral diagram 7 Urban environment stress g) Predisposing factor; described as stressful for the tree 8 Nematodes h) Contributing factor listed alongside wood-boring insects and fungi 9 Death of the tree i) Inciting factor alongside defoliating insects 10 Urban heat island effect j) Stresses trees (increasing susceptibility) and accelerates insect development simultaneously k) A predisposing factor that only affects conifers l) An inciting factor that primarily affects root systems of aquatic plants <p>Answer Key: 1 \u2192 b, 2 \u2192 a, 3 \u2192 c, 4 \u2192 d, 5 \u2192 e, 6 \u2192 i, 7 \u2192 g, 8 \u2192 h, 9 \u2192 f, 10 \u2192 j</p> <p>Distractors: k (no conifer-specific predisposing factor discussed), l (no aquatic plant context discussed)</p> <p>Source in transcript: Spiral of decline ~3:02\u20136:06, blocks 40\u201368; Urban heat island ~36:42\u201337:21, blocks 363\u2013368</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/matching/#verification-checklist","title":"Verification Checklist","text":"<ul> <li>[x] All terms, definitions, and relationships derived directly from the presentation</li> <li>[x] No general textbook knowledge used \u2014 only speaker's content</li> <li>[x] Matching items unambiguous based on presentation content</li> <li>[x] Each exercise includes 2 plausible distractors</li> <li>[x] Timestamp references verified against corrected transcript</li> <li>[x] Answer keys correct and unambiguous per speaker's statements</li> <li>[x] Coverage spans all major presentation sections</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/","title":"GTBOP Moodle Quiz","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#understanding-tree-pests-disease-interactions-invasive-threats-and-management-strategies","title":"Understanding Tree Pests: Disease Interactions, Invasive Threats, and Management Strategies","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#dr-ignazio-graziosi-january-15-2026","title":"Dr. Ignazio Graziosi \u2014 January 15, 2026","text":"<p>Source: Corrected SRT transcript (Stage 1) + Archive Package (Stage 2) Questions: 15 Difficulty Distribution: 6 Recall (40%) | 6 Application (40%) | 3 Analysis (20%) Coverage: Disease triangle/decline spiral (Q1\u2013Q3), EAB (Q4\u2013Q8), CMBS (Q9\u2013Q12), Orange-striped oakworm (Q13\u2013Q15)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-1","title":"Question 1","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 1:28 \u2013 2:32 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>According to Dr. Graziosi, the disease triangle describes the interaction of which three components that together cause tree damage?</p> <p>a) Pest, pathogen, and predator b) Pest, host tree, and environment c) Climate, soil, and genetics d) Insects, fungi, and nematodes</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Dr. Graziosi introduced the disease triangle as the interaction of the pest, the tree (host), and the environment, emphasizing that the pest alone is not sufficient to cause damage. Source in transcript: ~2:04\u20132:32, blocks 33\u201335</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-2","title":"Question 2","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 3:02 \u2013 5:58 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>In the spiral of tree decline diagram, which of the following is classified as a predisposing factor?</p> <p>a) Defoliating insects b) Wood-boring insects c) Soil compaction d) Fungal pathogens</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Dr. Graziosi identified soil compaction as a predisposing factor in the outermost spiral, calling it \"often the number one issue for many trees.\" Defoliating insects are inciting factors, and wood-boring insects and fungi are contributing factors. Source in transcript: ~4:08\u20134:31, blocks 49\u201352</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-3","title":"Question 3","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 5:04 \u2013 6:06 Difficulty: Analysis</p> <p>Dr. Graziosi explained that in the spiral of tree decline, each spiral level contains factors that can \"cut through\" directly to tree death. What is the practical significance of this for a tree care professional?</p> <p>a) Only contributing factors can kill a tree b) A single stressor from any level can be severe enough to kill a tree on its own, without the other factors c) Trees can only die when all three levels of stressors are present simultaneously d) Predisposing factors must always precede inciting factors before decline begins</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Dr. Graziosi specifically demonstrated that individual factors from any spiral level \u2014 for example, urban environment alone or soil compaction alone \u2014 can cut through the different layers and bring the tree directly to death, without requiring all other stressor levels to be present. Source in transcript: ~5:32\u20135:54, blocks 64\u201366</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-4","title":"Question 4","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 8:23 \u2013 9:10 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>Which of the following is a key diagnostic sign that a tree is being attacked by the emerald ash borer?</p> <p>a) Sooty mold on branches b) Skeletonized leaves c) Water sprouts on the trunk d) Pink egg masses on bark</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Dr. Graziosi described water sprouts as \"a very important diagnostic feature in order to understand if a tree is attacked by the emerald ash borer,\" noting they are the tree's desperate attempt to produce new growth in response to larval damage under the bark. Source in transcript: ~8:56\u20139:10, blocks 98\u2013100</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-5","title":"Question 5","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 10:04 \u2013 10:47 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>What is the characteristic shape of the exit hole left by an adult emerald ash borer emerging from a tree?</p> <p>a) Circular b) Oval c) D-shaped d) T-shaped</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Dr. Graziosi described the \"very characteristic, the famous D-shaped exit hole\" left when the adult beetle emerges from the tree. Source in transcript: ~10:11\u201310:15, block 110</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-6","title":"Question 6","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 10:48 \u2013 11:42 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A landscape manager in southern Georgia discovers EAB in local ash trees and plans a treatment schedule based on a single annual emergence. Based on Dr. Graziosi's presentation, what important consideration might this manager be overlooking?</p> <p>a) EAB only emerges every two years in all locations b) A portion of the local EAB population may require two years to develop, meaning adults could emerge in both years c) EAB does not complete its life cycle in southern climates d) EAB only feeds on ash trees in northern states</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Dr. Graziosi explained that while EAB is mostly a one-generation-per-year insect, there is always a portion of the population that requires two years to develop. This is more pronounced at northern latitudes but occurs in any location, and it is important to know when planning control. Source in transcript: ~10:48\u201311:42, blocks 116\u2013124</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-7","title":"Question 7","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 13:02 \u2013 13:46 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>According to the presentation, what was the single most important factor responsible for the rapid spread of the emerald ash borer across North America?</p> <p>a) Natural flight dispersal b) Nursery stock trade c) Movement of infested firewood d) Wind currents carrying adult beetles</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Dr. Graziosi identified firewood as the primary culprit, explaining that campers and travelers moved infested firewood, and researchers were able to connect the pattern of EAB spread closely with the highway and freeway system. Source in transcript: ~13:00\u201313:46, blocks 136\u2013141</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-8","title":"Question 8","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 15:26 \u2013 16:44 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>An arborist inventorying trees in a Georgia neighborhood finds that all the ash trees have been killed by EAB but notices white fringetrees appear healthy. Based on Dr. Graziosi's presentation, should the arborist be concerned about EAB affecting the white fringetrees?</p> <p>a) No, because white fringetrees are not in the same plant family as ash b) No, because EAB only attacks ash species c) Yes, because white fringetree was discovered to be an alternate host for EAB and could serve as a population reservoir d) Yes, but only if the white fringetrees are under drought stress</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Dr. Graziosi explained that in 2014 it was discovered that EAB could expand its host range to attack white fringetree (same family, Oleaceae). More importantly, white fringetree can function as a reservoir for EAB populations even after all ash trees in an area are gone. Source in transcript: ~15:26\u201316:44, blocks 162\u2013172</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-9","title":"Question 9","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 31:47 \u2013 33:28 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A pest control operator inspects a crapemyrtle in December and finds both mature adult females and small mobile nymphs on the bark. Based on the presentation, is this finding unusual?</p> <p>a) Yes, all CMBS should be in a dormant stage during winter b) Yes, nymphs should only be present during summer months c) No, CMBS has overlapping generations, so multiple life stages can be present at any time of year d) No, but only adults should be present \u2014 the nymphs are likely a different insect</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Dr. Graziosi explained that CMBS can have up to five overlapping generations, meaning different stages of the insect can be found at any point. He showed a photo taken in Athens one month prior (winter) that contained both nymphs (crawlers) and adults. Source in transcript: ~33:10\u201333:47, blocks 327\u2013329</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-10","title":"Question 10","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 36:42 \u2013 37:17 Difficulty: Analysis</p> <p>Dr. Graziosi discussed urban heat island effects in relation to crapemyrtle bark scale. Which of the following best explains why urban heat islands create a \"double advantage\" for scale insects?</p> <p>a) Heat kills natural enemies while attracting more scales to the area b) Heat increases tree growth rate, providing more food for scales c) Heat stresses the host tree, increasing its susceptibility, while simultaneously accelerating the insect's development d) Heat causes scales to produce more sooty mold, which protects them from predators</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Dr. Graziosi described two specific effects of urban heat islands: first, it stresses trees, making them more susceptible to pests; second, it accelerates the development of the insect itself. He noted that scales are particularly good at taking advantage of urban heat. Source in transcript: ~36:57\u201337:21, blocks 363\u2013368</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-11","title":"Question 11","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 38:06 \u2013 38:29 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A landscape company wants to use trunk injection of systemic insecticides to control a crapemyrtle bark scale infestation. Based on the presentation, what should they know?</p> <p>a) Trunk injection is the most effective method for CMBS control b) Trunk injection works but must be applied in fall c) Trunk injection is not a viable option because crapemyrtle absorbs systemic insecticides through the trunk very slowly d) Trunk injection is effective only on trees over 6 inches in diameter</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Dr. Graziosi specifically stated that chemical control of CMBS is complicated by the fact that crapemyrtle is not good at absorbing systemic insecticide through trunk injection, and that the chemical moves very slowly, making it not a viable option. Source in transcript: ~38:14\u201338:30, blocks 378\u2013380</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-12","title":"Question 12","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 38:31 \u2013 41:44 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>Which of the following is NOT one of the native predators Dr. Graziosi identified as feeding on crapemyrtle bark scale?</p> <p>a) Twice-stabbed lady beetle b) Green lacewing c) Bigeminal lady beetle d) Parasitoid wasp specialist from Asia</p> <p>Correct Answer: d Explanation: Dr. Graziosi identified three lady beetle species (twice-stabbed, bigeminal, and Harlequin) and green lacewings (particularly the red-lipped green lacewing) as predators of CMBS in North America. He specifically noted that no effective parasitoid had yet been found for CMBS in the US, unlike the situation in Asia. Source in transcript: ~38:48\u201341:00, blocks 385\u2013409</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-13","title":"Question 13","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 42:25 \u2013 43:35 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>According to the presentation, the orange-striped oakworm moth primarily feeds on which group of trees?</p> <p>a) Ash species b) Crapemyrtles c) Red oaks, but also hickory, birch, and maple d) Pines and other conifers</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Dr. Graziosi described the orange-striped oakworm as a well-known pest of oaks, especially red oaks, but noted it can also feed on hickory, birch, and maple. Source in transcript: ~42:43\u201342:59, blocks 422\u2013423</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-14","title":"Question 14","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 44:51 \u2013 46:10 Difficulty: Analysis</p> <p>Dr. Graziosi discussed Nuttall oaks on the UGA Athens campus as an example of vulnerability to the orange-striped oakworm. What underlying principle does this example illustrate about urban tree pest management?</p> <p>a) Nuttall oaks are a non-native species poorly adapted to Georgia b) Monoculture plantings of clonal nursery stock create genetically uniform populations where susceptibility in one tree means susceptibility in all c) Nuttall oaks are particularly attractive to oakworm moths due to their leaf chemistry d) Older trees are always more resistant to defoliating insects than younger ones</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Dr. Graziosi explained that urban trees often come from nurseries as clonal trees with very low genetic variability \u2014 \"they are basically the same tree.\" Therefore the susceptibility of one tree reflects the susceptibility of all trees of that clone on campus, making them uniformly vulnerable. Source in transcript: ~45:00\u201346:05, blocks 452\u2013460</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#question-15","title":"Question 15","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 47:56 \u2013 49:05 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A homeowner calls about an oak tree losing leaves in late September to orange-striped oakworm caterpillars. About 30% of the canopy has been defoliated. Based on Dr. Graziosi's decision framework, what is the most appropriate recommendation?</p> <p>a) Immediately apply a broad-spectrum systemic insecticide via soil drench b) Apply Btk foliar spray urgently before the tree dies c) Consider that late-season defoliation is less harmful because the tree has already stored nutrients, and monitor rather than treat aggressively d) Remove and replace the tree, as 30% defoliation is always fatal</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Dr. Graziosi outlined two key considerations: the 25% defoliation threshold distinguishes aesthetic from actual damage, and late-season defoliation (even if substantial) is less harmful because the tree has already stored its nutrients. A mature oak at 30% defoliation in late September, while above the threshold, benefits from the seasonal timing, suggesting monitoring may be more appropriate than aggressive chemical intervention. Source in transcript: ~48:05\u201348:44, blocks 482\u2013486</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/quiz/#verification-checklist","title":"Verification Checklist","text":"<ul> <li>[x] All 15 questions derived exclusively from presentation content</li> <li>[x] Timestamp references verified against corrected transcript</li> <li>[x] No external knowledge required to answer correctly</li> <li>[x] Difficulty distribution: 6 Recall / 6 Application / 3 Analysis</li> <li>[x] Coverage spans early (disease triangle), middle (EAB, CMBS), and late (oakworm) content</li> <li>[x] Answer keys unambiguous based on speaker's statements</li> <li>[x] Distractors plausible but clearly incorrect per presentation</li> <li>[x] No \"all of the above\" or \"none of the above\" options used</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/review-prompts/","title":"GTBOP Moodle Review Prompts","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/review-prompts/#understanding-tree-pests-disease-interactions-invasive-threats-and-management-strategies","title":"Understanding Tree Pests: Disease Interactions, Invasive Threats, and Management Strategies","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/review-prompts/#dr-ignazio-graziosi-january-15-2026","title":"Dr. Ignazio Graziosi \u2014 January 15, 2026","text":"<p>Source: Corrected SRT transcript (Stage 1) + Archive Package (Stage 2) Prompts: 6 timestamp-linked review tasks</p> <p>These short review tasks structure self-paced viewing by directing students to specific video segments and asking them to identify key points.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-1","title":"Review Task 1","text":"<p>Watch: 1:28 \u2013 6:06 Task: Identify the three components of the disease triangle and the three levels of the spiral of tree decline. For each spiral level, list one example factor that Dr. Graziosi names. Key Points to Identify: - Disease triangle: pest, host tree, environment - Predisposing factors (e.g., soil compaction, urban environment, genetic potential) - Inciting factors (e.g., defoliating insects, drought) - Contributing factors (e.g., wood-boring insects, nematodes, Armillaria)</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-2","title":"Review Task 2","text":"<p>Watch: 8:23 \u2013 10:47 Task: Follow Dr. Graziosi's description of the emerald ash borer life cycle. List the diagnostic signs he describes for identifying an EAB-infested tree, and note the typical generation time. Key Points to Identify: - Larval galleries under bark disrupting phloem, cambium, and outer xylem - Water sprouts as a diagnostic feature - D-shaped exit holes from adult emergence - Primarily one generation per year, but a portion of the population takes two years</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-3","title":"Review Task 3","text":"<p>Watch: 18:20 \u2013 21:31 Task: Dr. Graziosi presents the invasion curve diagram. Describe how pest prevalence changes over time and explain why early detection matters for control options and cost. Key Points to Identify: - Introduction \u2192 low prevalence \u2192 exponential growth \u2192 carrying capacity (plateau) - Early: eradication may be possible; prevention effective - Late: only local control (individual tree protection); costs increase dramatically - Land managers become aware before the general public</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-4","title":"Review Task 4","text":"<p>Watch: 23:57 \u2013 28:00 Task: Describe the importation biological control program for EAB. Identify the three parasitoid wasp species' targets (what life stage each attacks) and explain why being specialists is an advantage. Key Points to Identify: - Two wasp species attack EAB larvae under bark (one uses vibrational cues and ovipositor to drill through bark) - One wasp species attacks EAB eggs - Specialists only attack EAB \u2014 won't waste their potential on other insects - Release technology: parasitized logs hung on trees; egg parasitoid released via small container (\"O-binator\")</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-5","title":"Review Task 5","text":"<p>Watch: 29:42 \u2013 38:30 Task: Compare crapemyrtle bark scale to the emerald ash borer in terms of: (a) host specificity, (b) available biological control, and (c) effectiveness of trunk injection. Note specific differences Dr. Graziosi highlights. Key Points to Identify: - CMBS is a generalist (feeds on apple, soybean, fig, beautyberry, St. John's wort in addition to crapemyrtle); EAB is more host-specific (ash + white fringetree) - No effective specialist parasitoid found for CMBS in the US; EAB has imported specialist parasitoids - Trunk injection not viable for CMBS (crapemyrtle absorbs poorly); trunk injection is a viable option for EAB in ash</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/review-prompts/#review-task-6","title":"Review Task 6","text":"<p>Watch: 42:25 \u2013 49:19 Task: Explain Dr. Graziosi's two-part decision framework for determining whether to treat orange-striped oakworm. Then describe why clonal urban plantings are particularly vulnerable to this native pest. Key Points to Identify: - Part 1: Distinguish aesthetic vs. actual damage \u2014 threshold is ~25% defoliation - Part 2: Assess season \u2014 late-season defoliation less harmful (tree already stored nutrients) - Clonal nursery stock = low genetic variability = uniform susceptibility across all trees of the same clone - Urban heat island compounds the problem by accelerating insect development</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/activities/review-prompts/#verification-checklist","title":"Verification Checklist","text":"<ul> <li>[x] All review tasks reference specific, verifiable video segments</li> <li>[x] Key points match content actually presented in those segments</li> <li>[x] No external knowledge needed to complete tasks</li> <li>[x] Tasks progress through the full presentation (early \u2192 middle \u2192 late)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/ext-agent/","title":"GTBOP Webinar \u2014 Extension Agent Resource","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/ext-agent/#understanding-tree-pests-disease-interactions-invasive-threats-and-management-strategies","title":"Understanding Tree Pests: Disease Interactions, Invasive Threats, and Management Strategies","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/ext-agent/#webinar-details","title":"Webinar Details","text":"Field Details Date January 15, 2026 Speaker Dr. Ignazio Graziosi, Assistant Professor, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia Moderator Dr. Bodie Pennisi, UGA Horticulturist Duration 52 minutes, 11 seconds Series Green & Commercial CEU Categories TBD"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/ext-agent/#ceu-information","title":"CEU Information","text":"<p>Applicable License Categories (pending confirmation): - Category 24 \u2014 Ornamental and Turf Pest Control (likely primary) - Category 27 \u2014 Right-of-Way Pest Control (possible secondary)</p> <p>Credit Hours: TBD</p> <p>Viewing Instructions for Asynchronous CEU Delivery: This archived webinar may be used for self-paced continuing education. Viewers should watch the full presentation (approximately 52 minutes), complete any required assessment activities, and submit documentation per county or program requirements. Sign-in sheets should be submitted to gtbop@uga.edu or mailed to the address printed at the top of the sign-in sheet.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/ext-agent/#content-summary","title":"Content Summary","text":"<p>Dr. Ignazio Graziosi presents a framework for understanding tree pest damage using the disease triangle (pest, host tree, environment) and spiral of tree decline. The presentation is organized around three case studies that cover the major pest-host interaction scenarios landscape professionals encounter:</p> <p>Case Study 1 \u2014 Emerald Ash Borer (EAB): Non-native pest on native trees Covers EAB life cycle and damage identification (water sprouts, D-shaped exit holes, canopy dieback), the role of firewood in spreading the invasion, Georgia's ash species diversity and the white fringetree as an alternate host, the invasion curve concept, importation biological control using specialist parasitoid wasps from Asia, and chemical protection methods (tree injection, bark spray, soil drench). Relevant for agents advising on ash tree conservation and urban forest management.</p> <p>Case Study 2 \u2014 Crapemyrtle Bark Scale (CMBS): Non-native pest on non-native trees Covers CMBS identification (white females, pink eggs, sooty mold), overlapping generations, host range expansion to American beautyberry and St. John's wort, urban heat island effects, chemical control options (soil drench, soil injection, foliar spray \u2014 note trunk injection is not effective for crapemyrtle), and the role of lady beetles and green lacewings as predators. Particularly relevant for Georgia agents, as the invasion is still at an early stage in much of the state.</p> <p>Case Study 3 \u2014 Orange-Striped Oakworm Moth: Native pest on native trees Covers life cycle and seasonal timing (late summer/fall, two generations in the South), vulnerability of clonal urban tree plantings with low genetic diversity, natural enemies, and a practical decision framework: 25% defoliation threshold for treatment, and the reduced harm of late-season defoliation. Btk (Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki) as a selective foliar spray is the recommended first option.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/ext-agent/#key-concepts-for-agent-programs","title":"Key Concepts for Agent Programs","text":"<p>These concepts from the presentation are well-suited for county programming and client consultations:</p> <p>Disease Triangle \u2014 Damage is an interaction of pest, host, and environment. Helps clients understand why the same pest causes different levels of damage in different settings.</p> <p>Spiral of Tree Decline \u2014 Multiple stressor categories (predisposing, inciting, contributing) interact. Soil compaction alone can bring a tree to death. Useful for educating clients on urban tree care beyond pest control.</p> <p>Invasion Curve \u2014 Early detection enables more effective and less costly control. Relevant for CMBS messaging in counties where the pest has not yet established at high levels.</p> <p>Urban Heat Island Effects \u2014 Stresses trees while accelerating insect development. Relevant for any agent working in urban/suburban landscapes.</p> <p>Aesthetic vs. Actual Damage \u2014 The 25% defoliation threshold and seasonal timing consideration help agents advise clients on when treatment is and isn't warranted.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/ext-agent/#suggested-pairings","title":"Suggested Pairings","text":"<p>This webinar complements other GTBOP content covering urban tree care, scale insect management, and integrated pest management principles. It pairs well with presentations on ornamental pest identification, systemic insecticide application, and biological control in landscape settings.</p> <p>Getting the Best of Pests (GTBOP) | UGA Center for Urban Agriculture For questions about CEU delivery or archived webinar use, contact gtbop@uga.edu</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/website/","title":"GTBOP Webinar Archive","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/website/#understanding-tree-pests-disease-interactions-invasive-threats-and-management-strategies","title":"Understanding Tree Pests: Disease Interactions, Invasive Threats, and Management Strategies","text":"<p>Webinar Date: January 15, 2026 Speaker: Dr. Ignazio Graziosi, Assistant Professor, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia Moderator: Dr. Bodie Pennisi, UGA Horticulturist Duration: 52:11 Series: Green & Commercial CEU Categories: TBD</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/website/#summary","title":"Summary","text":"<p>Dr. Ignazio Graziosi, an assistant professor in the Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources at the University of Georgia, presents a framework for understanding tree pest damage through ecological interactions. Using the disease triangle and spiral of tree decline, he examines how the pest, host tree, and environment interact to produce damage \u2014 particularly in stressful urban settings.</p> <p>Three case studies illustrate different ecological scenarios. The emerald ash borer (EAB), a non-native pest devastating native ash, demonstrates the value of importation biological control using specialist parasitoid wasps from Asia, the invasion curve concept, and the continued importance of chemical protection for high-value trees. Crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS), a non-native pest on non-native crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica), highlights challenges including overlapping generations, expanding host range to American beautyberry and St. John's wort, urban heat island effects, and the limitations of generalist native predators. The orange-striped oakworm moth, a native pest of native oaks, illustrates how low genetic diversity in clonal urban plantings and environmental stress create vulnerability, with practical guidance on the 25% defoliation threshold and Btk (Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki) as a selective foliar treatment.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/website/#video-chapters","title":"Video Chapters","text":"<p>0:00 Introduction and speaker credentials 1:28 The disease triangle: pest, tree, and environment 3:02 The spiral of tree decline 6:07 Native vs. non-native pest and tree interactions 7:22 Example 1: Emerald ash borer (EAB) \u2014 overview 8:23 EAB life cycle and damage symptoms 10:48 EAB generation time and temperature effects 11:57 EAB spread across North America and firewood 13:47 EAB in Georgia and native ash species diversity 15:26 White fringetree as alternate EAB host 16:43 Global trade and non-native species introductions 18:20 The invasion curve: detection, eradication, and control 21:32 Why EAB is not a pest in Asia 22:34 Chemical control methods for EAB 23:57 Importation biological control: parasitoid wasps 28:01 Native natural enemies and the goal of balance 29:42 Example 2: Crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS) \u2014 overview 31:47 CMBS biology, life cycle, and overlapping generations 33:47 CMBS invasion timeline and early detection 35:02 CMBS and the invasion curve in Georgia 36:06 CMBS host range expansion in North America 36:42 Urban heat island effects on scales 37:28 Chemical control options for CMBS 38:31 Natural enemies: lady beetles and lacewings 42:04 Balancing chemical and biological control for CMBS 42:25 Example 3: Orange-striped oakworm moth \u2014 overview 43:53 Oakworm life cycle and seasonal timing 44:51 Why urban and clonal trees are vulnerable 46:35 Natural enemies of the oakworm 47:56 Control decisions: damage thresholds and Btk 49:19 Presentation wrap-up and key takeaways 50:01 Moderator comments on CMBS expansion in Georgia</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/website/#questions-answers","title":"Questions & Answers","text":"<p>Q: What is the disease triangle, and why is it important for understanding tree pest damage? A: The disease triangle describes how damage to a tree results from the interaction of three components: the pest, the host tree, and the environment. Damage is not caused by the pest alone \u2014 a susceptible tree in a stressful environment amplifies the impact. Dr. Graziosi emphasized that this framework helps professionals identify which factors they can influence when managing pest problems, particularly in urban settings where environmental stress is high.</p> <p>Q: What is the spiral of tree decline, and how does it relate to tree death in urban environments? A: The spiral of tree decline is a diagram with three levels of stressors \u2014 predisposing factors (such as soil compaction and genetic potential), inciting factors (such as defoliating insects and drought), and contributing factors (such as wood-boring insects, nematodes, and Armillaria). Each level can independently bring a tree to death, and urban environments intensify these stressors. The key takeaway is that tree death typically results from multiple interacting factors rather than a single cause.</p> <p>Q: How does firewood movement contribute to the spread of the emerald ash borer? A: The movement of infested firewood by campers and travelers was the primary pathway for EAB's rapid spread across North America. Researchers were able to connect the pattern of EAB spread closely with the highway and freeway system. This led to the \"Don't Move Firewood\" campaign, which also helps contain other invasive insects such as the Asian longhorned beetle.</p> <p>Q: Why is the emerald ash borer not considered a pest in its native range in Asia? A: Two main reasons explain this. First, native Asian ash species co-evolved with the EAB and are resistant or less susceptible \u2014 only very weak, stressed trees are attacked there. Second, a community of specialist natural enemies, including parasitoid wasps, keeps EAB populations low in Asia. This understanding directly informed both the chemical protection approach (making North American trees artificially resistant) and the importation biological control program.</p> <p>Q: What are the chemical control options for protecting ash trees from the emerald ash borer? A: Three main application methods are available: tree injection, bark spray, and soil drench. Some products can be applied by homeowners while others require a professional applicator. Timing is important \u2014 for example, soil drench needs to be applied in spring before leaves emerge. Dr. Graziosi noted that chemical protection remains critical for saving individual high-value trees, since biological control has not yet been fully successful for EAB in North America.</p> <p>Q: Why is trunk injection not effective for controlling crapemyrtle bark scale? A: Crapemyrtle does not absorb systemic insecticides well through trunk injection \u2014 the chemical moves very slowly through the plant, making it an ineffective delivery method. Instead, soil drench, soil injection, and foliar sprays are the recommended chemical control approaches for CMBS. Soaps can also be used to target crawlers, the young mobile nymphs.</p> <p>Q: What native predators help control crapemyrtle bark scale, and what are their limitations? A: Three lady beetle species \u2014 the twice-stabbed lady beetle, the bigeminal lady beetle, and the non-native Harlequin lady beetle \u2014 are active predators of CMBS, feeding on both nymphs and adults. Green lacewings, particularly the red-lipped green lacewing, also prey on CMBS nymphs and eggs and are commercially available. However, these predators are generalists that often arrive late in the season and do not build sustained populations on infested trees, limiting their effectiveness as standalone control agents.</p> <p>Q: How should a landscape professional decide whether to treat for orange-striped oakworm? A: Dr. Graziosi outlined a two-part decision framework. First, distinguish between aesthetic damage and actual harm to the tree \u2014 the threshold is approximately 25% defoliation. Second, assess the season: late-season defoliation, even if substantial, is less harmful because the tree has already stored its nutrients. Treatment is most warranted for young or small trees experiencing significant early-season defoliation.</p> <p>Q: Why are urban landscape trees particularly vulnerable to the orange-striped oakworm? A: Urban landscape trees are often clonal nursery stock with very low genetic variability. Dr. Graziosi used the example of Nuttall oaks on the UGA Athens campus \u2014 beautiful, high-quality trees that are essentially genetically identical, meaning the susceptibility of one tree is the susceptibility of all. Combined with urban heat island effects that accelerate insect development, this creates conditions favoring pest outbreaks.</p> <p>Q: What is importation biological control, and how has it been applied to the emerald ash borer? A: Importation biological control involves studying the natural enemies that effectively control a pest in its native range and introducing them to the invaded region. USDA conducted risk assessments and introduced three specialist parasitoid wasp species from Asia to target EAB. Two species attack EAB larvae under the bark using ovipositors to locate them through vibrational cues, while the third parasitizes EAB eggs. These wasps are specialists that only attack EAB, ensuring they won't harm other insects.</p> <p>Q: What is the significance of the white fringetree for emerald ash borer management in Georgia? A: The white fringetree, which belongs to the same family (Oleaceae) as ash, was discovered in 2014 to be an alternate host for the EAB. This is significant not only because it means another native plant species is at risk, but more importantly because white fringetree can serve as a population reservoir, allowing EAB to persist in an area even after all ash trees are gone. This has direct implications for long-term management strategies in Georgia.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/website/#additional-resources","title":"Additional Resources","text":"<ul> <li>Dr. Graziosi referenced QR codes linking to UGA publications on EAB status and control in Georgia, the full insecticide protocol for EAB, and CMBS biology and management.</li> <li>The iTree tool suite for calculating ecosystem services and benefits of trees, and for right-tree-right-place selection, is available at itreetools.org.</li> <li>Submit sign-in sheets for CEU credit to gtbop@uga.edu or mail to the address on the sign-in sheet.</li> </ul> <p>Getting the Best of Pests (GTBOP) is a continuing education webinar series for pest management and Green Industry professionals, hosted by the University of Georgia Center for Urban Agriculture.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/youtube/","title":"GTBOP YouTube Description","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/youtube/#understanding-tree-pests-disease-interactions-invasive-threats-and-management-strategies","title":"Understanding Tree Pests: Disease Interactions, Invasive Threats, and Management Strategies","text":"<p>Copy everything below this line into the YouTube description field:</p> <p>Understanding Tree Pests: Disease Interactions, Invasive Threats, and Management Strategies | GTBOP Webinar Series</p> <p>Dr. Ignazio Graziosi, Assistant Professor in the Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources at the University of Georgia, presents a framework for understanding tree pest damage through ecological interactions. Using the disease triangle and spiral of tree decline, he examines how the pest, host tree, and environment interact to produce damage \u2014 particularly in stressful urban settings.</p> <p>Three case studies illustrate different ecological scenarios: the emerald ash borer (EAB), a non-native pest devastating native ash; crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS), a non-native pest on non-native crapemyrtle; and the orange-striped oakworm moth, a native pest on native oaks. For each, Dr. Graziosi explores host susceptibility, environmental factors, natural enemies, and chemical and biological control strategies, providing a practical decision-making framework for landscape professionals.</p> <p>Presented January 15, 2026 | Getting the Best of Pests (GTBOP) Webinar Series | Green & Commercial Hosted by the UGA Center for Urban Agriculture Moderator: Dr. Bodie Pennisi, UGA Horticulturist</p> <p>\u23f1\ufe0f TIMESTAMPS 0:00 Introduction and speaker credentials 1:28 The disease triangle: pest, tree, and environment 3:02 The spiral of tree decline 6:07 Native vs. non-native pest and tree interactions 7:22 Example 1: Emerald ash borer (EAB) \u2014 overview 8:23 EAB life cycle and damage symptoms 10:48 EAB generation time and temperature effects 11:57 EAB spread across North America and firewood 13:47 EAB in Georgia and native ash species diversity 15:26 White fringetree as alternate EAB host 16:43 Global trade and non-native species introductions 18:20 The invasion curve: detection, eradication, and control 21:32 Why EAB is not a pest in Asia 22:34 Chemical control methods for EAB 23:57 Importation biological control: parasitoid wasps 28:01 Native natural enemies and the goal of balance 29:42 Example 2: Crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS) \u2014 overview 31:47 CMBS biology, life cycle, and overlapping generations 33:47 CMBS invasion timeline and early detection 35:02 CMBS and the invasion curve in Georgia 36:06 CMBS host range expansion in North America 36:42 Urban heat island effects on scales 37:28 Chemical control options for CMBS 38:31 Natural enemies: lady beetles and lacewings 42:04 Balancing chemical and biological control for CMBS 42:25 Example 3: Orange-striped oakworm moth \u2014 overview 43:53 Oakworm life cycle and seasonal timing 44:51 Why urban and clonal trees are vulnerable 46:35 Natural enemies of the oakworm 47:56 Control decisions: damage thresholds and Btk 49:19 Presentation wrap-up and key takeaways 50:01 Moderator comments on CMBS expansion in Georgia</p> <p>\u2753 Q&A HIGHLIGHTS</p> <p>Q: What is the disease triangle? A: Damage results from the interaction of the pest, the host tree, and the environment \u2014 not the pest alone.</p> <p>Q: How does firewood spread the emerald ash borer? A: Infested firewood was the primary pathway for EAB's rapid spread, closely matching the highway system and leading to the \"Don't Move Firewood\" campaign.</p> <p>Q: Why is trunk injection ineffective for crapemyrtle bark scale? A: Crapemyrtle absorbs systemic insecticides very slowly. Soil drench, soil injection, and foliar sprays are recommended instead.</p> <p>Q: When should you treat for orange-striped oakworm? A: The threshold is about 25% defoliation. Late-season defoliation is less harmful. Btk is effective against young larvae with minimal impact on natural enemies.</p> <p>\ud83d\udcda RESOURCES \u2022 Submit sign-in sheets for CEU credit: gtbop@uga.edu \u2022 iTree tools for calculating tree benefits: itreetools.org \u2022 QR codes for UGA extension publications on EAB and CMBS were shown during the presentation</p> <p>\ud83d\udd17 ABOUT GTBOP Getting the Best of Pests (GTBOP) is a continuing education webinar series for pest management and Green Industry professionals, hosted by the University of Georgia Center for Urban Agriculture.</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/platforms/youtube/#treehealth-emeraldashborer-crapemyrtlebarkscale-pestmanagement-ipm-arboriculture-uga-gtbop-continuingeducation-urbanforestry-biologicalcontrol","title":"TreeHealth #EmeraldAshBorer #CrapemyrtleBarkScale #PestManagement #IPM #Arboriculture #UGA #GTBOP #ContinuingEducation #UrbanForestry #BiologicalControl","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/","title":"Dr. Ryan Klein \u2014 Best Management Practices for Urban Trees","text":"<p>Webinar Date: January 15, 2026 Speaker: Dr. Ryan Klein, University of Florida, Arboriculture Moderator: Beth Horne, Extension Associate Series: Green & Commercial CEU Categories: Category 24 (Ornamental and Turf)</p>","tags":["Green & Commercial","Arboriculture","Klein"]},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/#deliverables","title":"Deliverables","text":"Deliverable Stage Description Archive Summary 2 Narrative summary, YouTube timestamps, Q&A Prose Transcript 5 Full presentation in readable prose Transcript Corrections 1 Correction log and verification YouTube Version 3 Character-limited YouTube description Website Version 3 Full web publication version Extension Agent Version 3 CEU-focused asynchronous version Quiz 4 Multiple choice assessment Matching 4 Term-to-definition exercises Review Prompts 4 Timestamp-linked review tasks Corrected SRT 1 Download corrected subtitle file <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>","tags":["Green & Commercial","Arboriculture","Klein"]},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/archive-summary/","title":"Archive Summary \u2014 Klein, Urban Tree BMPs","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 2 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/corrections/","title":"Transcript Corrections \u2014 Klein, Urban Tree BMPs","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 1 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/downloads/","title":"Downloads \u2014 Klein, Urban Tree BMPs","text":""},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/downloads/#corrected-srt-file","title":"Corrected SRT File","text":"<p>Place the corrected SRT file in this folder alongside this page. MkDocs will serve it as a static asset.</p> Detail Value Filename <code>GTBOP_Transcript_2026-01-15_UrbanTreeBMPs.srt</code> Blocks \u2014 Time range \u2014 <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/prose-transcript/","title":"Prose Transcript \u2014 Klein, Urban Tree BMPs","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 5 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/activities/matching/","title":"Matching Exercises \u2014 Klein, Urban Tree BMPs","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 4 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/activities/quiz/","title":"Moodle Quiz \u2014 Klein, Urban Tree BMPs","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 4 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/activities/review-prompts/","title":"Review Prompts \u2014 Klein, Urban Tree BMPs","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 4 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/platforms/ext-agent/","title":"Extension Agent Version \u2014 Klein, Urban Tree BMPs","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 3 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/platforms/website/","title":"Website Version \u2014 Klein, Urban Tree BMPs","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 3 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"green-commercial/2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/platforms/youtube/","title":"YouTube Description \u2014 Klein, Urban Tree BMPs","text":"<p>Placeholder \u2014 Paste your Stage 3 pipeline output here.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"projects/","title":"Writing Projects","text":"<p>Collaborative writing resources derived from GTBOP webinar content. Each project reorganizes presentation material into publication-ready toolkits for subject matter experts.</p>","tags":["Writing Projects"]},{"location":"projects/#active-projects","title":"Active Projects","text":"Project Source Webinar Collaborators Status Insecticide Basics Bulletin Scharf \u2014 Insecticide MOA (Oct 2017) Dr. Dan Suiter, Dr. Michael Scharf In progress <p>UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Writing Projects</p>","tags":["Writing Projects"]},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/","title":"Bulletin Writing Toolkit \u2014 Overview & Document Guide","text":""},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/#insecticide-basics-for-the-pest-management-professional-bulletin-update","title":"Insecticide Basics for the Pest Management Professional \u2014 Bulletin Update","text":""},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/#based-on-dr-michael-scharfs-gtbop-presentation-october-18-2017","title":"Based on Dr. Michael Scharf's GTBOP Presentation (October 18, 2017)","text":"<p>Prepared by: Rich Braman, UGA Cooperative Extension / Center for Urban Agriculture For: Dr. Dan Suiter (UGA) & Dr. Michael Scharf (Purdue University)</p> <p>This package contains three documents designed to work together as a writing toolkit for the bulletin revision, all derived exclusively from the corrected and verified prose transcript of Mike's October 2017 GTBOP presentation.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/#1-bulletin-draft-outline","title":"1. Bulletin Draft Outline","text":"<p>Reorganizes Mike's conversational presentation flow into a publication-ready six-part structure. Each section has content notes, key details, transcript pointers, and writing notes flagging where things may need updating (neonicotinoid regulation, methyl bromide phase-out, etc.). The editorial notes at the end call out which Q&A exchanges are strong candidates for integration into the body text rather than staying as standalone Q&A.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/#2-quick-reference-compendium","title":"2. Quick Reference Compendium","text":"<p>Nine consolidated tables extracting every classification, product, target site, field indicator, and terminology definition Mike mentioned. The master classification table (Table 1) is essentially a draft of the summary table that could appear in the finished bulletin. Table 6 on the insect-specificity spectrum and the \"same target site, opposite effects\" cross-reference are the kind of things that make a reference bulletin actually useful on the truck.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/#3-source-guide","title":"3. Source Guide","text":"<p>Maps every proposed bulletin section to the exact transcript heading and approximate video timestamp. Also flags which content came exclusively from the Q&A with Dan \u2014 eleven topics that would be missed if someone only worked from the prepared slides. The flow comparison table at the end shows how the webinar's live sequence was restructured for publication logic.</p> <p>Everything traces back to the corrected prose transcript as the single source of truth, so nothing in these documents introduces outside information. Items marked with \u26a0\ufe0f flag spots where 2017 content will need current updates.</p> <p>Prepared from GTBOP webinar archive materials for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/compendium/","title":"Insecticide Mode of Action \u2014 Quick Reference Compendium","text":""},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/compendium/#extracted-from-dr-michael-scharfs-gtbop-presentation-october-18-2017","title":"Extracted from Dr. Michael Scharf's GTBOP Presentation (October 18, 2017)","text":"<p>Prepared by: Rich Braman, UGA Cooperative Extension / Center for Urban Agriculture For: Dr. Dan Suiter & Dr. Michael Scharf \u2014 Bulletin revision reference Source: GTBOP_ProseTranscript_2017-10-18_InsecticideMOA.md</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/compendium/#purpose","title":"Purpose","text":"<p>This document consolidates every insecticide class, target site, product name, and relationship mentioned in Dr. Scharf's presentation into reference tables. These can serve as:</p> <ul> <li>Quick-check references during the writing process</li> <li>Source material for bulletin tables and figures</li> <li>Verification that all content is accounted for in the revised bulletin</li> </ul> <p>All content below is derived exclusively from the presentation transcript. Items marked with \u26a0\ufe0f may benefit from updating with current information.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/compendium/#table-1-master-classification-all-nine-insecticide-classes","title":"TABLE 1: Master Classification \u2014 All Nine Insecticide Classes","text":""},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/compendium/#neurotoxic-insecticides-5-classes","title":"Neurotoxic Insecticides (5 classes)","text":"# Class Target Site Location on Neuron Mode of Action Effect on Insect Representative Products 1 Pyrethroids / Pyrethrins / DDT Sodium channels Axon Stimulation (modulation) Excitation \u2192 knockdown, incoordination Pyrethroids (various), pyrethrins 2a Oxadiazines Sodium channels Axon Blockage Inhibition \u2192 paralysis (\"on switch stuck off\") Indoxacarb 2b Semicarbazones Sodium channels Axon Blockage Inhibition \u2192 paralysis Metaflumizone 3a Phenylpyrazoles Chloride channels (GABA receptor) Post-synaptic Blockage Excitation (blocks mellowing effect) Fipronil 3b Isoxazolines Chloride channels Post-synaptic Blockage Excitation Fluralaner, sarolaner 3c Avermectins Chloride channels (glutamate receptor) Post-synaptic Stimulation Inhibition \u2192 paralysis (opposite of fipronil) Abamectin 4a Neonicotinoids / Nicotinoids Acetylcholine receptor Post-synaptic (synapse) Stimulation Excitation Imidacloprid (nicotinoid), clothianidin (neonicotinoid) 4b Sulfoximines Acetylcholine receptor Post-synaptic (synapse) Stimulation Excitation Sulfoxaflor 4c Spinosyns Acetylcholine receptor Post-synaptic (synapse) Stimulation Excitation Spinosad 5 Organophosphates / Carbamates Acetylcholinesterase enzyme Synapse Inhibition Excitation (ACh accumulates) Various \u26a0\ufe0f"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/compendium/#non-neurotoxic-insecticides-4-classes","title":"Non-Neurotoxic Insecticides (4 classes)","text":"# Class Target Site Mode of Action Effect on Insect Representative Products 6 Diamides Neuromuscular calcium channels Stimulation Contraction \u2192 energy depletion \u2192 paralysis \u2192 death Chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole 7a Juvenile hormone analogs (IGR) Hormonal regulation of molting Mimicry Cuticle deformation, extra juvenile stages, population crash Pyriproxyfen 7b Chitin synthesis inhibitors (IGR) Chitin synthesis enzyme Inhibition Death during molting; \"jackknife effect\" in termites Various \u26a0\ufe0f 8 Mitochondrial respiration inhibitors Mitochondria (respiratory chain) Inhibition Energy production failure \u2192 death Hydramethylnon, chlorfenapyr, sulfuryl fluoride, methyl bromide \u26a0\ufe0f, DSOBTH, boric acid 9 Cuticle dehydrating dusts Epicuticular wax layer Physical abrasion Water loss \u2192 dehydration \u2192 death Silica gel, diatomaceous earth"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/compendium/#table-2-four-basic-modes-of-action","title":"TABLE 2: Four Basic Modes of Action","text":"Mode of Action What It Does Example Target Example Insecticide Class Stimulation Causes target to become more active Sodium channels \u2192 fire more Pyrethroids Blockage Shuts target off Sodium channels \u2192 can't fire Indoxacarb Modulation Subtly changes target shape/function Sodium channel conformation Pyrethroids (also modulators) Inhibition Prevents an enzyme from functioning Acetylcholinesterase \u2192 can't degrade ACh Organophosphates, carbamates <p>Note: Scharf emphasized that ALL insecticide effects can be categorized into just these four types.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/compendium/#table-3-target-sites-on-the-neuron-spatial-relationships","title":"TABLE 3: Target Sites on the Neuron \u2014 Spatial Relationships","text":"Location Structure Natural Function Insecticides Targeting It Axon (long body of nerve) Sodium channels \"On switch\" \u2014 opening initiates nerve impulse Pyrethroids, pyrethrins, DDT (stimulate); Indoxacarb, metaflumizone (block) Post-synaptic membrane GABA-gated chloride channels \"Mellowing\" \u2014 negative chloride dampens activity Fipronil, isoxazolines (block \u2192 excitation) Post-synaptic membrane Glutamate-gated chloride channels \"Mellowing\" \u2014 inhibitory Avermectins/abamectin (stimulate \u2192 paralysis) Post-synaptic membrane Acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) Carry signal across synapse (sodium channel) Neonicotinoids, sulfoximines, spinosyns (stimulate) Synapse Acetylcholinesterase enzyme Breaks down ACh after signal transmission Organophosphates, carbamates (inhibit) Neuromuscular junction Calcium channels Trigger muscle contraction Diamides (stimulate \u2192 sustained contraction)"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/compendium/#table-4-products-and-active-ingredients-mentioned","title":"TABLE 4: Products and Active Ingredients Mentioned","text":"Active Ingredient / Product Chemical Class Target Site Primary Use Mentioned Notes Pyrethrins Natural pyrethroid Sodium channels General knockdown Rapid knockdown; repellent Pyrethroids (various) Synthetic pyrethroids Sodium channels General pest control \"Like pepper spray\" \u2014 highly repellent; widespread bedbug resistance DDT Organochlorine Sodium channels Historical reference Same target site as pyrethroids Indoxacarb Oxadiazine Sodium channels (blocker) Urban pest control \"Really big urban insecticide\" Metaflumizone Semicarbazone Sodium channels (blocker) Ectoparasites; possible urban Newer product at time of presentation Fipronil Phenylpyrazole Chloride channels (blocker) Urban pest control Off-patent; consumer products available; \"one of our biggest\" Fluralaner Isoxazoline Chloride channels Veterinary/pet (fleas) Cross-resistance potential with fipronil Sarolaner Isoxazoline Chloride channels Veterinary/pet (fleas) Cross-resistance potential with fipronil Abamectin Avermectin Chloride channels (stimulator) Gel baits Opposite effect from fipronil despite similar target Imidacloprid Nicotinoid Acetylcholine receptor Various Example of \"nicotinoid\" (looks more like nicotine) Clothianidin Neonicotinoid Acetylcholine receptor Various Example of \"neonicotinoid\" (structurally evolved from nicotine) Sulfoxaflor Sulfoximine Acetylcholine receptor Newer product New class at same target site as neonics Spinosad Spinosyn Acetylcholine receptor Landscape market Same target site as neonics Nicotine Natural alkaloid Acetylcholine receptor Historical (tobacco) The original \u2014 toxic to insects and mammals Organophosphates (various) Organophosphate Acetylcholinesterase Declining urban use Not insect-specific; heavy restrictions Carbamates (various) Carbamate Acetylcholinesterase Declining urban use Not insect-specific; heavy restrictions Chlorantraniliprole Diamide Calcium channels (muscle) Various No signal word required by EPA; manufacturers added \"Caution\" Cyantraniliprole Diamide Calcium channels (muscle) Various Newer diamide Pyriproxyfen Juvenile hormone analog Hormonal (IGR) Cockroach control Wing twist indicator in cockroaches Hydramethylnon Amidinohydrazone Mitochondria Cockroach bait Energy production inhibitor Chlorfenapyr Pyrrole Mitochondria Various (has food label) Relatively safe; resistance potential noted Sulfuryl fluoride Inorganic fluoride Mitochondria Fumigation Methyl bromide Halogenated hydrocarbon Mitochondria Fumigation \u26a0\ufe0f Largely phased out DSOBTH Borate Mitochondria/respiration Wood treatment Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate Boric acid Borate Mitochondria + gut lining Various Dual mode: chemical (respiration) + physical (abrasive/desiccant) Silica gel Inorganic dust Epicuticular wax Dust application Physical mode \u2014 abrades waxy layer Diatomaceous earth Inorganic dust (biogenic) Epicuticular wax Dust application Silicon from ground diatom exoskeletons"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/compendium/#table-5-combination-products","title":"TABLE 5: Combination Products","text":"Component 1 Component 2 Mechanism Notes Neonicotinoid (acetylcholine receptor) Pyrethroid (sodium channels) Potentiation \u2014 two target sites simultaneously; \"1+1=3\" synergy \"All start with tea\"; dual resistance observed in roach populations; still require rotation"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/compendium/#table-6-insect-specificity-spectrum","title":"TABLE 6: Insect-Specificity Spectrum","text":"Insecticide Class Mammalian Safety Notes Diamides Extremely high No signal word required by EPA; 10,000+ x selectivity Avermectins High Insect-specific target Isoxazolines High Primarily vet/pet products IGRs (JH analogs, CSIs) High Target insect-specific developmental processes Neonicotinoids Moderate-High Insect-specific receptor but systemic/pollinator concerns Fipronil Moderate-High GABA receptor differences provide selectivity Pyrethroids Moderate Generally safe for mammals but repellent to insects Organophosphates / Carbamates Low Not insect-specific; work against mammals equally <p>Spectrum based on Scharf's characterizations in the presentation. Not a quantitative ranking.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/compendium/#table-7-practical-field-indicators-mentioned","title":"TABLE 7: Practical Field Indicators Mentioned","text":"What You See What It Means Relevant Product/Class Immediate knockdown/incoordination Sodium channel excitation Pyrethroids, pyrethrins Paralysis (insect immobile but alive) Sodium channel blockage OR chloride stimulation Indoxacarb, abamectin Wing twist in cockroach nymphs/adults Juvenile hormone disruption Pyriproxyfen (JH analog IGR) \"Jackknife\" body curl in termites Malformed cuticle from chitin synthesis disruption Chitin synthesis inhibitors Lethargy and desiccation Epicuticular wax loss Silica gel, diatomaceous earth Sustained muscle contraction \u2192 stillness Calcium channel stimulation \u2192 energy depletion Diamides (chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole)"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/compendium/#table-8-key-physiological-barriers-to-insecticide-penetration","title":"TABLE 8: Key Physiological Barriers to Insecticide Penetration","text":"Barrier Location Challenge for Insecticide Relevant Formulation Strategy Cuticle External body surface Multi-layered; waterproof; waxy epicuticle Contact formulations must penetrate all layers Gut lining Digestive tract interior The \"tube\" inside is technically external to the body Baits must cross gut wall to reach internal targets Tracheal system Throughout body Physical tubes, not blood-carried oxygen Fumigants exploit this unique insect anatomy"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/compendium/#table-9-key-terminology-and-definitions-from-presentation","title":"TABLE 9: Key Terminology and Definitions from Presentation","text":"Term Definition (as explained by Scharf) LD50 Lethal dose that kills 50% of test population; inverse relationship with toxicity (lower LD50 = more toxic) Mode of action The action of an insecticide at its target site (stimulation, blockage, modulation, or inhibition) Target site The specific protein or physiological location within the insect where an insecticide acts Signal word EPA-required label indicator of acute toxicity (Danger, Warning, Caution); diamides so safe none was required Potentiation Synergistic effect from hitting two target sites simultaneously; \"one plus one equals three\" Trophallaxis Food sharing among social insects (from mouth and anus); insecticide transfer mechanism Allogrooming Mutual grooming among social insects; insecticide transfer mechanism Secondary kill Death of an individual from consuming insecticide-contaminated feces or carcass of a treated individual Tertiary kill Death of a third individual from insecticide passed through two prior digestive tracts IRAC Insecticide Resistance Action Committee; industry body that classifies MOAs and publishes rotation guidance Wing twist Visible cuticle deformation in cockroaches exposed to juvenile hormone analog IGRs; field diagnostic indicator Jackknife effect Body curling in termites with malformed cuticle from chitin synthesis inhibitor exposure Epicuticle Outermost waxy/oily layer of insect cuticle; target of dehydrating dusts Synapse Gap between neurons where electrical signals convert to chemical (neurotransmitter) signals Acetylcholine Primary neurotransmitter that crosses synapses in the insect nervous system GABA receptor Chloride channel type at post-synaptic membrane; target of fipronil Glutamate receptor Chloride channel type; target of avermectins"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/compendium/#cross-reference-same-target-site-different-effects","title":"Cross-Reference: Same Target Site, Different Effects","text":"<p>One of the presentation's key teaching points was that different insecticide classes can target the same site but have opposite effects:</p> Target Site Insecticide A Effect A Insecticide B Effect B Sodium channels Pyrethroids Stimulation \u2192 excitation Indoxacarb Blockage \u2192 paralysis Chloride channels Fipronil Blockage \u2192 excitation Abamectin Stimulation \u2192 paralysis <p>This contrast is valuable for teaching and for resistance management \u2014 switching between classes at the same site may still provide different selection pressures.</p> <p>All data extracted exclusively from the October 18, 2017 GTBOP presentation by Dr. Michael Scharf as transcribed and corrected through the GTBOP archive pipeline. Items marked \u26a0\ufe0f may have changed since the presentation date.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/","title":"Insecticide Basics for the Pest Management Professional","text":""},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#bulletin-update-outline-based-on-dr-michael-scharfs-gtbop-presentation-october-18-2017","title":"Bulletin Update Outline \u2014 Based on Dr. Michael Scharf's GTBOP Presentation (October 18, 2017)","text":"<p>Prepared by: Rich Braman, UGA Cooperative Extension / Center for Urban Agriculture For: Dr. Dan Suiter (UGA) & Dr. Michael Scharf (Purdue University) Purpose: Working outline to facilitate the bulletin revision, reorganizing Dr. Scharf's presentation content into publication-ready sections</p> <p>Source document: GTBOP_ProseTranscript_2017-10-18_InsecticideMOA.md (corrected and verified from 742-block SRT)</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#how-to-use-this-document","title":"How to Use This Document","text":"<p>This outline restructures the webinar's conversational flow into a logical publication framework. Each section includes:</p> <ul> <li>Content notes summarizing what Dr. Scharf covered on this topic</li> <li>Key details listing specific facts, products, and examples mentioned</li> <li>Transcript location pointing to the relevant section of the prose transcript for exact wording</li> <li>Writing notes flagging areas that may need expansion, updating, or editorial decisions</li> </ul> <p>The webinar naturally covered some topics in a sequence optimized for a live audience. This outline regroups that content into the structure of a reference bulletin, consolidating related material that was spread across different parts of the talk.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#part-i-why-understanding-insecticide-mode-of-action-matters","title":"PART I: WHY UNDERSTANDING INSECTICIDE MODE OF ACTION MATTERS","text":""},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-11-safety-and-non-target-toxicity","title":"Section 1.1 \u2014 Safety and Non-Target Toxicity","text":"<p>Content notes: Modern insecticides are dramatically more selective than older chemistries. Some classes (diamides) have mammalian toxicity so low that EPA did not initially require a signal word. The ratio of insecticide placed in the environment to what actually reaches a target site in a pest is on the order of billions to one.</p> <p>Key details from presentation: - Modern insecticides can be 10,000+ times more toxic to insects than to mammals - Diamides had no signal word required by EPA; manufacturers voluntarily added \"Caution\" - Organophosphates and carbamates are NOT insect-specific \u2014 they work equally well against mammals, hence heavy restrictions</p> <p>Transcript location: \"Why Understanding Mode of Action Matters\" section; \"Understanding LD50\" section</p> <p>Writing notes: This is a strong opening hook for the bulletin. The 10,000x selectivity figure and the diamide signal word story are compelling for a practitioner audience. May want to update with any newer selectivity data post-2017.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-12-interpreting-trade-literature-and-advertising","title":"Section 1.2 \u2014 Interpreting Trade Literature and Advertising","text":"<p>Content notes: Understanding how insecticides work gives practitioners the knowledge to critically evaluate manufacturer claims. Trade literature is not always technically accurate.</p> <p>Key details from presentation: - Scharf explicitly noted that advertising and trade literature \"isn't always technically accurate\" - Knowledge of MOA helps practitioners evaluate product claims independently</p> <p>Transcript location: \"Why Understanding Mode of Action Matters\" section</p> <p>Writing notes: Brief section. Could be expanded with specific examples of misleading claims if Dan and Mike wish.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-13-pollinator-protection","title":"Section 1.3 \u2014 Pollinator Protection","text":"<p>Content notes: Nicotinoids are systemic \u2014 they move through plants. Lawn applications can result in uptake by flowering plants in the landscape, exposing pollinators.</p> <p>Key details from presentation: - Nicotinoids move around in plants (systemic activity) - Lawn applications \u2192 flowering landscape plants \u2192 pollinator exposure pathway</p> <p>Transcript location: \"Why Understanding Mode of Action Matters\" section</p> <p>Writing notes: This was a brief mention in the webinar but has become a much larger regulatory and public concern since 2017. Strong candidate for significant expansion in the updated bulletin with current EPA actions, label changes, and best practices.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-14-resistance-management","title":"Section 1.4 \u2014 Resistance Management","text":"<p>Content notes: Product rotation is key to long-term success. Even combination products need rotation. Resistance is arguably the #1 cause of callbacks in cockroach accounts.</p> <p>Key details from presentation: - Resistance is \"probably the number one cause of callbacks in cockroach accounts\" - Cockroaches observed surviving on bait as sole food source for a month - Bedbug pyrethroid resistance is widespread; resistance to chlorfenapyr and nicotinoids emerging - Rotation recommendation: switch active ingredients every 3 months, ideally monthly - Combination products (neonicotinoid + pyrethroid) also need rotation \u2014 resistance to both AIs observed in roach populations - Not all active ingredients are compatible in rotation sequences; research is ongoing - IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee) provides mode of action classifications to guide rotation</p> <p>Transcript location: \"Resistance\" subsection under Practical Factors; Q&A sections on combination products and IRAC</p> <p>Writing notes: This section has substantial content from both the presentation body and the Q&A discussion. The Q&A exchange on combination product resistance is particularly valuable \u2014 Dan asked the tough question and Mike confirmed dual resistance. IRAC reference should include current web address and brief explanation of the classification numbering system.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-15-product-sustainability-and-customer-communication","title":"Section 1.5 \u2014 Product Sustainability and Customer Communication","text":"<p>Content notes: Each insecticide costs hundreds of millions (potentially billions) to bring to market. Wise use extends market life. Understanding MOA helps practitioners communicate competence to customers.</p> <p>Key details from presentation: - Development cost: hundreds of millions to billions per product - Urban pest control market is a smaller slice of the pie than agriculture, which affects manufacturer investment in new urban AIs - Knowledge of nine major classes enables better customer communication - Q&A noted the industry is \"generic heavy\" \u2014 flow of new AIs has slowed</p> <p>Transcript location: \"Why Understanding Mode of Action Matters\" section; Q&A on new active ingredients</p> <p>Writing notes: The economics discussion from the Q&A adds good context. The point about urban market size vs. agriculture affecting R&D investment is practical industry knowledge worth including.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#part-ii-insect-physiology-the-foundation","title":"PART II: INSECT PHYSIOLOGY \u2014 THE FOUNDATION","text":""},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-21-overview-of-insecticide-relevant-physiology","title":"Section 2.1 \u2014 Overview of Insecticide-Relevant Physiology","text":"<p>Content notes: Five key physiological systems are relevant to understanding how insecticides work. Scharf structured this as a compressed physiology primer \u2014 translating a semester course into key concepts.</p> <p>Key systems covered: 1. Nervous system \u2014 controls all body functions; target of most insecticide classes 2. Cuticle \u2014 complex multi-layered barrier; target of IGRs and dehydrating dusts; also a penetration barrier 3. Digestive system \u2014 the gut interior is technically \"outside\" the body; a penetration barrier for ingested insecticides 4. Tracheal system \u2014 physical tubes delivering air directly to cells (unlike mammalian lungs/hemoglobin); entry route for fumigants 5. Musculature \u2014 controlled by nervous system; contains calcium channels targeted by diamides</p> <p>Transcript location: \"Insect Physiology Overview\" section and its subsections</p> <p>Writing notes: This section works well as a brief, illustrated primer in a bulletin. The tracheal system comparison (physical tubes vs. mammalian lungs/hemoglobin) and the gut-as-exterior concept are accessible explanations that help practitioners understand why different formulations work differently.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-22-how-the-nervous-system-works","title":"Section 2.2 \u2014 How the Nervous System Works","text":"<p>Content notes: Detailed explanation of nerve impulse transmission \u2014 electrical signals along neurons, chemical transmission across synapses via neurotransmitters, receptor binding.</p> <p>Key details from presentation: - Nervous system = millions of nerve cells - Central nervous system: brain, subesophageal ganglion, ventral nerve cord - Peripheral nerves extend throughout body - Electrical impulses travel along neurons - Synapses = gaps between neurons - Neurotransmitters (e.g., acetylcholine) carry signal across synapses - Receptors on receiving neuron are specific to neurotransmitter type - Finger-snap analogy for speed of neural transmission</p> <p>Transcript location: \"How the Nervous System Works\" section</p> <p>Writing notes: The finger-snap analogy is effective for a lay audience. The distinction between electrical (along neurons) and chemical (across synapses) transmission is foundational for understanding why different insecticide classes target different locations.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-23-neurophysiology-demonstration","title":"Section 2.3 \u2014 Neurophysiology Demonstration","text":"<p>Content notes: Scharf's lab can measure insecticide effects on the cockroach nervous system in real time using electrodes on the ventral nerve cord.</p> <p>Key details from presentation: - American cockroach dissected to expose ventral nerve cord - Electrode placed on nerve cord to measure electrical activity - Baseline recording (5 minutes) compared to post-treatment - Fipronil application \u2192 visible increase in firing rate and magnitude (neuroexcitation)</p> <p>Transcript location: \"Neurophysiology in the Lab\" section</p> <p>Writing notes: This is powerful visual content for a bulletin. If the electrophysiology traces (baseline vs. fipronil-treated) are available as figures, they would be excellent illustrations. Mike may have publication-quality versions of these from his research.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#part-iii-insecticide-classification-fundamentals","title":"PART III: INSECTICIDE CLASSIFICATION FUNDAMENTALS","text":""},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-31-chemical-structure-and-classification","title":"Section 3.1 \u2014 Chemical Structure and Classification","text":"<p>Content notes: Insecticide classification is based on chemical structure, analogous to how insect taxonomy is based on morphology. Different structures \u2192 different functions \u2192 different target sites.</p> <p>Transcript location: \"Insecticide Classification and Target Sites\" section</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-32-target-site-and-mode-of-action-the-key-and-lock","title":"Section 3.2 \u2014 Target Site and Mode of Action \u2014 The Key and Lock","text":"<p>Content notes: The insecticide's chemical structure allows it to interact with a specific protein target in the insect. Modern computational chemistry can model these interactions (similar to drug discovery/design).</p> <p>Key details from presentation: - Target site = protein, usually with 3D structure - Insecticide \"docks\" with target protein - Key-and-lock analogy (simplified); actual molecular docking is far more complex - Drug discovery and insecticide design have significant overlap</p> <p>Transcript location: \"The Key and Lock Analogy\" section</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-33-four-basic-modes-of-action","title":"Section 3.3 \u2014 Four Basic Modes of Action","text":"<p>Content notes: All insecticide effects at target sites fall into just four categories. This simplifying framework is how Scharf teaches toxicology at Purdue.</p> <p>The four modes: 1. Stimulation \u2014 causes target to become more active (e.g., nerve fires more rapidly) 2. Blockage \u2014 shuts target off (e.g., nerve kept from firing) 3. Modulation \u2014 changes the shape/function of target subtly (e.g., pyrethroids) 4. Inhibition \u2014 prevents an enzyme from doing its job (e.g., organophosphates inhibit acetylcholinesterase)</p> <p>Transcript location: \"Four Basic Modes of Action\" section</p> <p>Writing notes: This is a key pedagogical framework for the bulletin. The \"only four ways\" framing makes the whole topic approachable. A simple table or diagram showing these four categories with one example each would be very effective.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-34-understanding-ld50","title":"Section 3.4 \u2014 Understanding LD50","text":"<p>Content notes: The LD50 concept \u2014 the dose that kills 50% of test subjects \u2014 is essential for understanding relative toxicity and safety.</p> <p>Key details from presentation: - LD50 is inverse to toxicity: smaller LD50 = higher toxicity - Modern insecticides have high mammalian LD50s (safe) and low insect LD50s (effective) - Some products are 10,000+ times more toxic to target insects than to mammals - The actual amount of insecticide reaching a target site in a pest is a billionth or less of what's applied</p> <p>Transcript location: \"Understanding LD50\" section</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#part-iv-neurotoxic-insecticides-five-classifications","title":"PART IV: NEUROTOXIC INSECTICIDES \u2014 FIVE CLASSIFICATIONS","text":"<p>Overview: Nine total insecticide classifications \u2014 five neurotoxic, four non-neurotoxic. This section covers the five that target the nervous system.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-41-target-site-roadmap","title":"Section 4.1 \u2014 Target Site Roadmap","text":"<p>Content notes: Scharf provided a visual roadmap showing where each target site sits on the nerve/muscle junction. This is reference material for the detailed sections that follow.</p> <p>Target sites on neurons: - Axon sodium channels \u2014 the \"on switch\" for nerve firing (targeted by pyrethroids, indoxacarb, metaflumizone) - Chloride channels \u2014 post-synaptic; mellowing/inhibitory function (targeted by fipronil, isoxazolines, avermectins) - Acetylcholine receptors \u2014 post-synaptic; carry signal across synapse (targeted by neonicotinoids, spinosyns, sulfoximines) - Acetylcholinesterase enzyme \u2014 breaks down acetylcholine in synapse (targeted by organophosphates, carbamates) - Neuromuscular calcium channels \u2014 at nerve-muscle junction; control muscle contraction (targeted by diamides)</p> <p>Transcript location: \"Target Site Roadmap\" section</p> <p>Writing notes: This roadmap is the backbone of Part IV. A well-designed figure showing a schematic neuron/synapse/muscle junction with labeled target sites would be the single most valuable illustration in the bulletin. Scharf's presentation slides likely contain a version of this.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-42-sodium-channel-insecticides","title":"Section 4.2 \u2014 Sodium Channel Insecticides","text":"<p>Stimulators: Pyrethroids, Pyrethrins, DDT - Stimulate sodium channels \u2192 excitation \u2192 rapid knockdown - The \"on switch\" is jammed open - Pyrethroids are highly repellent to insects \u2014 \"like pepper spray\" - Visible effect: immediate incoordination and knockdown</p> <p>Blockers: Indoxacarb (oxadiazine), Metaflumizone (semicarbazone) - Block sodium channels \u2192 inhibition \u2192 paralysis - The \"on switch\" is stuck in the off position - Indoxacarb is a major urban insecticide - Metaflumizone has ectoparasite uses and possible urban applications</p> <p>Transcript location: \"Classification 1: Sodium Channel Insecticides\" section; Q&A on repellent vs. non-repellent</p> <p>Writing notes: The repellent/non-repellent distinction from the Q&A belongs here. Scharf's point that \"the real distinction is pyrethroids and everything else\" is a clean, practical takeaway. Pyrethroids are the repellent class; most other chemistries are not significantly detected by insects.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-43-chloride-channel-insecticides","title":"Section 4.3 \u2014 Chloride Channel Insecticides","text":"<p>Blockers: Fipronil (phenylpyrazole), Isoxazolines (fluralaner, sarolaner) - Chloride normally \"mellows\" neurons (negative charge dampens activity) - Blocking chloride flow \u2192 loss of inhibition \u2192 excitation - Fipronil is a major urban market product, now off-patent with consumer products available - Isoxazolines: newer class, primarily veterinary/pet products (flea market); cross-resistance potential with fipronil - Lab demonstration: fipronil application \u2192 rapid visible increase in nerve firing rate and magnitude</p> <p>Stimulators: Avermectins (abamectin) - Stimulate chloride channels \u2192 excess inhibition \u2192 paralysis - Opposite effect from fipronil at the same target site type - Abamectin is an effective gel bait active ingredient</p> <p>Transcript location: \"Classification 2: Chloride Channel Insecticides\" section</p> <p>Writing notes: The fipronil/abamectin contrast \u2014 same target site, opposite effects \u2014 is an excellent teaching point. Worth highlighting with a comparison callout or sidebar.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-44-acetylcholine-receptor-insecticides","title":"Section 4.4 \u2014 Acetylcholine Receptor Insecticides","text":"<p>Stimulators: Neonicotinoids, Sulfoximines (sulfoxaflor), Spinosyns (spinosad) - Stimulate the acetylcholine receptor \u2192 excitation - Neonicotinoids: huge current market share - Sulfoximines: newer class, same target site - Spinosyns: relevant for landscape market</p> <p>Transcript location: \"Classification 3: Acetylcholine Receptor Insecticides\" section</p> <p>Writing notes: The Q&A on nicotinoids vs. neonicotinoids is relevant here. Scharf explained: nicotinoids look more like nicotine (e.g., imidacloprid); neonicotinoids have evolved structurally but still target the same receptor (e.g., clothianidin). Dan's anecdote about tobacco killing caterpillars ties back to nicotine as the original insecticide. Also connect back to the pollinator discussion \u2014 systemic movement through plants.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-45-acetylcholinesterase-inhibitors","title":"Section 4.5 \u2014 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors","text":"<p>Inhibitors: Organophosphates, Carbamates - Inhibit the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in the synapse - Result: acetylcholine accumulates \u2192 continuous stimulation \u2192 excitation - Not insect-specific \u2014 works equally well against mammals/humans - Heavy regulatory restrictions for good reason</p> <p>Transcript location: \"Classification 4: Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors\" section</p> <p>Writing notes: These are the \"legacy\" chemistry classes that most experienced practitioners know well. Worth noting their declining role in urban pest management and why (safety profile vs. newer options).</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-46-combination-products","title":"Section 4.6 \u2014 Combination Products","text":"<p>Neonicotinoid + Pyrethroid combinations - \"All start with tea\" (common naming pattern) - Hit two target sites simultaneously: acetylcholine receptor + sodium channels - Potentiation effect: synergy, \"one plus one equals three\" - Still not immune to resistance \u2014 dual resistance observed in cockroach populations - Must still be used in rotation</p> <p>Transcript location: \"Classification 5: Combination Products\" section; Q&A on combination product resistance</p> <p>Writing notes: The Q&A exchange adds important content here. Dan asked directly whether combo products at lower doses risk dual resistance, and Mike confirmed they do \u2014 evidence of resistance to both AIs in select roach populations. This is practical, industry-relevant information.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#part-v-non-neurotoxic-insecticides-four-classifications","title":"PART V: NON-NEUROTOXIC INSECTICIDES \u2014 FOUR CLASSIFICATIONS","text":""},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-51-muscular-calcium-channel-insecticides-diamides","title":"Section 5.1 \u2014 Muscular Calcium Channel Insecticides (Diamides)","text":"<p>Stimulators: Chlorantraniliprole, Cyantraniliprole - Stimulate neuromuscular calcium channels \u2192 muscle contraction \u2192 energy depletion \u2192 paralysis \u2192 death - Timeline: contraction for hours, then paralyzed for days as energy depletes - Extremely safe for mammals \u2014 EPA did not initially require signal word - Manufacturers voluntarily added \"Caution\" signal word - Possibly selective even among insect groups (noted in Q&A re: earthworm question)</p> <p>Transcript location: \"Muscular Calcium Channels (Diamides)\" section; Q&A on chlorantraniliprole and earthworms</p> <p>Writing notes: The safety profile of diamides is a significant selling point and an important counternarrative to public concerns about pesticides. The earthworm question from the Q&A is worth noting \u2014 Scharf suspected some effect but noted the molecule's selectivity even among invertebrates.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-52-insect-growth-regulators","title":"Section 5.2 \u2014 Insect Growth Regulators","text":"<p>Juvenile Hormone Analogs (e.g., pyriproxyfen) - Mimic juvenile hormone \u2192 cuticle deformation + extra juvenile stages \u2192 population crash (juveniles can't reproduce) - Visible indicator: wing twist in cockroaches - Practical field tip: if you see wing twist in a new account, IGRs are already affecting the population \u2014 consider rotating to a different chemistry - Resistance concern with continuous use</p> <p>Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors - Inhibit the enzyme that forms cuticle during molting \u2192 death during molt - Visible indicator in termites: \"jackknife effect\" (body curling from malformed cuticle) - Effective against molting insects \u2014 acts at a very specific developmental window</p> <p>Background on insect development covered: - Three types of metamorphosis: ametabolous, hemimetabolous (roaches, termites, grasshoppers), holometabolous (flies, mosquitoes, caterpillars) - Complex hormonal control of molting and development - Cuticle tanning process in newly emerged adults (e.g., alate termites)</p> <p>Transcript location: \"Insect Growth Regulators\" section</p> <p>Writing notes: The wing-twist-as-field-indicator tip is highly practical for the target audience. The jackknife effect in termites is similarly useful. These are the kind of applied details that make a bulletin valuable to practitioners.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-53-inhibitors-of-energy-production","title":"Section 5.3 \u2014 Inhibitors of Energy Production","text":"<p>Target: Mitochondria (cellular respiration) - Universal target \u2014 mitochondria exist in all organisms (plants, animals, insects, bacteria) - Different products affect different parts of the respiratory chain</p> <p>Products mentioned: - Hydramethylnon \u2014 cockroach bait active ingredient - Chlorfenapyr \u2014 has a food label; relatively safe; resistance potential noted - Sulfuryl fluoride \u2014 fumigant - Methyl bromide \u2014 fumigant (note: largely phased out since 2017) - Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DSOBTH) \u2014 wood treatment; disrupts insect respiration - Boric acid \u2014 disrupts respiration; also has physical mode of action (abrasive/desiccant effect on gut lining)</p> <p>Transcript location: \"Inhibitors of Energy Production\" section</p> <p>Writing notes: Boric acid's dual mode of action (chemical + physical) is an interesting detail worth highlighting. May need to update re: methyl bromide phase-out status and any newer products in this category since 2017.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-54-cuticle-dehydrating-dusts","title":"Section 5.4 \u2014 Cuticle Dehydrating Dusts","text":"<p>Products: Silica gel, Diatomaceous earth (DE) - Physical mode of action \u2014 not a chemical toxicant - Abrade the waxy epicuticular layer \u2192 water loss \u2192 dehydration \u2192 death - Diatomaceous earth: ground exoskeletons of diatoms (silicon-based organisms) - Active component: silicon - Effect: lethargy, then death from desiccation</p> <p>Transcript location: \"Cuticle Dehydrating Dusts\" section</p> <p>Writing notes: Brief section. These products are simple in mechanism but important for IPM and for situations requiring non-chemical or minimal-chemical approaches.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#part-vi-practical-factors-affecting-insecticide-performance","title":"PART VI: PRACTICAL FACTORS AFFECTING INSECTICIDE PERFORMANCE","text":""},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-61-stability-persistence-and-formulations","title":"Section 6.1 \u2014 Stability, Persistence, and Formulations","text":"<p>Content notes: Raw insecticides are oily, UV-sensitive, and would be unsafe to handle directly. Formulations solve all of these problems.</p> <p>Key details: - Most insecticides are oily (lipophilic) \u2014 helps cross cuticle and membranes but creates handling challenges - UV light degrades raw active ingredients rapidly - Insecticides can move with water despite not dissolving in it</p> <p>Formulation functions: - Enhance stability and extend longevity - Enhance safety - Ease handling and mixing - Keep AI suspended/dissolved in water</p> <p>Formulation types mentioned: - Baits, granulars, dusts, aerosols, fumigants - Liquid forms: emulsifiable concentrate (EC), wettable powder (WP), microencapsulated (ME), suspension concentrate (SC)</p> <p>Transcript location: \"Stability, Persistence, and Formulations\" section</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-62-pest-behavior-and-insecticide-delivery","title":"Section 6.2 \u2014 Pest Behavior and Insecticide Delivery","text":"<p>Content notes: Natural pest behaviors can be exploited to enhance insecticide effectiveness. Three examples from the presentation.</p> <p>Example 1: Cockroach secondary and tertiary kill - Cockroach eats bait \u2192 dies \u2192 another roach feeds on carcass or feces \u2192 secondary kill - Insecticide can pass through two digestive tracts and still cause tertiary kill in a third roach</p> <p>Example 2: Flea larval exposure - Treated pet \u2192 adult fleas defecate insecticide \u2192 flea larvae feed on adult feces for nutrition \u2192 secondary exposure</p> <p>Example 3: Social insect transfer (termites, ants) - Trophallaxis (food sharing from mouth and anus) and allogrooming spread insecticides through colony - Slow-acting insecticides preferred \u2192 maximize colony penetration before detection</p> <p>Transcript location: \"Pest Behavior\" section</p> <p>Writing notes: These three examples are vivid and practical. The tertiary kill through two roach digestive tracts is a memorable detail. For the social insect section, note that Dave Oi's companion webinar on ants may have additional relevant content.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-63-sanitation-and-ipm","title":"Section 6.3 \u2014 Sanitation and IPM","text":"<p>Content notes: Poor sanitation undermines even the best insecticide programs.</p> <p>Key points: - Excess food competes with bait placements - Clutter creates untreatable harborage - Dirt and grease physically bind insecticides, reducing contact - IPM mindset essential for maximizing insecticide effectiveness</p> <p>Transcript location: \"Sanitation\" section</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-64-resistance-expanded-from-section-14","title":"Section 6.4 \u2014 Resistance (expanded from Section 1.4)","text":"<p>Content notes: Detailed resistance section drawing from both the main presentation and the extensive Q&A discussion.</p> <p>See Section 1.4 above for key details. Consider consolidating here or cross-referencing.</p> <p>Additional Q&A content for this section: - Resistance is inevitable with overuse \u2014 possible to any product - \"Appropriate use for lengths of time and intensities of selection\" determines outcome - IRAC classification system helps guide rotation decisions - IRAC website updated 1-2 times per year with complete landscape of available chemistries - Research on optimal rotation sequences is ongoing (Scharf lab)</p> <p>Transcript location: \"Resistance\" section; all Q&A segments on resistance and IRAC</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-65-oral-vs-dermal-toxicity","title":"Section 6.5 \u2014 Oral vs. Dermal Toxicity","text":"<p>Content notes: From Q&A \u2014 insecticides are almost always more toxic via ingestion than by contact.</p> <p>Key details: - Insect cuticle: waterproof, multi-layered barrier - Insect gut: thin cell layer, much less resistant to penetration - Mammalian skin: incredibly resistant barrier to insecticides/toxins - Practical implication: ingestion-based delivery (baits) can be highly effective at lower doses</p> <p>Transcript location: Q&A section \"On Oral vs. Dermal Toxicity\"</p> <p>Writing notes: This came up as an audience question but is foundational enough to warrant inclusion in the bulletin body rather than just Q&A.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#section-66-essential-oils-and-25b-products","title":"Section 6.6 \u2014 Essential Oils and 25B Products","text":"<p>Content notes: From Q&A \u2014 the green revolution in pest management.</p> <p>Key details: - Consumer demand is the primary driver - 25B exempt actives (rosemary, spearmint, cedar) avoid registration costs - Effective as repellents (Dan: \"very good repellents \u2014 we've done a lot of work with them on ants\") - Not necessarily effective as toxicants</p> <p>Transcript location: Q&A section \"On Essential Oils and 25B Products\"</p> <p>Writing notes: This topic has grown considerably since 2017. Worth expanding with current market data and any efficacy research published since.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#supporting-references","title":"SUPPORTING REFERENCES","text":""},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#publications-cited-in-presentation","title":"Publications Cited in Presentation","text":"<ol> <li>Scharf, M.E. & D.R. Suiter. 2011. \"Insecticide Primer and Insecticide Mode of Action.\" PCT Magazine.</li> <li>Scharf, M.E. & D.R. Suiter. ~2007. \"Insecticide Basics for the Pest Management Professional.\" UGA Cooperative Extension publication. (The bulletin being updated)</li> </ol>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#external-resources-mentioned","title":"External Resources Mentioned","text":"<ul> <li>IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee) \u2014 mode of action classification charts, updated 1-2x annually</li> </ul>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#editorial-notes-for-dan-and-mike","title":"EDITORIAL NOTES FOR DAN AND MIKE","text":""},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#content-that-may-need-updating-2017-present","title":"Content that may need updating (2017 \u2192 present)","text":"<ul> <li>Neonicotinoid regulatory landscape (significant EPA and state-level changes since 2017)</li> <li>Methyl bromide phase-out status</li> <li>New products in the diamide and isoxazoline classes</li> <li>Bedbug resistance \u2014 current scope of the problem</li> <li>Essential oils / 25B market growth</li> <li>Any new IRAC classifications added since 2017</li> <li>Current status of Scharf lab rotation research (papers published?)</li> <li>Fipronil patent/generic status update</li> </ul>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#structural-suggestions","title":"Structural suggestions","text":"<ul> <li>The \"nine classifications\" framework (5 neurotoxic + 4 non-neurotoxic) is a clean organizing principle</li> <li>The \"four basic modes of action\" framework should appear early as a conceptual anchor</li> <li>Consider a one-page summary table at the end (see companion Reference Compendium)</li> <li>The neurophysiology figure (target site roadmap) deserves a full-page treatment</li> </ul>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/outline/#qa-content-worth-integrating","title":"Q&A content worth integrating","text":"<p>Several valuable exchanges from the Q&A are better suited to the bulletin body than a standalone Q&A section: - Combination product resistance (Section 4.6) - Nicotinoid vs. neonicotinoid terminology (Section 4.4) - Oral vs. dermal toxicity (Section 6.5) - Repellent vs. non-repellent (Section 4.2) - IRAC as a practitioner resource (Section 6.4)</p> <p>Prepared from GTBOP webinar archive materials. All content derived exclusively from Dr. Scharf's October 18, 2017 presentation as transcribed and corrected through the GTBOP archive pipeline.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/source-guide/","title":"Bulletin Source Guide \u2014 Transcript Section Mapping","text":""},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/source-guide/#insecticide-moa-webinar-bulletin-update","title":"Insecticide MOA Webinar \u2192 Bulletin Update","text":"<p>Prepared by: Rich Braman, UGA Cooperative Extension / Center for Urban Agriculture For: Dr. Dan Suiter & Dr. Michael Scharf \u2014 Writing reference Source: GTBOP_ProseTranscript_2017-10-18_InsecticideMOA.md</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/source-guide/#purpose","title":"Purpose","text":"<p>This guide maps each proposed bulletin section (from the Bulletin Draft Outline) to the specific section of the prose transcript and the approximate video timestamps where that content appears. Use this to:</p> <ul> <li>Quickly locate Mike's exact wording on any topic</li> <li>Verify that bulletin content stays faithful to the source</li> <li>Find passages to quote, paraphrase, or expand upon</li> <li>Identify where Mike's Q&A responses add content beyond his prepared slides</li> </ul>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/source-guide/#how-to-use","title":"How to Use","text":"<p>The Transcript Section column tells you which heading to search for in the prose transcript file. The Video Timestamp column gives the approximate time range if you need to re-watch the original recording. The Content Type column indicates whether the material comes from the prepared presentation or from the Q&A discussion with Dan.</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/source-guide/#mapping-table","title":"Mapping Table","text":"Bulletin Section Transcript Section Video Timestamp Content Type Notes PART I: Why Understanding MOA Matters 1.1 Safety & non-target toxicity \"Why Understanding Mode of Action Matters\" + \"Understanding LD50\" ~2:55\u20135:35 + ~19:50\u201322:45 Presentation Safety framing at start; LD50 details in classification section 1.2 Interpreting trade literature \"Why Understanding Mode of Action Matters\" ~3:30\u20133:45 Presentation Brief mention \u2014 one sentence 1.3 Pollinator protection \"Why Understanding Mode of Action Matters\" ~3:36\u20134:00 Presentation Brief but important; expand with current info 1.4 Resistance management \"Resistance\" + multiple Q&A sections ~54:20\u201356:30 + ~57:55\u201359:50 Both Extensive Q&A content supplements presentation 1.5 Product sustainability & communication \"Why Understanding Mode of Action Matters\" + Q&A on new AIs ~4:15\u20135:50 + ~59:55\u20131:01:10 Both Economics from Q&A adds industry context PART II: Insect Physiology 2.1 Overview of relevant physiology \"Insect Physiology Overview\" (all subsections) ~8:25\u201313:58 Presentation Compressed physiology primer 2.2 How the nervous system works \"How the Nervous System Works\" ~23:45\u201326:45 Presentation Electrical + chemical transmission; synapse explanation 2.3 Neurophysiology demonstration \"Neurophysiology in the Lab\" ~26:50\u201328:40 Presentation Cockroach nerve cord + fipronil electrophysiology PART III: Classification Fundamentals 3.1 Chemical structure & classification \"Insecticide Classification and Target Sites\" ~14:00\u201315:15 Presentation Structure \u2192 function \u2192 target site relationship 3.2 Key and lock analogy \"The Key and Lock Analogy\" ~16:00\u201317:50 Presentation Key-lock + molecular docking + drug design parallel 3.3 Four basic modes of action \"Four Basic Modes of Action\" ~17:50\u201319:35 Presentation Stimulation, blockage, modulation, inhibition 3.4 Understanding LD50 \"Understanding LD50\" ~19:40\u201322:45 Presentation Inverse relationship; mammalian safety; billionths ratio PART IV: Neurotoxic Insecticides 4.1 Target site roadmap \"Target Site Roadmap\" ~28:40\u201332:15 Presentation Visual overview of all target site locations on neuron 4.2 Sodium channel insecticides \"Classification 1: Sodium Channel Insecticides\" + Q&A repellency ~32:20\u201334:10 + ~1:04:55\u20131:05:15 Both Pyrethroids/pyrethrins, indoxacarb, metaflumizone; \"pepper spray\" from Q&A 4.3 Chloride channel insecticides \"Classification 2: Chloride Channel Insecticides\" ~34:10\u201336:20 Presentation Fipronil, isoxazolines, abamectin; opposite effects at same site 4.4 Acetylcholine receptor insecticides \"Classification 3: Acetylcholine Receptor Insecticides\" + Q&A nicotinoid terminology ~36:20\u201337:30 + ~1:02:40\u20131:03:40 Both Neonics, sulfoximines, spinosyns; terminology clarification from Q&A 4.5 Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors \"Classification 4: Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors\" ~37:28\u201338:02 Presentation OPs and carbamates; not insect-specific; brief section 4.6 Combination products \"Classification 5: Combination Products\" + Q&A on dual resistance ~38:03\u201339:10 + ~58:25\u201359:00 Both \"Start with tea\"; potentiation; confirmed dual resistance in Q&A PART V: Non-Neurotoxic Insecticides 5.1 Diamides (calcium channels) \"Muscular Calcium Channels (Diamides)\" + Q&A on earthworms ~39:55\u201341:30 + ~1:01:05\u20131:01:40 Both Safety profile; contraction \u2192 depletion timeline; earthworm selectivity from Q&A 5.2 Insect growth regulators \"Insect Growth Regulators\" ~41:40\u201345:20 Presentation JH analogs + CSIs; metamorphosis types; wing twist; jackknife effect 5.3 Energy production inhibitors \"Inhibitors of Energy Production\" ~45:20\u201346:50 Presentation Mitochondria targeting; hydramethylnon, chlorfenapyr, fumigants, borates 5.4 Cuticle dehydrating dusts \"Cuticle Dehydrating Dusts\" ~47:00\u201348:15 Presentation Silica gel, DE; physical mode of action; diatom origin PART VI: Practical Factors 6.1 Stability & formulations \"Stability, Persistence, and Formulations\" ~48:45\u201351:00 Presentation Lipophilic nature; UV degradation; formulation types and functions 6.2 Pest behavior \"Pest Behavior\" ~51:02\u201353:05 Presentation Secondary/tertiary kill; flea larvae; trophallaxis/allogrooming 6.3 Sanitation & IPM \"Sanitation\" ~53:05\u201354:20 Presentation Food competition, clutter, grease; IPM mindset 6.4 Resistance (expanded) \"Resistance\" + Q&A segments ~54:20\u201356:30 + multiple Q&A Both Rotation; cockroach bait resistance; IRAC; inevitability 6.5 Oral vs. dermal toxicity Q&A: \"On Oral vs. Dermal Toxicity\" ~1:03:55\u20131:04:45 Q&A only Cuticle vs. gut barriers; mammalian skin resistance 6.6 Essential oils & 25B Q&A: \"On Essential Oils and 25B Products\" ~1:05:30\u20131:06:40 Q&A only Consumer demand; repellent efficacy; registration cost advantage"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/source-guide/#content-that-comes-exclusively-from-qa","title":"Content That Comes Exclusively from Q&A","text":"<p>The following material was only discussed during the Q&A exchange with Dan and would be missed if working only from the prepared presentation portion of the transcript:</p> Topic Q&A Transcript Section Why It Matters for the Bulletin Dual resistance to combo products \"On Combination Products and Resistance\" Confirms resistance to both AIs in field populations \u2014 critical practitioner info Inevitability of resistance Same section \"Possible always\" \u2014 frames the urgency of rotation New AI pipeline economics \"On New Active Ingredients\" Urban market size limits manufacturer investment \u2014 industry context IRAC as a practitioner tool \"On IRAC Classification\" Actionable resource for product rotation decisions Nicotinoid vs. neonicotinoid terminology \"On Nicotinoids vs. Neonicotinoids\" Clears up common confusion; imidacloprid vs. clothianidin example Chlorantraniliprole earthworm selectivity \"On Chlorantraniliprole and Earthworms\" Unique selectivity even among invertebrates \u2014 safety story Oral vs. dermal toxicity explanation \"On Oral vs. Dermal Toxicity\" Foundational concept not covered in prepared talk Repellent = pyrethroids, non-repellent = everything else \"On Repellent vs. Non-Repellent Insecticides\" Clean practical distinction for practitioners Essential oils / 25B market drivers \"On Essential Oils and 25B Products\" Consumer demand and green market trends Nicotine as insecticide (tobacco anecdote) Within nicotinoid terminology discussion Memorable historical connection Scharf's prior resistance webinar Opening Q&A exchange Suggests companion content exists for the resistance bulletin"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/source-guide/#presentation-flow-vs-bulletin-structure","title":"Presentation Flow vs. Bulletin Structure","text":"<p>The webinar followed this sequence (left), which differs from the proposed bulletin structure (right):</p> Webinar Order \u2192 Proposed Bulletin Order 1. Why MOA matters (motivation) \u2192 Part I: Why MOA Matters (motivation) 2. Insect physiology overview \u2192 Part II: Insect Physiology (foundation) 3. Insecticide classification basics \u2192 Part III: Classification Fundamentals 4. LD50 concept \u2192 Moved into Part III (Section 3.4) 5. Neurotoxic classes (5) \u2192 Part IV: Neurotoxic Insecticides 6. Non-neurotoxic classes (4) \u2192 Part V: Non-Neurotoxic Insecticides 7. Practical factors (stability, behavior, sanitation, resistance) \u2192 Part VI: Practical Factors 8. Summary \u2192 Distributed as section conclusions 9. Q&A with Dan \u2192 Integrated throughout relevant sections <p>Key reorganization choices: - LD50 was presented between physiology and classification; it fits better as a classification fundamental - Combination products were discussed within neurotoxics but could also warrant their own sidebar - Q&A content is distributed to the sections where it's most relevant rather than kept as a standalone section - The resistance discussion appears in both Part I (motivation) and Part VI (practical detail) \u2014 cross-reference or consolidate as preferred</p>"},{"location":"projects/insecticide-bulletin/source-guide/#companion-documents","title":"Companion Documents","text":"<p>This source guide is part of a three-document set:</p> <ol> <li>Bulletin Draft Outline (<code>GTBOP_BulletinOutline_InsecticideMOA_Scharf.md</code>) \u2014 Section-by-section content notes and writing guidance</li> <li>Quick Reference Compendium (<code>GTBOP_ReferenceCompendium_InsecticideMOA_Scharf.md</code>) \u2014 Consolidated tables of all classifications, products, and relationships</li> <li>This Source Guide (<code>GTBOP_SourceGuide_InsecticideMOA_Scharf.md</code>) \u2014 Transcript location mapping</li> </ol> <p>All three draw exclusively from the same source: the corrected and verified prose transcript of Dr. Scharf's October 18, 2017 GTBOP presentation.</p> <p>Prepared from GTBOP webinar archive materials for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture.</p>"},{"location":"structural/","title":"Structural Pest Control Series","text":"<p>Webinar archives for licensed pest control operators. Content serves Category 35 (Industrial, Institutional, Structural and Health Related) continuing education.</p>","tags":["Structural"]},{"location":"structural/#processed-sessions","title":"Processed Sessions","text":"Date Speaker Topic Stages Oct 18, 2017 Dr. Michael Scharf Insecticide MOA 1\u20136 <p>UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Structural Pest Control Series</p>","tags":["Structural"]},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/","title":"Insecticide Classification and Mode of Action","text":"","tags":["Structural","Entomology","Scharf","Insecticides"]},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/#gtbop-structural-pest-control-october-18-2017","title":"GTBOP Structural Pest Control \u2014 October 18, 2017","text":"<p>Speaker: Dr. Michael Scharf, O.W. Rawlins Orkin Endowed Chair in Urban Entomology and Molecular Physiology, Purdue University Moderator: Dr. Dan Suiter, Extension Entomologist, University of Georgia Duration: ~67 minutes (1:07:06) CEU Categories: Georgia Cat 35 (Industrial/Structural); multi-state credits in 8 states and 3 Canadian provinces</p>","tags":["Structural","Entomology","Scharf","Insecticides"]},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/#deliverables","title":"Deliverables","text":"Stage Deliverable Status 1 Corrections Log Complete 2 Archive Summary Complete 3 YouTube Version Complete 3 Website Version Complete 3 Extension Agent Version Complete 4 Quiz Complete 4 Matching Exercises Complete 5 Prose Transcript Complete \u2014 Corrected SRT Complete","tags":["Structural","Entomology","Scharf","Insecticides"]},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/#writing-resources","title":"Writing Resources","text":"Resource Description Bulletin Outline Publication structure mapped to presentation content Reference Compendium Consolidated tables of classifications, products, and terminology Source Guide Transcript-to-publication navigation map","tags":["Structural","Entomology","Scharf","Insecticides"]},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/#session-overview","title":"Session Overview","text":"<p>Dr. Michael Scharf of Purdue University presented a comprehensive overview of insecticide classification and mode of action designed to strengthen pest management professionals' understanding of how their chemical tools work. Scharf framed the practical importance of this knowledge around six themes: applicator and customer safety, accurate interpretation of trade literature, pollinator protection, resistance management, product sustainability, and the ability to design customized applications through situational pest management.</p> <p>The presentation systematically covered five neurotoxic insecticide classifications \u2014 sodium channel agents, chloride channel agents, acetylcholine receptor agents, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and combination products \u2014 followed by four non-neurotoxic classifications including diamides, insect growth regulators, inhibitors of energy production, and cuticle dehydrating dusts. Scharf concluded with practical factors affecting insecticide performance, resistance management strategies, and a Q&A session moderated by Dr. Suiter.</p> <p>Source: Corrected SRT \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2017-10-18_InsecticideMOA.srt Processed: 2026-03-17 | Pipeline v4.1</p>","tags":["Structural","Entomology","Scharf","Insecticides"]},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/archive-summary/","title":"GTBOP Webinar Archive Summary","text":""},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/archive-summary/#principles-of-insecticide-mode-of-action","title":"Principles of Insecticide Mode of Action","text":"<p>Webinar Date: October 18, 2017 Speaker: Dr. Michael Scharf, O.W. Rawlins Orkin Endowed Chair in Urban Entomology and Molecular Physiology, Department of Entomology, Purdue University Moderator: Dr. Dan Suiter, Extension Entomologist, University of Georgia Duration: 1:07:06 Series: Structural Pest Control CEU Categories: GA \u2014 2 HPC (Cat 35: Industrial, Institutional, Structural and Health Related)</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/archive-summary/#narrative-summary","title":"NARRATIVE SUMMARY","text":"<p>Dr. Michael Scharf of Purdue University presented a comprehensive overview of insecticide classification and mode of action designed to strengthen pest management professionals' understanding of how their chemical tools work. Scharf framed the practical importance of this knowledge around six themes: applicator and customer safety, accurate interpretation of trade literature, pollinator protection, resistance management, product sustainability, and the ability to design customized applications through situational pest management.</p> <p>Scharf began with a condensed review of insect physiology, covering the five systems most relevant to insecticide activity: the nervous system, the cuticle, the digestive tract, the tracheal system, and the musculature. He explained that insecticides interact with specific protein target sites through a key-and-lock relationship, and that all insecticide effects can be reduced to just four modes of action \u2014 stimulation, blockage, modulation, and inhibition. He introduced the LD50 concept and emphasized that modern insecticides are dramatically more toxic to insects than to mammals, with some classes like the diamides carrying such low mammalian toxicity that the EPA initially required no signal word.</p> <p>The presentation then systematically covered five neurotoxic insecticide classifications: sodium channel agents (pyrethroids, indoxacarb, metaflumizone), chloride channel agents (fipronil, isoxazolines, abamectin), acetylcholine receptor agents (nicotinoids, sulfoximines, spinosyns), acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (organophosphates, carbamates), and combination products pairing nicotinoids with pyrethroids for potentiation effects. Scharf followed with four non-neurotoxic classifications: muscular calcium channel agents (diamides such as chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole), insect growth regulators (juvenile hormone analogs like pyriproxyfen and chitin synthesis inhibitors), inhibitors of energy production (hydramethylnon, chlorfenapyr, sulfuryl fluoride, boric acid), and cuticle dehydrating dusts (silica gel, diatomaceous earth).</p> <p>Scharf concluded by discussing practical factors that affect insecticide performance, including formulation types, pest behavior that can amplify efficacy through secondary and tertiary kill, the role of sanitation in an IPM framework, and resistance management. He identified resistance as likely the number one cause of callbacks in cockroach accounts and recommended rotating active ingredients every three months or even monthly. A Q&A session moderated by Dr. Suiter addressed combination product resistance risks, the flow of new active ingredients to market, the IRAC classification system, the distinction between nicotinoids and neonicotinoids, oral versus dermal toxicity, repellent versus non-repellent insecticides, and the growing consumer demand for essential oil-based products.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/archive-summary/#youtube-timestamps","title":"YOUTUBE TIMESTAMPS","text":"<p>0:00 Introduction and Speaker Credentials 1:45 Why Understanding Mode of Action Matters 6:03 Presentation Outline 7:13 Additional Resources \u2014 PCT Article and UGA Publication 8:26 Insect Physiology Overview \u2014 Nervous System, Cuticle, Gut, Trachea, Muscles 14:02 Insecticide Classification Basics \u2014 Chemical Structure 16:01 Target Site and Mode of Action \u2014 Key and Lock Analogy 17:51 Four Basic Modes of Action \u2014 Stimulation, Blockage, Modulation, Inhibition 19:41 The LD50 Concept and Mammalian Safety 22:46 Overview of Neurotoxic and Non-Neurotoxic Classifications 23:36 The Insect Nervous System \u2014 Neurons, Synapses, Neurotransmitters 26:45 Neurophysiology Demonstration \u2014 Fipronil and Nerve Excitation 28:40 Nervous System Target Sites \u2014 Roadmap of Ion Channels and Receptors 32:24 Sodium Channel Insecticides \u2014 Pyrethroids, Indoxacarb, Metaflumizone 34:12 Chloride Channel Insecticides \u2014 Fipronil, Isoxazolines, Abamectin 36:20 Acetylcholine Receptor Insecticides \u2014 Nicotinoids, Sulfoximines, Spinosyns 37:28 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors \u2014 Organophosphates and Carbamates 38:04 Combination Products \u2014 Nicotinoid-Pyrethroid Potentiation 39:07 Non-Neurotoxic Insecticides Overview 40:02 Muscular Calcium Channel Agents \u2014 Diamides 41:42 Insect Growth Regulators \u2014 JH Analogs and Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors 45:18 Inhibitors of Energy Production \u2014 Hydramethylnon, Chlorfenapyr, Fumigants 46:56 Cuticle Dehydrating Dusts \u2014 Silica Gel and Diatomaceous Earth 48:15 Factors Affecting Insecticide Efficacy 48:46 Stability, Persistence, and Formulations 51:02 Pest Behavior \u2014 Secondary and Tertiary Kill, Trophallaxis 53:04 Sanitation and IPM 54:19 Resistance Management \u2014 Rotation Strategies 56:30 Summary Points 57:44 Additional Resources 57:53 Q&A \u2014 Combination Product Resistance 59:53 Q&A \u2014 Flow of New Active Ingredients to Market 1:01:08 Q&A \u2014 Chlorantraniliprole and Non-Target Invertebrates 1:01:40 Q&A \u2014 IRAC Classification System 1:02:38 Q&A \u2014 Nicotinoids vs. Neonicotinoids 1:03:43 Q&A \u2014 Oral vs. Dermal Toxicity Routes 1:04:43 Q&A \u2014 Repellent vs. Non-Repellent Insecticides 1:05:32 Q&A \u2014 Essential Oils and 25B Exempt Products</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/archive-summary/#questions-answers","title":"QUESTIONS & ANSWERS","text":"<p>Q: What are the four basic modes of action that all insecticides fall into? A: According to Dr. Scharf, all insecticides disrupt target sites through one of just four mechanisms: stimulation (causing a target to fire more rapidly), blockage (shutting a target off), modulation (subtly changing the shape and function of a target, as pyrethroids do to sodium channels), and inhibition (preventing an enzyme from functioning, as organophosphates do to acetylcholinesterase). Understanding these four categories provides a framework for classifying any insecticide a professional might encounter.</p> <p>Q: Why are diamide insecticides like chlorantraniliprole considered especially safe for mammals? A: Diamides target muscular calcium channels that are highly specific to insects. They stimulate these channels, causing uncontrolled muscle contraction that burns up the insect's energy and leads to paralysis and death over several days. Their mammalian toxicity is so low that the EPA initially did not require a signal word, though manufacturers voluntarily adopted a \"caution\" label. Despite this safety profile, Scharf emphasized that applicators should still follow all safety guidelines when using them.</p> <p>Q: How does fipronil work at the neurological level? A: Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole that targets chloride channels in the insect nervous system. Under normal conditions, chloride channels allow negatively charged chloride ions into neurons, which has a calming or \"mellowing\" effect on nerve activity. Fipronil blocks these channels, removing that calming influence and causing excitation \u2014 the insect's nervous system essentially fires uncontrollably. Scharf demonstrated this visually using nerve recordings from dissected American cockroaches, showing a dramatic increase in firing rate and intensity after fipronil application.</p> <p>Q: What is the difference between repellent and non-repellent insecticides? A: Scharf explained that the distinction largely comes down to pyrethroids versus everything else. Pyrethroids are highly detectable to insects \u2014 he compared them to \"pepper spray\" \u2014 making them strongly repellent. Most other active ingredients, including fipronil and nicotinoids, are not nearly as detectable, which is why they are classified as non-repellent. This distinction became particularly prominent when non-repellent termiticides entered the market approximately 15 years before this presentation.</p> <p>Q: Why is resistance considered a major concern for cockroach management? A: Scharf identified resistance as likely the number one cause of callbacks in cockroach accounts. His research has documented cockroaches that can eat bait as their sole food source for a full month and survive. He noted that resistance is not limited to older chemistries \u2014 even combination products containing two active ingredients can face dual resistance when cockroach populations develop tolerance to both nicotinoids and pyrethroids simultaneously. He recommended rotating active ingredients every three months or even monthly to help manage resistance.</p> <p>Q: How do pest behaviors like trophallaxis and secondary kill affect insecticide efficacy? A: Scharf described three examples of behavior-mediated insecticide transfer. In cockroaches, secondary and tertiary kill occurs when one cockroach eats bait, excretes the insecticide, and other cockroaches consume the feces \u2014 research has shown the toxin can pass through two digestive tracts and still affect a third cockroach. Flea larvae can be exposed when adult fleas treated by veterinary products defecate insecticide-laden feces that larvae consume as nutrition. Social insects like termites and ants spread insecticides through trophallaxis (food sharing from both mouth and anus) and allogrooming, which is why slow-acting insecticides are preferred for these pests.</p> <p>Q: What role does sanitation play in insecticide effectiveness? A: Scharf emphasized that poor sanitation always makes insecticides less effective, regardless of how pest-specific modern products have become. Excess food in an account competes directly with bait placements, reducing consumption. Clutter creates untreatable harborage areas where pests can avoid contact with residual treatments. Dirt and grease on surfaces can physically bind and inactivate insecticides. He framed sanitation as a core component of the IPM mindset that directly enhances chemical efficacy.</p> <p>Q: What is the IRAC and how can it help pest management professionals? A: IRAC stands for the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee, a global organization with representatives from all major insecticide manufacturers. IRAC develops mode of action classifications that help professionals understand which products share the same target sites. Their classification chart, updated once or twice a year, shows the full landscape of available active ingredients organized by mode of action. Professionals can use this resource to plan effective product rotations by ensuring they alternate between different mode of action groups rather than simply switching trade names.</p> <p>Q: How do insect growth regulators work differently from neurotoxic insecticides? A: Unlike neurotoxins that target the nervous system for rapid effects, insect growth regulators disrupt the hormones and enzymes that control development and molting. Juvenile hormone analogs like pyriproxyfen mimic the insect's own juvenile hormone, leading to cuticle deformation and extra juvenile stages that cannot reproduce \u2014 causing the population to crash over time. Chitin synthesis inhibitors block the enzyme responsible for forming the exoskeleton during molting, leading to death during the molt or producing malformed cuticles that cause a characteristic \"jackknife\" effect in treated termites. Scharf noted that visible wing twist in cockroach populations is a reliable indicator that IGRs are already affecting that population.</p> <p>Q: Why are insecticides generally more toxic through ingestion than through contact exposure? A: Scharf explained that both the insect cuticle and mammalian skin serve as highly effective barriers to insecticide penetration. The insect cuticle is a complex, multi-layered, waterproof structure that contact insecticides must traverse to reach internal target sites. In contrast, the gut lining is a much thinner layer of cells, allowing ingested insecticides to penetrate far more readily. The same principle applies to mammals \u2014 human skin is an exceptionally resistant barrier compared to the gut, which is why oral exposure routes are almost always more toxic than dermal exposure for any given active ingredient.</p> <p>Q: What is the outlook for new active ingredients entering the urban pest management market? A: Scharf acknowledged that the flow of new active ingredients has slowed and the market has become heavily generic. While all major manufacturers maintain product pipelines, bringing a new active ingredient to market costs hundreds of millions to billions of dollars, and the economics must justify the investment. He noted that the urban pest management market represents a smaller slice of the overall pie compared to agriculture, which affects manufacturer incentives. Scharf encouraged the industry to advocate vocally to manufacturers about the need for new tools, particularly given growing resistance pressures.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/archive-summary/#additional-resources","title":"ADDITIONAL RESOURCES","text":"<p>The following resources were referenced by the speaker during the presentation:</p> <ul> <li>Scharf, M.E. and D.L. Suiter. \"Insecticide Primer and Insecticide Mode of Action.\" PCT Magazine, 2011.</li> <li>Scharf, M.E. and D.L. Suiter. Insecticide Basics for the Pest Management Professional. University of Georgia publication (available free of charge; URL referenced in presentation slides).</li> <li>IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee) \u2014 Mode of action classification chart, updated annually.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/archive-summary/#chain-of-custody","title":"CHAIN OF CUSTODY","text":"<ul> <li>Source document: Corrected SRT from Stage 1 (GTBOP_Transcript_2017-10-18_InsecticideMOA.srt)</li> <li>Source verified: 742 blocks, 2,968 lines, full read confirmed with coverage proof during Stage 1</li> <li>Webinar date confirmed: Via original program announcement email from Tami Adams Boyle</li> </ul> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/corrections/","title":"SRT Transcript Correction Summary","text":""},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/corrections/#file-principles-of-insecticide-mode-of-action-mike-scharf","title":"File: Principles of Insecticide Mode of Action \u2014 Mike Scharf","text":"<p>Date Corrected: February 10, 2026 Webinar Date: October 18, 2017 Series: Structural Pest Control Topic: Entomology \u2014 Insecticide Classification and Mode of Action Speaker: Dr. Michael Scharf, O.W. Rawlins Orkin Endowed Chair in Urban Entomology and Molecular Physiology, Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Moderator: Dr. Dan Suiter, Extension Entomologist, University of Georgia</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/corrections/#source-verification","title":"SOURCE VERIFICATION","text":"<ul> <li>Original blocks: 742</li> <li>Corrected blocks: 742 \u2713 MATCH CONFIRMED</li> <li>Time range: 00:00:00,020 to 01:07:06,220</li> <li>Runtime: ~67 minutes</li> <li>File reading: COMPLETE \u2713</li> <li>Coverage proof:</li> <li>Early [~1:45]: Speaker states overarching goal to improve general knowledge of how insecticides work; discusses nervous system targeting vs. insect growth regulators</li> <li>Middle [~40:00]: Discusses muscular calcium channels and diamide insecticides (chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole); notes EPA initially required no signal word due to low mammalian toxicity</li> <li>Late [~55:00]: Identifies resistance as probably the #1 cause of callbacks in cockroach accounts; cockroaches observed surviving on bait as sole food source for a month; recommends rotating active ingredients every 3 months or monthly</li> </ul>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/corrections/#corrections-applied","title":"Corrections Applied","text":""},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/corrections/#proper-nouns-speaker-names","title":"Proper Nouns \u2014 Speaker Names","text":"<ul> <li>\"Dr. Sharf\" \u2192 \"Dr. Scharf\" (Line 23)</li> <li>\"Dan Suter\" \u2192 \"Dan Suiter\" (Line 311)</li> <li>\"Dave Oy\" \u2192 \"Dave Oi\" (Line 2243) \u2014 Confirmed via webinar announcement: Dr. David Oi, USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL; presented \"Fire Ants and Crazy Ants\" in the same session</li> </ul>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/corrections/#chemicalproduct-names","title":"Chemical/Product Names","text":"<ul> <li>\"chlorenterniliprol\" \u2192 \"chlorantraniliprole\" (Line 559)</li> <li>\"terniliprol\" \u2192 \"traniliprole\" (Line 563 \u2014 continuation of \"cyantraniliprole\" split across blocks 140\u2013141)</li> <li>\"Metaflumazone\" \u2192 \"metaflumizone\" (Line 1431)</li> <li>\"Furilander and Sarlander\" \u2192 \"fluralaner and sarolaner\" (Line 1499)</li> <li>\"sulfoxyms or sulfoxifluor\" \u2192 \"sulfoximines or sulfoxaflor\" (Line 1583)</li> <li>\"spinosid\" \u2192 \"spinosad\" (Line 1595)</li> <li>\"chlorantraniliprol\" \u2192 \"chlorantraniliprole\" (Line 1747)</li> <li>\"cyan triniliprol\" \u2192 \"cyantraniliprole\" (Line 1747)</li> <li>\"pyroprosythin\" \u2192 \"pyriproxyfen\" (Line 1883)</li> <li>\"hydromethyl non\" \u2192 \"hydramethylnon\" (Line 1951)</li> <li>\"chlorphenipir\" \u2192 \"chlorfenapyr\" (Line 1959)</li> <li>\"sulfurofluoride\" \u2192 \"sulfuryl fluoride\" (Line 1967)</li> <li>\"disodium octoborate\" \u2192 \"disodium octaborate\" (Line 1971)</li> <li>\"chlorthenopyr\" \u2192 \"chlorfenapyr\" (Line 2387)</li> <li>\"chlorantrinoliprol\" \u2192 \"chlorantraniliprole\" (Line 2691)</li> <li>\"Amidocloprid\" \u2192 \"imidacloprid\" (Line 2771)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/corrections/#technical-terms","title":"Technical Terms","text":"<ul> <li>\"semi-carbazone\" \u2192 \"semicarbazone\" (Line 1435 \u2014 IRAC chemical subclass name)</li> <li>\"spinosins\" \u2192 \"spinosyns\" (Line 1347 \u2014 IRAC Group 5 class name)</li> <li>\"aloe grooming\" \u2192 \"allogrooming\" (Line 2247)</li> <li>\"the nicotines target\" \u2192 \"the nicotinoids target\" (Line 1663 \u2014 speaker consistently uses \"nicotinoids\" elsewhere; Whisper truncated the word)</li> <li>\"Pubigants\" \u2192 \"Fumigants\" (Line 1967)</li> <li>\"acetylcholinesterase, which is a neurotransmitter\" \u2192 \"acetylcholine, which is a neurotransmitter\" (Line 1287 \u2014 acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme, not a neurotransmitter; the speaker is clearly describing acetylcholine crossing the synapse to bind its receptor; Whisper appended \"-esterase\" to \"acetylcholine\")</li> </ul>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/corrections/#grammar","title":"Grammar","text":"<ul> <li>\"Dr. Thank you very much Dan.\" \u2192 \"Thank you very much, Dan.\" (Line 43 \u2014 \"Dr.\" is a Whisper artifact from the end of the moderator's introduction bleeding into the speaker's first line; comma added after \"Dan\")</li> </ul>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/corrections/#flagged-for-verification","title":"Flagged for Verification","text":"<ul> <li>None remaining. Line 1207 (\"need this acetylcholinesterase enzyme\") was reviewed against audio and confirmed as accurate speech. Speaker is casually listing target sites from a slide; phrasing is informal but intelligible and left as-is per the principle of maintaining natural speech patterns.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/corrections/#notes","title":"Notes","text":""},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/corrections/#speaker-not-in-reference-roster","title":"Speaker Not in Reference Roster","text":"<p>Dr. Michael Scharf (Purdue University) is not currently listed in the GTBOP Common Speakers reference. Recommend adding:</p> Name Affiliation Dr. Michael Scharf Purdue University, Urban Entomology"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/corrections/#additional-speaker-confirmed-for-roster","title":"Additional Speaker Confirmed for Roster","text":"<p>Dr. David Oi is confirmed via webinar announcement as a GTBOP presenter but is not currently in the Common Speakers reference. Recommend adding:</p> Name Affiliation Dr. David Oi USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/corrections/#nicotinoid-vs-neonicotinoid-terminology","title":"Nicotinoid vs. Neonicotinoid Terminology","text":"<p>The speaker intentionally uses \"nicotinoids\" (not \"neonicotinoids\") throughout most of the presentation. In the Q&A section (~01:02:46), he and Dr. Suiter discuss the distinction: nicotinoids structurally resemble nicotine, while neonicotinoids have evolved further structurally but still target the acetylcholine receptor. This is the speaker's deliberate classification framework and has not been altered.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/corrections/#webinar-date-confirmation","title":"Webinar Date Confirmation","text":"<p>Date confirmed as October 18, 2017 via original program announcement email from Tami Adams Boyle. The event ran 7:00\u201310:00 AM EDT as part of the Structural Pest Control Webinar Series. Dr. Scharf's presentation \"Principles of Insecticide Mode of Action\" was paired with Dr. David Oi's \"Fire Ants and Crazy Ants.\"</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/corrections/#srt-format-compliance","title":"SRT Format Compliance","text":"<p>\u2705 All timestamps preserved exactly as original \u2705 All sequence numbers maintained (1\u2013742) \u2705 Blank lines between segments preserved \u2705 Maximum 2 lines per subtitle segment maintained \u2705 No segments merged or split \u2705 Block count: 742 original = 742 corrected \u2713 \u2705 Line count: 2,968 original = 2,968 corrected \u2713</p> <p>Total Corrections: 24 individual corrections across 24 lines Flagged for Verification: 0 items (1 resolved via audio review) Processing: Complete file (742 subtitle blocks, 2,968 lines)</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/downloads/","title":"Downloads \u2014 Scharf, Insecticide MOA","text":""},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/downloads/#corrected-srt-file","title":"Corrected SRT File","text":"<p>Place the corrected SRT file in this folder alongside this page. MkDocs will serve it as a static asset.</p> Detail Value Filename <code>GTBOP_Transcript_2017-10-18_InsecticideMOA.srt</code> Blocks \u2014 Time range \u2014 <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/","title":"Principles of Insecticide Classification and Mode of Action","text":""},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#gtbop-structural-pest-control-series-october-18-2017","title":"GTBOP Structural Pest Control Series \u2014 October 18, 2017","text":"<p>Speaker: Dr. Michael Scharf, O.W. Rawlins Orkin Endowed Chair in Urban Entomology and Molecular Physiology, Purdue University Moderator: Dr. Dan Suiter, Extension Entomologist, University of Georgia Duration: 1:07:06</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#introduction","title":"Introduction","text":"<p>Dan Suiter: Welcome again, everyone. Dr. Michael Scharf is the O.W. Rawlins Orkin Endowed Chair in Urban Entomology and Molecular Physiology at Purdue University. He entered Purdue in 1986 as a freshman in agriculture and subsequently earned his BS, MS, and PhD degrees from Purdue University in 1991, 1993, and 1997. After graduation, Dr. Scharf spent time at the University of Nebraska and Cornell University as a postdoc in the University of Florida where he was a tenured professor for several years. In 2010, Mike returned to Purdue and his primary research interests at Purdue relate to understanding biochemical and physiological mechanisms insects that have practical implications for pest management. Welcome Dr. Scharf, the floor is yours.</p> <p>Mike Scharf: Thank you very much, Dan. It's really nice to be here today and I definitely appreciate the invite to share some of this information with the urban pest management industry.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#why-understanding-mode-of-action-matters","title":"Why Understanding Mode of Action Matters","text":"<p>So today I'll be talking about just some of the basics of insecticide classification and mode of action for pest management professionals. And I'll acknowledge right at the outset that this is probably not something that's on everybody's radar screen out there in the industry. And just one of my goals in this presentation is just to help, even if no matter what your experience level is with pesticides, just to help raise anyone's level of understanding for how these things work. So my goal in this presentation is just this one overarching goal, and that's to improve general knowledge of how insecticides work. So, if you're dealing with a product, you can ask yourself, does this product target the nervous system of the insect? And if so, in what way does it target it? Or does the product work in a completely different way like an insect growth regulator? These are things I'll get into in a little more depth as I go through this talk.</p> <p>And so, knowing how these insecticide tools that we have available, how they actually work, this is essential knowledge for the industry. And so why is that? The first is just safety. So, some insecticide modes of action have lower non-target toxicity than others. So they affect insects more than they do mammals. Humans are mammals. And so there's the safety factor. Understanding how insecticides work can help with interpretation of advertising and trade literature which isn't always technically accurate, so it's good to have a little extra knowledge so you can interpret that trade literature. Pollinator health is really huge right now. It's becoming something that we all need to know about in the industry and how to protect pollinators. Especially with products like nicotinoids that actually move around in plants. And so if you're doing a lawn application, for example, the plants, flowering plants in the yard or the landscape can take up those nicotinoids and that can affect pollinators.</p> <p>Resistance management is a really big factor. Knowing how to rotate products is really important and do other things that can help get around the resistance problem. Product sustainability \u2014 in the industry we're stewards of, we represent the manufacturers as well as the pest management industry. And you need to understand that every product, every insecticide product that makes it to the market, it costs hundreds of millions of dollars, if not more, billions of dollars to get to the market. And so, using products wisely so they have the longest market life is just good business sense for the whole industry.</p> <p>Understanding how insecticides work can help design customized pesticide applications. And that goes along with situational pest management \u2014 designing customized applications with the right products for the right situation. Understanding how insecticides work and how they're formulated really comes into play with situational pest management. And then the last one here is just communicating with your customers and explaining to them how products work, but being able to do it in a way that communicates competence, that shows that you really understand what you're doing, you're going to be safe, you're going to protect pollinators. All these things are really important, I feel, and they all go together. And that's my motivation for putting together this particular talk, which I've given now several times over the last five years. And despite the technical nature of the information, I do get a lot of positive feedback on it. So hopefully everyone will feel the same today.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#presentation-outline-and-supporting-resources","title":"Presentation Outline and Supporting Resources","text":"<p>So here's an outline of what I'll be presenting. I just covered some background and introductory information. If we want to know how insecticides work, we need to talk about some of the basics of insect physiology because that's how insecticides work. They disrupt the physiological function of the organism that they're targeting. And that's how they cause deleterious effects in those target organisms. I'll talk about some basics of insecticides and the modes of action and then break them up into two different groups: the neurotoxic insecticides and then the non-neurotoxic insecticides. And then I'll finish with some more of this practical knowledge like the situational pest management kind of information \u2014 kind of bringing things, concepts together and talking about factors that affect how well insecticides work.</p> <p>So even if you don't follow along with everything in excruciating detail and it's all very new to you, the information that I'm presenting today, there are two additional sources of information. The first is an article published in 2011 called Insecticide Primer and Insecticide Mode of Action. This appeared in PCT Magazine. This was authored by myself and Dan Suiter. So there's some good supporting information to what I'll be presenting today. And then there's this publication that probably Dan and I, we co-authored, that we probably need to revise it soon \u2014 almost 10 years old now, Insecticide Basics for the Pest Management Professional. And this is available free of charge at this website shown at the bottom, sponsored by the University of Georgia. And I'll put these up at the end too in case you don't have time to write down this information here.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#insect-physiology-overview","title":"Insect Physiology Overview","text":"<p>So, starting with insect physiology and just giving a really brief overview. If you were an entomology student like we have here in our department at Purdue University, you would take a whole semester course on insect physiology and biochemistry. I'm not going to cover that whole course today, but I've just compressed it down into a couple of slides here.</p> <p>And there are just some critical physiological components of insects that is good to know about. These are the cuticle, the outer covering of the insect. The nervous system, which is basically what controls what's going on in the insects \u2014 the same thing happens in mammals and any animal has a nervous system that controls what's going on in the body. Muscles, of course, control movement and those muscles are controlled by the nervous system. The digestive system is where things happen with nutrition and food that's ingested in the insect, and there's this really important idea that the inside of the digestive tract is actually the outside of an organism. So it's kind of like we have this tube going down the middle of us that's actually outside of our bodies, and that's a barrier to digested insecticides. We talk about that too, and the respiratory system is really important as well. What we're talking about, for example, fumigant insecticides \u2014 that's how fumigants actually make it into the insect through the respiratory system.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#the-nervous-system","title":"The Nervous System","text":"<p>So just talking about some of these features in more detail. First is the nervous system, and so in every insect they have a brain and there's a ganglion that controls their mouth parts and then this ventral nerve cord that runs along the ventral, the bottom side of their body. That's the central nervous system of the insect and then there are all these peripheral nerves that come out and go throughout the body. So all our neurotoxic insecticides that we have, they're targeting the nervous system throughout the body.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#the-cuticle","title":"The Cuticle","text":"<p>The insect cuticle is actually very complex and it's made up of a lot of different layers. So if we think about insect growth regulators \u2014 they're disrupting the formation of the cuticle and that can have really pronounced consequences on the insect, but we just disrupt the subtle nature of the cuticle. The cuticle is also important because it's a barrier to insecticides. So any contact insecticides that an insect picks up in the environment, they have to make it through all these layers of the cuticle in order to get to the inside where the nervous system is.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#the-digestive-system","title":"The Digestive System","text":"<p>Over here is the gut. This is a really nice picture from my lab of a termite gut and you can see it's a pretty complex kind of thing. And again, here's this tube that goes down the middle of the gut which is actually the outside of the organism. So for example, insecticides that would be ingested, they have to penetrate through these barriers of the gut to make it into the body to affect their target sites. The gut is really complex.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#the-tracheal-system","title":"The Tracheal System","text":"<p>I'm jumping over here to the tracheal system. Within insects, they're a bit different than humans and other animals in that the tracheal system is this series of tubes, physical tubes that run through the whole body that bring air from the outside and deliver it to the inside of all the cells within an insect. That's different than animals and mammals like us \u2014 we have lungs, we breathe in the oxygen, we have gas exchange happening in our lungs, we have hemoglobin that carries all the oxygen around in our bodies. That's very different than what's actually happening in insects. Insects have this physical plumbing kind of system with all their trachea.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#muscles-and-calcium-channels","title":"Muscles and Calcium Channels","text":"<p>And then finally we have muscles, and so muscles are what control movement and responses to stimuli. Within the insect they have a really complex muscular system much like our own, and it's controlled by the nervous system of course. And we have some new insecticides that affect the insect calcium channels in their muscles, and this is a really important new mode of action that we have available that's actually very safe, it's very insect specific. And this would be insecticides like chlorantraniliprole or cyantraniliprole \u2014 really, those words just roll off your tongue, don't they? But those are insecticides that affect the insect muscles and they're very insect specific. It's good to know a little bit about musculature as well when we talk about this topic.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#insecticide-classification-and-target-sites","title":"Insecticide Classification and Target Sites","text":"<p>So, moving on from insect physiology, I next want to move over to insecticides and just some very basic concepts and then kind of moving towards modes of action, which gets a little more complex as we go on. But I promise not to get too technical, at least I'll try not to. It's a very technical topic so it's hard not to get too caught up in the technical details.</p> <p>So just thinking about insecticide classification first. Insecticides have chemical structures that allow them to be classified. So we can think about, like if we think about all the different insect groups, they have different kinds of morphology, different forms that allow them to be classified in the different taxonomic groups of the insects like termites and roaches and flies and all the different groups. So here we just have some insecticides listed. There won't be a quiz over this, but you can see if you just look at their structures, they look very different. They're made up of different elements, different atoms make them up. And these different structures are what give them different functions and allow them to target different target sites, which I'll talk about next.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#the-key-and-lock-analogy","title":"The Key and Lock Analogy","text":"<p>But this idea of insecticide class, target site in the insect, and then the mode of action at that target site \u2014 those are all highly interconnected concepts. And it all comes back to the chemistry, unfortunately. Chemistry can be a really intimidating topic, but it all comes back to that.</p> <p>So talking more about target site and mode of action \u2014 we can think about mode of action as almost like a key in a lock kind of scenario. So the insecticide has a very specific structure that allows it to interact with a very specific target site in the insect. Only that chemical is going to fit in that target site and then you imagine the lock would open and that's like the toxicity happening in the insect. You're disrupting the function of that physiological target site. And target sites are actual locations or physiological locations within the insects.</p> <p>Of course, I talked about this lock and the key analogy, but in reality, what people who study insecticide mode of action and design new insecticides, they're thinking in terms of what you see down here at the bottom. The target site, it's a protein, usually within the insect. It's got three-dimensional structure like the lock. And the insecticides actually, chemical structures can dock up with that target and disrupt it. So it's actually way more complex than the key in the lock. But thanks to modern science we can predict these things very well. And it's actually very similar to drug discovery and drug design as well. So really the drug field and the insecticide field have a lot of overlap, believe it or not.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#four-basic-modes-of-action","title":"Four Basic Modes of Action","text":"<p>But bringing it back to just these four very basic modes of action of the insecticides. Target sites are physiological locations. Modes of action are the actions of insecticides at those target sites. And we can really break it down into four modes of action. There are only four kinds that occur. So that would be stimulation or blockage, especially with nerves. So if you stimulate a nerve, you cause it to fire more rapidly. And if you block it, you basically shut it off \u2014 you keep it from firing. So we have pesticides that do both those things. We have other things that are called modulators, like pyrethroids. If you know anything about pyrethroids, they're modulators. So they're binding their target site and just kind of modulating its shape, changing the subtle ways that it functions. And then the last one here is inhibition. So we have a lot of insecticides that actually inhibit certain enzymes in the nervous system like acetylcholinesterase enzymes, which we may all know about are the target sites of organophosphates and carbamates, which I'll talk about too. But we have just these four very basic kinds of modes of action and it's very simple actually. When you just recognize there are only four ways that target sites can be disrupted.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#understanding-ld50","title":"Understanding LD50","text":"<p>So there's another concept which is the concept of the LD50. LD50 is the lethal dose that would kill 50% of your test insect that you're looking at. So every insecticide has a different LD50 that's unique to that insecticide. Not all different insecticides have different dose ranges at which they're effective. That's just the very nature of the chemistry and the physiology that's going on.</p> <p>So in general we can say that the relationship between product toxicity and LD50 is inverse. So the smaller the LD50, the higher the toxicity of a product. That means, so if an LD50 is small, that means that you only need a small dose to kill half of your test population. Insecticides that are more toxic or hazardous have lower LD50s.</p> <p>And insecticides that we have today are actually much more toxic to insects and pests than they are to people and pets \u2014 some by over 10,000 times. So that's really amazing if you think about it, that thanks to modern science and advances and technology and human understanding, we're able to design insecticides today that \u2014 some are actually completely safe for mammals. I'll point out some of these as the talk goes on, but we have insecticide classes like the diamides which don't have a signal word, if you can imagine that. So their mammalian toxicity is so low that they are not required to have a signal word. Although, that doesn't mean that we shouldn't practice safety with them.</p> <p>Another idea that's connected to this is that only very small amounts of insecticide that are placed in the environment of the pest actually reach their target site to cause toxicity. So the ratio is like billions to one, maybe even higher than that, of the actual amount of insecticide that goes out in the environment to what is contacted by the insect and travels through its body to reach the target site and have an effect. And a lot of that goes along with the insecticides just being so pest specific. So, I think we're moving in a really good direction as a whole in terms of being able to have safer products today. They have high mammalian LD50s and low insect LD50s.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#neurotoxic-insecticides-five-classifications","title":"Neurotoxic Insecticides \u2014 Five Classifications","text":"<p>So moving on then to the different insecticide classifications by mode of action and different chemistry groups. We have insecticides that target the nervous system and there are five major classifications here that I'll talk about. And then we have insecticides that do not target the nervous system. So if you're just thinking about very broad classifications out there, we can break them down into things that target the nervous system and things that do not target the nervous system. And I'll talk about five classifications of neurotoxins and then four classifications of products that are not neurotoxins.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#how-the-nervous-system-works","title":"How the Nervous System Works","text":"<p>So moving on \u2014 the insect nervous system is made up of millions of nerve cells. So it's pretty amazing when you think about it. When you think about nerve cells, individual nerve cells are what make up the whole nervous system. And so it's pretty amazing when you think about \u2014 hold your arm out and snap your finger. And think about the signal traveling through your whole nervous system, how fast that happens from your brain to the muscles in your finger. And then you heard the snap of your finger. That information traveled back from your ears to your brain. The nervous system moves at amazing speeds. Things happen incredibly fast. It's mind-boggling to think about.</p> <p>Again, try not to get too technical here because this is not a neurobiology course, but we can say that information travels through the nervous system in the form of electrical impulses. So these impulses are moving at the speed of light, basically. So this is electrical energy moving down a nerve cell. And then, remember the nervous system is composed of millions of cells and there are gaps between these cells called synapses. And so the electrical information, when it reaches the end of a nerve cell, then it becomes chemical information in the form of a neurotransmitter that will cross that gap. And those neurotransmitters bind a receptor on the other side and those are very specific to the different kinds of neurotransmitters. And then instantly, at the speed of light, that becomes electrical information again moving down the next neuron. So we have impulses that move in the form of electricity through nerves and then those impulses cross gaps in the form of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters, and those neurotransmitters bind receptors that carry the information to the next neuron. And again, this is all happening at the speed of light. So pretty fascinating.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#neurophysiology-in-the-lab","title":"Neurophysiology in the Lab","text":"<p>So in my lab, we study insecticide effects on the insect nervous system. How do we do that? We use a neurophysiology system, which is pretty fun and informative. You can do really good science with this kind of approach. And so here's an example \u2014 this is an American cockroach that's been dissected open by one of my students who has really good hands, hands of a surgeon as we joke and say. And you can see right here this is the ventral nerve cord of the American cockroach. And all these little squiggly lines here, those are the trachea I mentioned \u2014 those are the breathing tubes. You can't really see the nerve, but it's right down here in the middle. And we can stick an electrode onto that nerve cord and measure the electrical activity doing that. So this is an example of kind of like baseline activity. This is five minutes of recording, just the nerve firing away. And then if you apply an insecticide like fipronil \u2014 fipronil causes neuroexcitation. You can see here's an example of what happens to the nerve after that. It's firing at a much more rapid rate and with a higher magnitude of intensity. And so we can look at the nerves and see these effects very clearly with neurotoxins. So it's really informative and I think this kind of graphic really helps to bring it home and show some of the physiology that's going on.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#target-site-roadmap","title":"Target Site Roadmap","text":"<p>So moving along to insecticides that target sites in the nervous system \u2014 I'm going to talk about sodium channels, chloride channels, acetylcholine receptors, the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, and then we'll talk about combination products that target multiple locations at once. We have a lot more combination products available to us now and so it's good to understand how they work in collaboration.</p> <p>So here are some of the target sites in the nervous system. I'm trying to show here where the different target sites are on neurons. We have chloride channels which occur after the synapse \u2014 the GABA receptor and the glutamate receptor are actually chloride channels. Here's the acetylcholine receptor \u2014 it's actually a sodium channel, lets sodium into neurons. Not to be confused with these other things called sodium channels \u2014 you realize that can be really confusing. But these sodium channels that are on the axon of the nerve, the long skinny part of it, these are the actual on switch for a nerve cell. So pyrethroids target these sodium channels. Here's a synapse, the acetylcholine receptor is here. Here's acetylcholine, which is a neurotransmitter that will cross that synapse and bind the acetylcholine receptor. And over here then you can imagine this would be a muscle that would be controlled by these nerves. And we have calcium channels that control muscle contraction \u2014 those are the targets of diamide insecticides. So all these different physiological target sites appear on different locations of the nerves. They're doing different things for the natural function of the nerves. So the insecticides, when they disrupt them, they'll have different effects that we can see.</p> <p>And again, this is just a roadmap showing you the different physiological locations of the target sites and then the insecticide classes that affect them. Phenylpyrazoles like fipronil affect chloride channels, avermectins affect glutamate chloride channels, neonicotinoids and spinosyns affect the acetylcholine receptor, pyrethrins and pyrethroids and indoxacarb affect these axon sodium channels, diamides affect muscular calcium channels. And again, you can reference this information in some of the handouts that I'll show at the end.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#classification-1-sodium-channel-insecticides","title":"Classification 1: Sodium Channel Insecticides","text":"<p>So first off is the actual sodium channel insecticides. These sodium channels again, they're on the axon of the nerve \u2014 on this long skinny part of the nerve and they're really the on switch for the neuron. When they open, nerve impulses move in the form of electricity down the nerve.</p> <p>So we have pyrethroids and also DDT and pyrethrins in this category. They stimulate sodium channels and cause excitation, so they'll cause that nerve to fire, which causes the insect to \u2014 I'm sure everybody has seen insects, for example, treated with pyrethrins. They get knocked down right away. So that's that incoordination of their nervous system caused by that hyper excitation from their sodium channels being stimulated.</p> <p>We have oxadiazines \u2014 so this is indoxacarb, really big urban insecticides that we have. Indoxacarb affects the sodium channel but it blocks it. So it works in a completely different way, causes inhibition, and then the insect is actually paralyzed because its sodium channels don't work \u2014 the on switch is stuck in the off position, basically.</p> <p>We also have a newer insecticide called metaflumizone, which is a semicarbazone. I know there are ectoparasite uses for this product and possibly some other urban product uses as well. It also blocks sodium channels. So at sodium channels we can stimulate them or block them depending on the different insecticide chemistries.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#classification-2-chloride-channel-insecticides","title":"Classification 2: Chloride Channel Insecticides","text":"<p>Moving along to chloride channels. Chloride channels are located along the neuron and they cause chloride to flow into neurons, which actually mellows them out. So chloride has a negative charge that kind of brings down the activity of the neuron under natural conditions.</p> <p>But we have one of our biggest insecticides in the urban market \u2014 fipronil. Everybody knows that, I'm sure. It's actually off patent now. There's a lot of consumer products that have fipronil in them as well now. Fipronil blocks the chloride channel, so you're blocking this mellowing effect, which leads to excitation. And remember that nerve recording picture I showed you \u2014 we can apply fipronil and very quickly we can see the excitation happening in the nervous system.</p> <p>We also have the isoxazolines \u2014 this new class of insecticides has a lot of anti-parasitic uses, especially on pet products. Names here are fluralaner and sarolaner. So this could be really big in the flea market. It's good to know because vets are prescribing these things. They're out there in probably really good quantities and they compete with fipronil, so we can see some cross-resistance issues between them. Something to keep an eye on. Those are still really new products. Again, those cause excitation.</p> <p>We also have the avermectins like abamectin \u2014 a really good gel bait active ingredient that we have currently. Abamectin stimulates the chloride channels, which leads to inhibition \u2014 so that actually paralyzes the insect. It has the opposite effect of what fipronil would have, even though they're both affecting the same target site basically. They just do it in opposite ways.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#classification-3-acetylcholine-receptor-insecticides","title":"Classification 3: Acetylcholine Receptor Insecticides","text":"<p>Moving along to acetylcholine receptor insecticides. Remember, here we have one neuron with the electrical impulse traveling along it, we have a synapse here, and then we have another downstream neuron as we would say in the business. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that crosses that synapse to bind its receptor on the next neuron.</p> <p>And so we have mainly the nicotinoids \u2014 huge market share right now with these products. They're affecting the acetylcholine receptor by stimulating it and causing kind of excitation in the insect. And so we also have a new class called the sulfoximines, or sulfoxaflor \u2014 it's a new product you may be seeing. It acts at the same target site. And probably spinosyns, maybe for those working in the landscape market, have heard of spinosad \u2014 it basically affects the acetylcholine receptor in the same way.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#classification-4-acetylcholinesterase-inhibitors","title":"Classification 4: Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors","text":"<p>We also have the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, so they're acting to inhibit acetylcholinesterase \u2014 and that's the organophosphates and the carbamates, which we probably, anybody who's been in the industry a long time knows these products really well. They inhibit acetylcholinesterase and that causes excitation. This is not a really insect specific target site. These things work equally well against humans and mammals, and so we have a lot of restrictions on these kinds of products for a good reason.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#classification-5-combination-products","title":"Classification 5: Combination Products","text":"<p>So next, moving along to the combination products. I think it's really important to talk about these. All of our combination products that we have, they all start with tea. I'm not going to name them here because I get confused really quickly, because I'm sure that's part of the logic in naming them all with tea. But they combine nicotinoids and pyrethroids. And they cause this effect called potentiation, which is actually hitting two target sites at once. So you get this synergy, this one plus one equals three kind of effect. So again, the nicotinoids target the acetylcholine receptor, then the pyrethroids that are in these combo products affect the sodium channels. So affecting two target sites at once gives this added kind of effect. These products generally work, I think, but just like anything, they're not immune to having resistance in the pest to them. Important to keep in mind.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#non-neurotoxic-insecticides-four-classifications","title":"Non-Neurotoxic Insecticides \u2014 Four Classifications","text":"<p>So, that was things that targeted the nervous system. Now I want to quickly go through things that affect target sites outside the nervous system. And so these are the muscular calcium channels, insect growth regulators, inhibitors of energy production, and then the cuticle dehydrating dusts last.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#muscular-calcium-channels-diamides","title":"Muscular Calcium Channels (Diamides)","text":"<p>So the first one here is the muscular calcium channels. Again, this is where we have a nerve that's meeting up with a muscle \u2014 a muscle that's controlled by a nerve, they're all controlled by nerves. And we have these neuromuscular calcium channels that occur right at these locations. And when calcium comes out of them, that causes muscles to contract. So it's that simple \u2014 calcium equals muscle contraction.</p> <p>And so these products we have here are the diamides. We have chlorantraniliprole and now cyantraniliprole and probably there are others on the way too. What these things do is they stimulate the neuromuscular calcium channel and that causes that muscle to contract for a few hours and then it burns up all its energy and then it's inhibited and the insect just kind of is laying there in a paralyzed state for a few days until all its energy is burned up and it eventually dies. And so these products are actually so safe for mammals that no signal words were required by the EPA initially. Now the manufacturers did a really smart thing in this case and said no, we're going to give them a caution signal word still, which I think is very wise. But these products are pretty safe. But that doesn't mean you should not follow safety guidelines when using them as well.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#insect-growth-regulators","title":"Insect Growth Regulators","text":"<p>So talking next about insect growth regulators. Insects, as we all know, they have outer exoskeletons and they undergo metamorphosis. And we have different kinds of development that insects go through. You have the ametabolous development where the older insects look just like the younger ones except they're just bigger. We have incomplete metamorphosis, hemimetabolous insects like grasshoppers and roaches and termites, where really the only difference between adults and juveniles is that adults have wings and they're reproductively competent and the juveniles are not. And then we have complete metamorphosis like in mosquitoes and flies and caterpillars and those kinds of things where the immatures are larvae that don't really look anything like the adult.</p> <p>And so my point in showing these is there's a lot of intricate changes that are going on in the insect cuticle as they move through development and that's all controlled by hormones and chitin synthesis enzymes that synthesize the chitin in the exoskeleton. Insect development is really intricate, and as an insect is going from egg to adult, there are all these different hormones that are changing their concentrations in the insect. And that's what's controlling \u2014 some are occurring together and some are occurring alone. And that's what controls these really subtle changes. And then eventually they molt. Lots of hormones here acting in concert that can be disrupted for insect control purposes. And that's where the insect growth regulators come into play.</p> <p>We have the juvenile hormone analogs and the chitin synthesis inhibitors \u2014 those are the two big ones that we have in the urban market. Juvenile hormone analogs, they mimic juvenile hormone and this leads to cuticle deformation and actually extra juvenile stages, which \u2014 if you have juveniles that can't mate, that can cause the population to crash, so that's part of the strategy there. With IGRs like pyriproxyfen, for example, we see this wing twist happening in insects, like cockroaches especially, as they move through development. So if you go into a new account and you see individuals with wing twist, you can put good money down on the fact that IGRs are in that population affecting it. So you may not want to use them continuously, thinking of potential resistance issues. It might be okay to use a different product when you see wing twist in the population.</p> <p>Chitin synthesis inhibitors \u2014 they inhibit the enzyme that causes the cuticle to form in the insect as it's going through the molting process, and chitin synthesis inhibitors can lead to death during molting. Some of the effects like you can see in termites treated with chitin synthesis inhibitors is they show this jackknife effect even well after they're done molting, and this is from their cuticle being malformed.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#inhibitors-of-energy-production","title":"Inhibitors of Energy Production","text":"<p>And inhibitors of energy production \u2014 a lot of products here, I don't want to get into them too much, but these things all target the mitochondria, which is like the energy in all cells of all organisms \u2014 plants, animals, insects, whatever, fish, bacteria \u2014 everybody's got mitochondria. And there's this thing called respiration happening here and different kinds of toxins are affecting different parts of the respiratory chain. I don't want to get into that in too much detail because there's a lot of different things going on here. But some of the products you may be familiar with are hydramethylnon \u2014 it's a cockroach bait. Chlorfenapyr, that's a good product that we have, it's got a food label, it's pretty safe. Fumigants like sulfuryl fluoride and others, methyl bromide \u2014 they inhibit mitochondria. And wood treatments like disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, DSOBTH, that actually can affect insect respiration, and boric acid is very similar, also affects insect respiration by disrupting this process. Although there's evidence also that boric acid can be abrasive, be like a desiccant and disrupt the actual gut lining.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#cuticle-dehydrating-dusts","title":"Cuticle Dehydrating Dusts","text":"<p>And lastly \u2014 congratulations, we've made it to the last mode of action here \u2014 we have the cuticle dehydrating dusts and it's pretty simple what they do. Here we have silica gel and diatomaceous earth which are just basically finely ground glass powder. On the outside of the insect surface there's this really fine waxy oily layer that helps protect the insect from water loss. So these things, they abrade the cuticle, they break it down, which leads to water loss in the insect and lethargy, for example. So you just can look at them and see they're not happy after they've been exposed to these things.</p> <p>And we have diatomaceous earth which mainly contains silicon \u2014 that's the big active ingredient here, which actually comes from the ground exoskeletons of diatoms, which are organisms that have silicon in their outer exoskeleton. So it's a major source for these things. So that's how the dehydrating dusts work. I know that was really like a whirlwind tour of the different modes of action. But again, just trying to give you some basic information that you could follow up on later if you really wanted to. And again, I'll put up some references at the end that you can go to.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#practical-factors-affecting-insecticide-performance","title":"Practical Factors Affecting Insecticide Performance","text":"<p>So the last part of the talk here \u2014 coming down the home stretch \u2014 there are several factors that affect how well insecticides work. And I just broke these down into stability and persistence, formulations, pest behavior, sanitation, and resistance. So this is where the toxicology of the insecticides comes into practice in these various areas.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#stability-persistence-and-formulations","title":"Stability, Persistence, and Formulations","text":"<p>So on the topic of stability and persistence \u2014 most insecticides are oily in nature, which helps them across the cuticle and membranes and reach their target sites within the insects. So if we think about we put oil and water, what happens? The two things partition in the phases. Usually the oil will float on top. And that's really the same thing that happens with a lot of our insecticides. They're very oily by their very nature. But unfortunately, in their pure raw form, insecticides not only would they be unsafe, but also they can degrade rapidly in UV light. So ultraviolet light can break them down and they can be lost in the environment. So even though they don't dissolve in water, they can move with water and end up moving to places where you didn't apply them. So that's why we have formulations.</p> <p>And formulations are complex mixtures of the active ingredient, inert ingredients, and/or food attractants and stabilizers in the form of baits, for example. And these things, they enhance the stability and extend the longevity of the insecticide. They enhance safety, they make the product easier to handle or mix, and they keep the active ingredient dissolved in water effectively. And so some of our different formulations, which I'm sure everybody out there who is actually working in the industry on a day-to-day basis knows these things really intimately well \u2014 we have our bait insecticides, granulars, dusts, aerosols, fumigants, and then liquids. Of course, we have all these different forms that the insecticide will come in like the emulsifiable concentrate, wettable powder, microencapsulated, suspension concentrate, etc. So the formulations are physical factors, physical things that are added that are mixed with the insecticide active ingredient to help deliver it and make it safer and dissolve in water. We have to have formulations to make insecticides work.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#pest-behavior","title":"Pest Behavior","text":"<p>Another really interesting thing to think about is how pest behavior can impact how insecticides work. I just have three examples here, but I'm sure people who are out there working in the field and observing things can have other things to add.</p> <p>With cockroaches we have secondary and tertiary kill. If we have a cockroach that eats a bait and it either excretes some of the bait in its excrement or it's dead and another roach feeds on it or another roach eats its feces, we can have secondary kill and even tertiary kill. It's even been shown that insecticides can pass through the digestive tracts of two roaches and if a third roach eats the feces from the second roach, it can still be affected in a tertiary way. That's pretty fascinating.</p> <p>We have flea larvae that can be exposed to insecticides from their host, like a dog or a cat that's treated with a product that you would get from a vet, for example. And the adult fleas will defecate out the insecticide and the mature fleas in the nesting material will eat the feces of the adults \u2014 it's how they get some of their nutrition. And so they can be secondarily affected by insecticides through their behaviors, their natural behaviors that can be exploited.</p> <p>And then another factor \u2014 social insects like termites and ants practice trophallaxis and allogrooming. So they're spreading food materials from both ends, from the mouth and the anus side. They're sharing materials. They're also grooming each other, and this can be a great way for insecticides to move from individual to individual. So typically we want slow-acting insecticides in these kinds of situations in order to affect the maximum number of individuals in a population.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#sanitation","title":"Sanitation","text":"<p>Briefly here, sanitation \u2014 we all know it's really important. Despite today's insecticides being mostly pest specific and even having very selective toxicity to insects, poor sanitation always makes them less effective. So this is where the IPM mindset really comes into play to help make insecticides more effective.</p> <p>Excess food in an account will compete with bait \u2014 that's pretty logical. If we can eliminate that competing food, we can get more bait to be eaten by the pests we're trying to target. Clutter creates excess harborage that can't be treated. We've all been in that mega cockroach account that maybe looks like the top here where everything is moving, and you certainly can't treat all that surface. Legally we can't. And dirt and grease tie up insecticides too. So this is an extreme case here in the bottom, but the insecticide is going to be less effective in that environment. Absolutely no question. So this is where the IPM mindset comes into play with making insecticides more effective.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#resistance","title":"Resistance","text":"<p>Another important factor here is resistance. So this is where toxicology interfaces with practice in a really big way. This is something I study \u2014 maybe I'm most well known for working on insecticide resistance. I would argue that resistance is probably the number one cause of callbacks in cockroach accounts. Some of the things we've seen in recent years are just amazing, even with baits. We've seen cockroaches that can eat bait as their only food source for a month and survive. Pretty mind-boggling.</p> <p>Bedbugs \u2014 pyrethroid resistance is widespread, we know that. But there's also newer evidence of resistance to other active ingredients. Not picking on chlorfenapyr here, but the potential is there for resistance to not only this active ingredient, but to nicotinoids as well as others. It's just a really big problem. The pests are always adapting with resistance and we have to figure out how to stay ahead of it to have our products keep working.</p> <p>One way to do that is product rotation \u2014 it seems to be key for long-term success. And even with mixture products, those mixture products that start with tea that combine two active ingredients, we even need to use those in rotation. This is a typical rotation scheme that we've been recommending for years for cockroaches. Every three months switch active ingredients, maybe even every month if you can do it. But we've also learned that it depends on the active ingredients you're using too. Not all active ingredients are going to be compatible, and unfortunately the science is really lacking here. We hope to publish some papers soon showing which products would work the best in combination in rotations. But that information is still evolving and it's something definitely I would encourage the industry to be paying attention to and asking for in the coming months and years.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#summary","title":"Summary","text":"<p>So that kind of brings me down the home stretch. My summary points here are insect physiology provides unique insecticide target sites, but also creates penetration barriers. I talked about five classifications of neurotoxic insecticides, so just try to keep that in mind that there are five, and you can follow up on what they are on your own time. And then with non-neurotoxic insecticides, there are four classifications here that we have. So if you know what these nine classes are, as a technician or a technical manager, you will be able to communicate this to your customers better and maybe communicate more competence and also maybe be more effective at pest management. I'm sure you will be more effective. And lastly, insecticide chemistry interacts with other factors like behavior and resistance and sanitation that impact both insecticide use and efficacy. So again, big take-home message here \u2014 increasing your knowledge in all these areas can make you a better pest manager. I'm completely sure of it.</p> <p>So with that, I'll thank you for your attention and I'll put up this very last slide here. This is the two additional sources of information that you can go to for supporting information of what I presented here today. So thanks very much.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#audience-discussion","title":"Audience Discussion","text":"<p>Dan Suiter: All right, very good stuff, Mike. You commented on resistance there at the end. I think we may have to have you back for a webinar on resistance. Did you ever give a resistance webinar, Mike, in the past several years, or was it always a mode of action?</p> <p>Mike Scharf: I did. I did give one on bedbugs and roaches. We've got more information now.</p> <p>Dan Suiter: Okay. Well, I'll see you in Denver. I might have to hit you up on a something for next year. But we did have a few really good questions that came in, Mike. I'll kind of go through those. I don't know if we'll have time to get to all of them.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#on-combination-products-and-resistance","title":"On Combination Products and Resistance","text":"<p>Dan Suiter: I had one question here on combination products \u2014 since we're using combination products at lower doses, do we risk the potential of resistance to two chemistries at once?</p> <p>Mike Scharf: I would say even though the manufacturers don't want to hear it, I would say yes. We've seen evidence of resistance to both active ingredients in select roach populations. Roaches that are resistant to both nicotinoids and pyrethroids \u2014 and that affects the product performance. So yes.</p> <p>Dan Suiter: Is it a fair statement, Mike, that just the development of resistance is kind of inevitable with overuse of an active ingredient? Is that the inevitability of resistance?</p> <p>Mike Scharf: Absolutely. I try not to pick on products because I think that resistance is possible to any product and we've seen it, and so it's just all a matter of appropriate use for lengths of time and intensities of selection. So it's possible always.</p> <p>Dan Suiter: Yeah, I guess that's what those resistance management ideas you were talking about are so important.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#on-new-active-ingredients","title":"On New Active Ingredients","text":"<p>Dan Suiter: I had a question here \u2014 this is my question. Talk about the flow of new active ingredients into the pest control industry. It seems that over the years things have kind of slowed down and the industry is kind of generic heavy at this point. What's the horizon for new active ingredients that are coming into the industry? Do the big manufacturers \u2014 do they all have active ingredients that they're working on? Will we see new actives that are coming into the market?</p> <p>Mike Scharf: Well, a lot of it depends on economics, of course, and I think all of our manufacturers have lots of things in the pipeline, it's just a matter of them being able to get it into the market and have it make money. The market's got to be right, and so they're very careful about how they move things and get them into the market. It's an expensive process, and we have to remember the urban slice of the pie is not as big as agriculture. This is just where we need a voice and need to keep after the manufacturers to let them know we need these things.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#on-chlorantraniliprole-and-earthworms","title":"On Chlorantraniliprole and Earthworms","text":"<p>Dan Suiter: I had a question here about chlorantraniliprole, Mike. Would it have an effect on nonvertebrates like earthworms?</p> <p>Mike Scharf: That's a good question. I would suspect it probably does, but the way the labeling is, possibly not as much. It's a really unique molecule in terms of being super selective for even certain insect groups. It's possible there's some selectivity, I just haven't seen that info.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#on-irac-classification","title":"On IRAC Classification","text":"<p>Dan Suiter: How about the IRAC? You didn't mention \u2014 this wasn't really a resistance talk \u2014 but can you mention IRAC and what that is for the audience?</p> <p>Mike Scharf: Yeah, IRAC is I-R-A-C, the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee. And so all of our manufacturers have representatives who are part of IRAC globally, and they come up with different mode of action classifications that can help you decide how to rotate products. And so if you Google IRAC, I don't have their exact web address in front of me, but they have a really nice thing that they update once or twice a year with all the different chemistries available. So you can see the whole landscape of active ingredients available and you can get help there for choosing different modes of action to rotate through. That's one of their main functions.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#on-nicotinoids-vs-neonicotinoids","title":"On Nicotinoids vs. Neonicotinoids","text":"<p>Dan Suiter: Another question here, Mike \u2014 you had talked about nicotinoid insecticides. One of the operators was familiar with the neonic. Is there a difference between the nicotinoids and the neonicotinoids?</p> <p>Mike Scharf: I think it's just terminology. They're pretty much \u2014 so the nicotinoids look more like nicotine, which is what they were patterned after, and then the neonicotinoids, kind of they've evolved. They don't really look like nicotine anymore physically, but they still affect the acetylcholine receptor. Like clothianidin is a neonicotinoid, whereas \u2014</p> <p>Dan Suiter: Imidacloprid is a nicotinoid. I see. So nicotine is an insecticide.</p> <p>Mike Scharf: Absolutely. We can talk about what happened the first time we chewed tobacco or smoked a cigarette way back as teenagers.</p> <p>Dan Suiter: Yeah, I remember somebody at Purdue used to chew tobacco and put it inside of a jar and then put some caterpillars in there and it would kill them.</p> <p>Mike Scharf: It's dangerous stuff.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#on-oral-vs-dermal-toxicity","title":"On Oral vs. Dermal Toxicity","text":"<p>Dan Suiter: Could you comment on the difference between the toxicity between \u2014 say you took the same active ingredient, it's typically more toxic via an oral route of entry, correct? As opposed to a contact toxicity?</p> <p>Mike Scharf: Right. So yeah, all insecticides are going to be almost in all cases more active by ingestion than they are by dermal exposure.</p> <p>Dan Suiter: And why is that?</p> <p>Mike Scharf: Well, in terms of the insect, the cuticle, their outer cuticle, it's waterproof and it's got lots of layers. Whereas if you look at the gut \u2014 I showed that picture of the gut \u2014 it's just a thin layer of cells and stuff as opposed to the cuticle. And in mammals, our skin is an incredibly resistant barrier to insecticide and toxins, so things are always more active by ingestion.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#on-repellent-vs-non-repellent-insecticides","title":"On Repellent vs. Non-Repellent Insecticides","text":"<p>Dan Suiter: And the final question here, Mike, and this is I think somewhat of a loaded question \u2014 the difference between repellent and non-repellent insecticides. I don't know that it's really that simple. Somebody here wants information on where they could go to find insecticides that are repellent and others that are non-repellent. Is it that simple?</p> <p>Mike Scharf: I think probably in the trade magazines. I'm thinking back to when the non-repellent termiticides first hit the market 15 years ago. There was a lot of talk about that and I think the real distinction there is pyrethroids and everything else. Pyrethroids are like pepper spray to insects. All our other actives are not detected nearly as much.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#on-essential-oils-and-25b-products","title":"On Essential Oils and 25B Products","text":"<p>Dan Suiter: I have one final question here, Mike, before we let you go. So the essential oils seem to have really \u2014 the whole green revolution here over the past several years has really kind of taken off in terms of use of 25B exempt actives \u2014 rosemary and spearmint and cedar, that kind of thing. Can you comment on kind of \u2014 have any ideas on why that's happening in terms of \u2014 I guess you don't have the registration cost for one thing, but there seems to be a lot of products that have a lot of those essential oils in them now.</p> <p>Mike Scharf: Right, well, consumers want them. The customers are \u2014 they have the ability to learn about these things more, and so there's the demand, I think, is probably what it comes down to. They can be effective.</p> <p>Dan Suiter: Yeah, they're very good repellents. We've done a lot of work with them on ants. They're very repellent.</p> <p>Mike Scharf: Right. They smell nice sometimes. You get aromatherapy in combination with \u2014</p> <p>Dan Suiter: Yeah, your house can smell like a peppermint candy.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/prose-transcript/#closing","title":"Closing","text":"<p>Dan Suiter: I think that's about it, Mike. We really appreciate this. I've seen this \u2014 this is something the industry just doesn't get enough of, and you really have put this together nicely. It's from A to Z here, it's really nice. So we appreciate your time and thanks everybody for paying attention. Again, don't log out \u2014 we're going to take a five-minute break now and get ready for ants. Appreciate it, Mike, and we'll see you in a couple weeks.</p> <p>Mike Scharf: Yeah, thanks Dan. Thank you everybody.</p> <p>Transcript processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) \u2014 GTBOP_Transcript_2017-10-18_InsecticideMOA.srt (742 blocks)</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/matching/","title":"GTBOP Moodle Matching Exercises","text":""},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/matching/#principles-of-insecticide-mode-of-action-dr-michael-scharf","title":"Principles of Insecticide Mode of Action \u2014 Dr. Michael Scharf","text":"<p>Webinar Date: October 18, 2017 Series: Structural Pest Control Activity Type: Matching Exercises Exercises: 3 Total Pairs: 26 (8 + 10 + 8)</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/matching/#chain-of-custody","title":"CHAIN OF CUSTODY","text":"<ul> <li>Source documents: Corrected SRT (GTBOP_Transcript_2017-10-18_InsecticideMOA.srt) + Archive Package (GTBOP_Archive_Summary_2017-10-18_InsecticideMOA.md)</li> <li>All terms, definitions, and relationships derived exclusively from presentation content</li> </ul>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/matching/#matching-exercise-1-insecticide-classes-and-their-target-sites","title":"Matching Exercise 1: Insecticide Classes and Their Target Sites","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 28:40 \u2013 39:05 (primary coverage area) Type: Product-Target Site Matching</p> <p>Instructions: Match each insecticide class in Column A with the target site it affects in Column B. Note: Column B contains two extra items.</p> # Column A Column B 1 Pyrethroids a) Chloride channels 2 Fipronil (phenylpyrazole) b) Acetylcholine receptor 3 Nicotinoids c) Muscular calcium channels 4 Organophosphates and carbamates d) Axonal sodium channels 5 Diamides (chlorantraniliprole) e) Acetylcholinesterase enzyme 6 Indoxacarb (oxadiazine) f) Mitochondria (energy production) 7 Abamectin (avermectin) g) Chitin synthesis enzymes 8 Chitin synthesis inhibitors h) Glutamate-gated chloride channels i) Juvenile hormone receptors j) Axonal sodium channels (blockage) <p>Answer Key: 1 \u2192 d, 2 \u2192 a, 3 \u2192 b, 4 \u2192 e, 5 \u2192 c, 6 \u2192 j, 7 \u2192 h, 8 \u2192 g</p> <p>Notes: - Items 1 and 6 both target sodium channels but through opposite mechanisms (stimulation vs. blockage), which is why they map to separate entries (d and j). This distinction is a key teaching point from the presentation. - Distractors: (f) mitochondria and (i) juvenile hormone receptors are legitimate target sites discussed elsewhere in the presentation but do not match the classes listed in Column A.</p> <p>Source in transcript: Blocks 301\u2013343 (target site roadmap), 346\u2013362 (sodium channels), 363\u2013387 (chloride channels), 388\u2013407 (acetylcholine), 429\u2013444 (diamides), 466\u2013482 (IGRs)</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/matching/#matching-exercise-2-insecticide-mode-of-action-effects","title":"Matching Exercise 2: Insecticide Mode of Action Effects","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 17:51 \u2013 47:00 (spans full classification section) Type: Product-Effect Matching</p> <p>Instructions: Match each insecticide or insecticide class in Column A with the physiological effect it produces in insects, as described by Dr. Scharf, in Column B. Note: Column B contains two extra items.</p> # Column A Column B 1 Pyrethroids / pyrethrins a) Blocks chloride channels, causing nervous system excitation 2 Fipronil b) Stimulates muscular calcium channels, causing contraction followed by energy depletion and paralysis 3 Indoxacarb c) Stimulates sodium channels, causing rapid knockdown and excitation 4 Organophosphates d) Inhibits chitin synthesis enzyme, causing death during molting 5 Diamides e) Blocks sodium channels, causing paralysis (\"on switch stuck in off position\") 6 Juvenile hormone analogs (pyriproxyfen) f) Inhibits acetylcholinesterase, causing excitation from neurotransmitter buildup 7 Chitin synthesis inhibitors g) Mimics juvenile hormone, causing cuticle deformation and extra juvenile stages 8 Abamectin h) Stimulates chloride channels, causing inhibition and paralysis 9 Silica gel / diatomaceous earth i) Abrades waxy cuticle layer, causing water loss and dehydration 10 Nicotinoid-pyrethroid combinations j) Stimulates acetylcholine receptors and sodium channels simultaneously (potentiation) k) Disrupts mitochondrial respiration, depleting cellular energy l) Blocks acetylcholine receptors, preventing nerve signal transmission <p>Answer Key: 1 \u2192 c, 2 \u2192 a, 3 \u2192 e, 4 \u2192 f, 5 \u2192 b, 6 \u2192 g, 7 \u2192 d, 8 \u2192 h, 9 \u2192 i, 10 \u2192 j</p> <p>Notes: - This exercise tests understanding of both the target site AND the specific mode of action (stimulation vs. blockage vs. inhibition) \u2014 the core teaching framework of the presentation. - Distractors: (k) mitochondrial disruption is discussed for products like hydramethylnon but is not paired with any Column A item; (l) is a plausible-sounding but incorrect mechanism not described in the presentation.</p> <p>Source in transcript: Blocks 184\u2013205 (four modes of action), 346\u2013362 (sodium channels), 363\u2013387 (chloride channels), 388\u2013407 (acetylcholine), 408\u2013420 (combinations), 429\u2013444 (diamides), 466\u2013482 (IGRs), 499\u2013511 (dusts)</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/matching/#matching-exercise-3-practical-factors-affecting-insecticide-performance","title":"Matching Exercise 3: Practical Factors Affecting Insecticide Performance","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 48:15 \u2013 56:30 (practical factors section) Type: Timing-Practice Matching</p> <p>Instructions: Match each practical factor or scenario in Column A with the correct explanation or outcome described by Dr. Scharf in Column B. Note: Column B contains two extra items.</p> # Column A Column B 1 Excess food in a cockroach account a) Can pass insecticide through two digestive tracts and still affect a third individual 2 Dirt and grease on treated surfaces b) Physically bind and tie up insecticides, reducing their effectiveness 3 Cockroach secondary/tertiary kill c) Enables slow-acting insecticides to spread through food sharing and grooming 4 Trophallaxis and allogrooming in social insects d) Competes directly with bait placements, reducing consumption by target pests 5 Flea larvae exposed through adult flea feces e) Causes the insecticide's active ingredient to degrade faster in the environment 6 UV light exposure on raw insecticides f) Larvae consume insecticide-laden feces of treated adults as a nutritional source 7 Formulations (inerts, stabilizers, attractants) g) Enhance stability, extend longevity, improve safety, and keep active ingredients dissolved in water 8 Product rotation every 3 months or monthly h) Helps manage resistance by alternating between different modes of action i) Increases the LD50 of the product, making it less toxic to target pests j) Converts neurotoxic insecticides into non-repellent formulations <p>Answer Key: 1 \u2192 d, 2 \u2192 b, 3 \u2192 a, 4 \u2192 c, 5 \u2192 f, 6 \u2192 e, 7 \u2192 g, 8 \u2192 h</p> <p>Notes: - This exercise bridges the gap between toxicology and practice \u2014 the section of the presentation Scharf described as \"where toxicology interfaces with practice.\" - Distractors: (i) is plausible-sounding but reverses the relationship (formulations don't increase LD50 for targets); (j) is a fabricated mechanism not described in the presentation.</p> <p>Source in transcript: Blocks 515\u2013547 (stability and formulations), 548\u2013567 (pest behavior), 568\u2013585 (sanitation), 586\u2013611 (resistance management)</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/matching/#moodle-activity-verification","title":"Moodle Activity Verification","text":"<ul> <li>[x] All terms, definitions, and relationships derived from presentation content</li> <li>[x] Timestamp references verified against corrected SRT</li> <li>[x] No external knowledge required to answer correctly</li> <li>[x] Matching items unambiguous based on presentation content</li> <li>[x] 1\u20132 plausible distractors included per exercise to prevent elimination guessing</li> <li>[x] Answer keys unambiguously correct per speaker's content</li> <li>[x] Exercises cover early (target sites), middle (modes of action and effects), and late (practical factors) presentation content</li> </ul>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/quiz/","title":"GTBOP Moodle Quiz","text":""},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/quiz/#principles-of-insecticide-mode-of-action-dr-michael-scharf","title":"Principles of Insecticide Mode of Action \u2014 Dr. Michael Scharf","text":"<p>Webinar Date: October 18, 2017 Series: Structural Pest Control Activity Type: Multiple Choice Quiz Questions: 15 Difficulty Distribution: 6 Recall (40%) / 6 Application (40%) / 3 Analysis (20%)</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/quiz/#chain-of-custody","title":"CHAIN OF CUSTODY","text":"<ul> <li>Source documents: Corrected SRT (GTBOP_Transcript_2017-10-18_InsecticideMOA.srt) + Archive Package (GTBOP_Archive_Summary_2017-10-18_InsecticideMOA.md)</li> <li>All questions and answers derived exclusively from presentation content</li> <li>No external knowledge required to answer correctly</li> </ul>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/quiz/#question-1","title":"Question 1","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 17:51 \u2013 19:30 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>According to Dr. Scharf, how many basic modes of action do all insecticides fall into?</p> <p>a) Two b) Four c) Six d) Nine</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Scharf states there are only four basic modes of action: stimulation, blockage, modulation, and inhibition. He emphasizes that all insecticide effects on target sites can be categorized into one of these four mechanisms. Source in transcript: ~18:07 \u2014 \"We can really break it down into four modes of action. There are only four kinds that occur.\"</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/quiz/#question-2","title":"Question 2","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 32:24 \u2013 34:07 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>Which insecticide class targets axonal sodium channels by stimulating them, causing rapid knockdown and excitation in insects?</p> <p>a) Phenylpyrazoles b) Diamides c) Pyrethroids d) Organophosphates</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Scharf explains that pyrethroids (along with DDT and pyrethrins) stimulate sodium channels on the nerve axon, causing excitation and the rapid knockdown commonly observed when insects are treated with pyrethrins. Source in transcript: ~32:56 \u2014 \"We have pyrethroids and also DDT and pyrethrins... They stimulate sodium channels and cause excitation.\"</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/quiz/#question-3","title":"Question 3","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 34:12 \u2013 36:16 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A technician applies fipronil to a cockroach harborage area and observes insects exhibiting hyperexcitation rather than paralysis. Based on Dr. Scharf's explanation of fipronil's mode of action, why does fipronil cause excitation rather than sedation?</p> <p>a) Fipronil stimulates sodium channels, causing nerves to fire rapidly b) Fipronil blocks chloride channels, removing the calming effect of chloride on neurons c) Fipronil inhibits acetylcholinesterase, causing neurotransmitter buildup d) Fipronil stimulates muscular calcium channels, causing uncontrolled contraction</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Scharf explains that chloride normally has a \"mellowing\" effect on neurons. Fipronil blocks the chloride channel, removing that calming influence, which leads to excitation. He demonstrated this with nerve recordings showing increased firing rate after fipronil application. Source in transcript: ~34:48 \u2014 \"Fipronil blocks the chloride channel so you're blocking this mellowing effect which leads to excitation.\"</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/quiz/#question-4","title":"Question 4","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 33:22 \u2013 34:10 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A pest management professional encounters a situation where rapid knockdown is undesirable and instead needs an insecticide that paralyzes insects by blocking nervous system function. Which sodium channel insecticide would best fit this need, based on the presentation?</p> <p>a) Bifenthrin b) Indoxacarb c) Fipronil d) Imidacloprid</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Scharf explains that indoxacarb (an oxadiazine) blocks sodium channels rather than stimulating them, causing the \"on switch\" to be stuck in the off position, which paralyzes the insect. This contrasts with pyrethroids like bifenthrin, which stimulate sodium channels and cause excitation. Source in transcript: ~33:34 \u2014 \"Indoxacarb affects the sodium channel but it blocks it... the insect is actually paralyzed because its sodium channels don't work.\"</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/quiz/#question-5","title":"Question 5","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 40:02 \u2013 41:40 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>What is unique about the mammalian safety profile of diamide insecticides such as chlorantraniliprole?</p> <p>a) They require a \"Danger\" signal word due to moderate toxicity b) Their mammalian toxicity is so low that the EPA initially did not require a signal word c) They are equally toxic to mammals and insects d) They are safe only when applied as baits, not as sprays</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Scharf states that diamides are so safe for mammals that the EPA initially required no signal word. Manufacturers voluntarily adopted a \"caution\" label. He still emphasized that safety guidelines should be followed. Source in transcript: ~41:04 \u2014 \"These products are actually so safe for mammals that no signal words were required by the EPA initially.\"</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/quiz/#question-6","title":"Question 6","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 40:02 \u2013 41:03 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>According to Dr. Scharf, what happens physiologically when a diamide insecticide like chlorantraniliprole affects an insect?</p> <p>a) It blocks sodium channels, preventing nerve impulses b) It inhibits chitin synthesis during molting c) It stimulates muscular calcium channels, causing contraction followed by energy depletion and paralysis d) It disrupts the insect's respiratory chain in the mitochondria</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Scharf explains that diamides stimulate neuromuscular calcium channels, causing muscles to contract for hours until the insect's energy is burned up, after which it enters a paralyzed state for days until it dies. Source in transcript: ~40:48 \u2014 \"What these things do is they stimulate the neuromuscular calcium channel and that causes that muscle to contract for a few hours and then it burns up all its energy.\"</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/quiz/#question-7","title":"Question 7","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 36:20 \u2013 38:01 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>Which of the following target sites do nicotinoid insecticides affect?</p> <p>a) Sodium channels on the nerve axon b) Chloride channels on neurons c) Acetylcholine receptors at the synapse d) Muscular calcium channels</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Scharf identifies nicotinoids as affecting the acetylcholine receptor by stimulating it and causing excitation in the insect. He also notes that sulfoximines and spinosyns share this same target site. Source in transcript: ~36:54 \u2014 \"We have our mainly the nicotinoids... They're affecting the acetylcholine receptor by stimulating it.\"</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/quiz/#question-8","title":"Question 8","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 37:28 \u2013 38:01 Difficulty: Analysis</p> <p>Dr. Scharf notes that organophosphates and carbamates are subject to more regulatory restrictions than many newer insecticide classes. Based on his explanation, what is the underlying reason for these restrictions?</p> <p>a) They are more expensive to manufacture than newer products b) Their target site (acetylcholinesterase) is not insect-specific, so they are equally effective against mammals c) They cause environmental persistence that exceeds all other insecticide classes d) They are only effective against a narrow range of pest species</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Scharf explicitly states that the acetylcholinesterase target site is \"not a really insect specific target site\" and that \"these things work equally well against humans and mammals,\" which is the reason for restrictions on these product classes. Source in transcript: ~37:53 \u2014 \"This is not a really insect specific target site. You know these things work equally well against humans and mammals and so we have a lot of restrictions.\"</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/quiz/#question-9","title":"Question 9","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 38:04 \u2013 39:05 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A combination product pairs a nicotinoid with a pyrethroid. Based on Dr. Scharf's presentation, what advantage does this combination provide over a single active ingredient?</p> <p>a) The two ingredients target the same site for a doubled dose effect b) The combination eliminates the need for product rotation c) Hitting two different target sites simultaneously produces a potentiation effect \u2014 synergy greater than either alone d) The pyrethroid component makes the product non-repellent</p> <p>Correct Answer: c Explanation: Scharf explains that combination products produce potentiation by hitting two target sites at once \u2014 the nicotinoid targets the acetylcholine receptor while the pyrethroid targets sodium channels \u2014 creating a \"one plus one equals three\" synergistic effect. Source in transcript: ~38:35 \u2014 \"They cause this effect called potentiation, which is actually hitting two target sites at once. So you get this synergy, this one plus one equals three kind of effect.\"</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/quiz/#question-10","title":"Question 10","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 51:02 \u2013 53:01 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A pest control operator is treating a heavy German cockroach infestation with gel bait. Based on Dr. Scharf's discussion of pest behavior, why might the actual number of cockroaches killed exceed the number that directly consumed the bait?</p> <p>a) Gel bait releases a fumigant vapor that kills nearby cockroaches b) Cockroaches that eat bait excrete insecticide in their feces, which other cockroaches consume, producing secondary and even tertiary kill c) The bait becomes more concentrated as it dries, increasing its toxicity over time d) Cockroaches are attracted to the pheromones of dead individuals, bringing them into contact with remaining bait</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Scharf describes secondary and tertiary kill in cockroaches: one cockroach eats bait, excretes insecticide, and other cockroaches consume the feces. He notes research showing the toxin can pass through two digestive tracts and still affect a third cockroach. Source in transcript: ~51:24 \u2014 \"If we have a cockroach that eats a bait and it either excretes, you know, some of the bait in its excrement... We can have secondary kill and even tertiary kill.\"</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/quiz/#question-11","title":"Question 11","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 54:19 \u2013 56:28 Difficulty: Recall</p> <p>What rotation frequency does Dr. Scharf recommend for switching active ingredients in cockroach management to help manage resistance?</p> <p>a) Every week b) Every month or every three months c) Every six months d) Annually</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Scharf recommends switching active ingredients every three months, or even every month if possible, as part of a resistance management rotation strategy for cockroach accounts. Source in transcript: ~55:49 \u2014 \"Every three months switch active ingredients, maybe even every month if you can do it.\"</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/quiz/#question-12","title":"Question 12","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 53:04 \u2013 54:11 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A technician is having difficulty achieving control with gel bait in a commercial kitchen. The kitchen has grease buildup on surfaces and abundant food debris. Based on Dr. Scharf's discussion, what is the most likely reason for reduced bait performance?</p> <p>a) The bait has developed resistance to the cockroach population b) Grease and dirt tie up insecticides on surfaces, and excess food competes directly with bait for cockroach feeding c) The kitchen's humidity is degrading the active ingredient d) The bait formulation is incompatible with commercial kitchen environments</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Scharf specifically identifies three sanitation-related factors that reduce insecticide efficacy: excess food competing with bait, clutter creating untreatable harborage, and dirt and grease that physically bind insecticides. He frames sanitation as essential to making insecticides more effective. Source in transcript: ~53:31 \u2014 \"Excess food in an account will compete with bait\" and ~54:02 \u2014 \"dirt and grease tie up insecticides too.\"</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/quiz/#question-13","title":"Question 13","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 41:42 \u2013 44:46 Difficulty: Application</p> <p>A technician inspects a cockroach account and notices several German cockroaches with twisted, malformed wings. Based on the presentation, what does this observation most likely indicate?</p> <p>a) The cockroaches are infected with a fungal pathogen b) The population has been exposed to insect growth regulators, specifically juvenile hormone analogs c) The cockroaches have developed pyrethroid resistance d) The cockroaches are immature nymphs that have not yet completed development</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Scharf specifically identifies wing twist as a diagnostic sign that IGRs (particularly juvenile hormone analogs like pyriproxyfen) are active in a cockroach population. He advises that when wing twist is visible, it may be appropriate to rotate to a different product class. Source in transcript: ~44:25 \u2014 \"If you go into a new account and you see individuals with wing twist... you can put good money down on the fact that IGRs are in that population affecting it.\"</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/quiz/#question-14","title":"Question 14","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 19:41 \u2013 22:40 Difficulty: Analysis</p> <p>Dr. Scharf states that the relationship between LD50 and product toxicity is inverse. A professional is comparing two insecticides: Product A has an LD50 of 5 mg/kg for cockroaches, and Product B has an LD50 of 500 mg/kg for cockroaches. Which product is more toxic to cockroaches, and why?</p> <p>a) Product B, because a higher LD50 means more insecticide reaches the target site b) Product A, because a smaller LD50 means a smaller dose is needed to kill 50% of the test population c) Both are equally toxic; LD50 only measures speed of action d) Product B, because a higher LD50 indicates greater potency</p> <p>Correct Answer: b Explanation: Scharf explains that LD50 is the lethal dose required to kill 50% of a test population, and the relationship to toxicity is inverse \u2014 the smaller the LD50, the higher the toxicity, because less product is needed to achieve the lethal effect. Source in transcript: ~20:24 \u2014 \"The smaller the LD50, the higher the toxicity of a product. That means... you only need a small dose to kill half of your test population.\"</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/quiz/#question-15","title":"Question 15","text":"<p>Timestamp Reference: 46:56 \u2013 48:09 and 04:01 \u2013 04:00 (pollinator context) Difficulty: Analysis</p> <p>Dr. Scharf discusses cuticle dehydrating dusts like diatomaceous earth and silica gel. Considering his earlier discussion of insect physiology, why are these products effective against insects but pose minimal chemical toxicity risk to mammals?</p> <p>a) They work through a physical mechanism \u2014 abrading the waxy cuticle layer and causing water loss \u2014 rather than through a biochemical target site interaction b) They contain active ingredients that are specific to insect nervous systems c) They are formulated with attractants that only insects will consume d) They degrade too quickly in the environment to affect mammals</p> <p>Correct Answer: a Explanation: Scharf explains that silica gel and diatomaceous earth are essentially finely ground glass powder that abrades the protective waxy outer layer of the insect cuticle, leading to water loss and death. This is a physical mechanism rather than a chemical mode of action targeting a specific biochemical pathway, which is why these products do not pose the same chemical toxicity concerns for mammals. Source in transcript: ~47:00 \u2014 \"We have silica gel and diatomaceous earth which are just basically finely ground glass powder... they abrade the cuticle, they break it down, which leads to water loss.\"</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/activities/quiz/#moodle-activity-verification","title":"Moodle Activity Verification","text":"<ul> <li>[x] All 15 questions traceable to specific presentation segments</li> <li>[x] Timestamp references verified against corrected SRT</li> <li>[x] No external knowledge required to answer correctly</li> <li>[x] Difficulty distribution: 6 Recall / 6 Application / 3 Analysis</li> <li>[x] Answer keys unambiguously correct based on presentation content</li> <li>[x] Distractors plausible but definitively wrong per speaker's content</li> <li>[x] Questions drawn from early (Q1, Q2, Q14), middle (Q3\u2013Q9, Q13), and late (Q10\u2013Q12, Q15) presentation content</li> <li>[x] No \"all of the above\" or \"none of the above\" options used</li> </ul>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/platforms/ext-agent/","title":"GTBOP Webinar Archive \u2014 Extension Agent Resource","text":""},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/platforms/ext-agent/#principles-of-insecticide-mode-of-action","title":"Principles of Insecticide Mode of Action","text":""},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/platforms/ext-agent/#webinar-information","title":"Webinar Information","text":"Field Details Speaker Dr. Michael Scharf, Purdue University Moderator Dr. Dan Suiter, UGA Extension Entomologist Original Air Date October 18, 2017 Duration 1 hour, 7 minutes Series Getting the Best of Pests \u2014 Structural Pest Control"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/platforms/ext-agent/#ceu-credit-information","title":"CEU Credit Information","text":"<p>Georgia Applicator Category: - Cat 35 \u2014 Industrial, Institutional, Structural and Health Related: 2 HPC</p> <p>Credit Eligibility: This archived presentation is suitable for asynchronous CEU delivery to licensed pest control operators holding Category 35 certification. Verify current CEU acceptance with the Georgia Department of Agriculture before scheduling.</p> <p>Sign-in sheet and CEU documentation: Contact the UGA Center for Urban Agriculture or visit gabugs.uga.edu for current forms and procedures.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/platforms/ext-agent/#viewing-instructions-for-asynchronous-use","title":"Viewing Instructions for Asynchronous Use","text":"<ol> <li>Total viewing time is approximately 1 hour and 7 minutes, including the Q&A session.</li> <li>Attendees must view the entire presentation to receive credit.</li> <li>The presentation includes a 57-minute lecture followed by a 10-minute moderated Q&A.</li> <li>A sign-in sheet must be completed and returned per standard GTBOP procedures.</li> </ol>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/platforms/ext-agent/#content-summary","title":"Content Summary","text":"<p>Dr. Michael Scharf of Purdue University covers insecticide classification and mode of action at a level appropriate for licensed pest control professionals. The presentation provides foundational knowledge that supports informed product selection, resistance management, and customer communication.</p> <p>Topics covered include: a review of insect physiology as it relates to insecticide activity (nervous system, cuticle, digestive tract, tracheal system, musculature); the four basic modes of action (stimulation, blockage, modulation, inhibition); the LD50 concept and mammalian safety; five neurotoxic insecticide classifications (sodium channel agents, chloride channel agents, acetylcholine receptor agents, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, combination products); four non-neurotoxic classifications (diamides, insect growth regulators, energy production inhibitors, cuticle dehydrating dusts); and practical factors affecting insecticide performance including formulations, pest behavior, sanitation, and resistance management through product rotation.</p> <p>The Q&A session addresses: combination product resistance, new active ingredient development, IRAC classifications, nicotinoid vs. neonicotinoid terminology, oral vs. dermal toxicity routes, repellent vs. non-repellent insecticides, and essential oil-based products.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/platforms/ext-agent/#key-takeaways-for-extension-programming","title":"Key Takeaways for Extension Programming","text":"<ul> <li>All insecticides work through one of four basic mechanisms \u2014 a useful teaching framework for applicators at any experience level.</li> <li>Nine insecticide classifications (five neurotoxic, four non-neurotoxic) cover the full landscape of available tools.</li> <li>Diamides represent a notably safe chemistry class for mammals \u2014 EPA initially required no signal word.</li> <li>Resistance is identified as the probable #1 cause of callbacks in cockroach accounts; rotation every 3 months or monthly is recommended.</li> <li>The IRAC classification system is highlighted as a free, practical resource for planning product rotations by mode of action group.</li> <li>Sanitation and IPM practices are framed as direct enhancers of chemical efficacy, not just standalone strategies.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/platforms/ext-agent/#video-chapter-guide","title":"Video Chapter Guide","text":"<p>For agents directing attendees to specific sections:</p> Time Topic 0:00 Introduction and Speaker Credentials 1:45 Why Understanding Mode of Action Matters 8:26 Insect Physiology Overview 14:02 Insecticide Classification Basics 17:51 Four Basic Modes of Action 19:41 LD50 Concept and Mammalian Safety 22:46 Neurotoxic Insecticide Classifications Begin 32:24 Sodium Channel Insecticides 34:12 Chloride Channel Insecticides 36:20 Acetylcholine Receptor Insecticides 38:04 Combination Products 39:07 Non-Neurotoxic Insecticides Begin 40:02 Diamides 41:42 Insect Growth Regulators 45:18 Energy Production Inhibitors 46:56 Cuticle Dehydrating Dusts 48:15 Factors Affecting Insecticide Efficacy 54:19 Resistance Management 57:53 Q&A Session Begins"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/platforms/ext-agent/#additional-resources-referenced-in-presentation","title":"Additional Resources Referenced in Presentation","text":"<ul> <li>Scharf & Suiter, \"Insecticide Primer and Insecticide Mode of Action,\" PCT Magazine, 2011</li> <li>Scharf & Suiter, Insecticide Basics for the Pest Management Professional, UGA publication (free)</li> <li>IRAC Mode of Action Classification Chart \u2014 irac-online.org</li> </ul> <p>Getting the Best of Pests Webinar Series | University of Georgia Center for Urban Agriculture For questions about this archive or CEU procedures, contact the Center for Urban Agriculture.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/platforms/website/","title":"Principles of Insecticide Mode of Action","text":""},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/platforms/website/#gtbop-structural-pest-control-webinar-series-archive","title":"GTBOP Structural Pest Control Webinar Series \u2014 Archive","text":"<p>Webinar Date: October 18, 2017 Speaker: Dr. Michael Scharf, O.W. Rawlins Orkin Endowed Chair in Urban Entomology and Molecular Physiology, Department of Entomology, Purdue University Moderator: Dr. Dan Suiter, Extension Entomologist, University of Georgia Duration: 1:07:06 Series: Getting the Best of Pests \u2014 Structural Pest Control Webinar Series CEU Credits: GA \u2014 2 HPC (Cat 35: Industrial, Institutional, Structural and Health Related)</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/platforms/website/#about-this-presentation","title":"About This Presentation","text":"<p>Dr. Michael Scharf of Purdue University presented a comprehensive overview of insecticide classification and mode of action designed to strengthen pest management professionals' understanding of how their chemical tools work. Scharf framed the practical importance of this knowledge around six themes: applicator and customer safety, accurate interpretation of trade literature, pollinator protection, resistance management, product sustainability, and the ability to design customized applications through situational pest management.</p> <p>Scharf began with a condensed review of insect physiology, covering the five systems most relevant to insecticide activity: the nervous system, the cuticle, the digestive tract, the tracheal system, and the musculature. He explained that insecticides interact with specific protein target sites through a key-and-lock relationship, and that all insecticide effects can be reduced to just four modes of action \u2014 stimulation, blockage, modulation, and inhibition. He introduced the LD50 concept and emphasized that modern insecticides are dramatically more toxic to insects than to mammals, with some classes like the diamides carrying such low mammalian toxicity that the EPA initially required no signal word.</p> <p>The presentation then systematically covered five neurotoxic insecticide classifications: sodium channel agents (pyrethroids, indoxacarb, metaflumizone), chloride channel agents (fipronil, isoxazolines, abamectin), acetylcholine receptor agents (nicotinoids, sulfoximines, spinosyns), acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (organophosphates, carbamates), and combination products pairing nicotinoids with pyrethroids for potentiation effects. Scharf followed with four non-neurotoxic classifications: muscular calcium channel agents (diamides such as chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole), insect growth regulators (juvenile hormone analogs like pyriproxyfen and chitin synthesis inhibitors), inhibitors of energy production (hydramethylnon, chlorfenapyr, sulfuryl fluoride, boric acid), and cuticle dehydrating dusts (silica gel, diatomaceous earth).</p> <p>Scharf concluded by discussing practical factors that affect insecticide performance, including formulation types, pest behavior that can amplify efficacy through secondary and tertiary kill, the role of sanitation in an IPM framework, and resistance management. He identified resistance as likely the number one cause of callbacks in cockroach accounts and recommended rotating active ingredients every three months or even monthly. A Q&A session moderated by Dr. Suiter addressed combination product resistance risks, the flow of new active ingredients to market, the IRAC classification system, the distinction between nicotinoids and neonicotinoids, oral versus dermal toxicity, repellent versus non-repellent insecticides, and the growing consumer demand for essential oil-based products.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/platforms/website/#video-chapters","title":"Video Chapters","text":"<p>0:00 Introduction and Speaker Credentials 1:45 Why Understanding Mode of Action Matters 6:03 Presentation Outline 7:13 Additional Resources \u2014 PCT Article and UGA Publication 8:26 Insect Physiology Overview \u2014 Nervous System, Cuticle, Gut, Trachea, Muscles 14:02 Insecticide Classification Basics \u2014 Chemical Structure 16:01 Target Site and Mode of Action \u2014 Key and Lock Analogy 17:51 Four Basic Modes of Action \u2014 Stimulation, Blockage, Modulation, Inhibition 19:41 The LD50 Concept and Mammalian Safety 22:46 Overview of Neurotoxic and Non-Neurotoxic Classifications 23:36 The Insect Nervous System \u2014 Neurons, Synapses, Neurotransmitters 26:45 Neurophysiology Demonstration \u2014 Fipronil and Nerve Excitation 28:40 Nervous System Target Sites \u2014 Roadmap of Ion Channels and Receptors 32:24 Sodium Channel Insecticides \u2014 Pyrethroids, Indoxacarb, Metaflumizone 34:12 Chloride Channel Insecticides \u2014 Fipronil, Isoxazolines, Abamectin 36:20 Acetylcholine Receptor Insecticides \u2014 Nicotinoids, Sulfoximines, Spinosyns 37:28 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors \u2014 Organophosphates and Carbamates 38:04 Combination Products \u2014 Nicotinoid-Pyrethroid Potentiation 39:07 Non-Neurotoxic Insecticides Overview 40:02 Muscular Calcium Channel Agents \u2014 Diamides 41:42 Insect Growth Regulators \u2014 JH Analogs and Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors 45:18 Inhibitors of Energy Production \u2014 Hydramethylnon, Chlorfenapyr, Fumigants 46:56 Cuticle Dehydrating Dusts \u2014 Silica Gel and Diatomaceous Earth 48:15 Factors Affecting Insecticide Efficacy 48:46 Stability, Persistence, and Formulations 51:02 Pest Behavior \u2014 Secondary and Tertiary Kill, Trophallaxis 53:04 Sanitation and IPM 54:19 Resistance Management \u2014 Rotation Strategies 56:30 Summary Points 57:44 Additional Resources 57:53 Q&A \u2014 Combination Product Resistance 59:53 Q&A \u2014 Flow of New Active Ingredients to Market 1:01:08 Q&A \u2014 Chlorantraniliprole and Non-Target Invertebrates 1:01:40 Q&A \u2014 IRAC Classification System 1:02:38 Q&A \u2014 Nicotinoids vs. Neonicotinoids 1:03:43 Q&A \u2014 Oral vs. Dermal Toxicity Routes 1:04:43 Q&A \u2014 Repellent vs. Non-Repellent Insecticides 1:05:32 Q&A \u2014 Essential Oils and 25B Exempt Products</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/platforms/website/#questions-answers","title":"Questions & Answers","text":"<p>Q: What are the four basic modes of action that all insecticides fall into? A: According to Dr. Scharf, all insecticides disrupt target sites through one of just four mechanisms: stimulation (causing a target to fire more rapidly), blockage (shutting a target off), modulation (subtly changing the shape and function of a target, as pyrethroids do to sodium channels), and inhibition (preventing an enzyme from functioning, as organophosphates do to acetylcholinesterase). Understanding these four categories provides a framework for classifying any insecticide a professional might encounter.</p> <p>Q: Why are diamide insecticides like chlorantraniliprole considered especially safe for mammals? A: Diamides target muscular calcium channels that are highly specific to insects. They stimulate these channels, causing uncontrolled muscle contraction that burns up the insect's energy and leads to paralysis and death over several days. Their mammalian toxicity is so low that the EPA initially did not require a signal word, though manufacturers voluntarily adopted a \"caution\" label. Despite this safety profile, Scharf emphasized that applicators should still follow all safety guidelines when using them.</p> <p>Q: How does fipronil work at the neurological level? A: Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole that targets chloride channels in the insect nervous system. Under normal conditions, chloride channels allow negatively charged chloride ions into neurons, which has a calming or \"mellowing\" effect on nerve activity. Fipronil blocks these channels, removing that calming influence and causing excitation \u2014 the insect's nervous system essentially fires uncontrollably. Scharf demonstrated this visually using nerve recordings from dissected American cockroaches, showing a dramatic increase in firing rate and intensity after fipronil application.</p> <p>Q: What is the difference between repellent and non-repellent insecticides? A: Scharf explained that the distinction largely comes down to pyrethroids versus everything else. Pyrethroids are highly detectable to insects \u2014 he compared them to \"pepper spray\" \u2014 making them strongly repellent. Most other active ingredients, including fipronil and nicotinoids, are not nearly as detectable, which is why they are classified as non-repellent. This distinction became particularly prominent when non-repellent termiticides entered the market approximately 15 years before this presentation.</p> <p>Q: Why is resistance considered a major concern for cockroach management? A: Scharf identified resistance as likely the number one cause of callbacks in cockroach accounts. His research has documented cockroaches that can eat bait as their sole food source for a full month and survive. He noted that resistance is not limited to older chemistries \u2014 even combination products containing two active ingredients can face dual resistance when cockroach populations develop tolerance to both nicotinoids and pyrethroids simultaneously. He recommended rotating active ingredients every three months or even monthly to help manage resistance.</p> <p>Q: How do pest behaviors like trophallaxis and secondary kill affect insecticide efficacy? A: Scharf described three examples of behavior-mediated insecticide transfer. In cockroaches, secondary and tertiary kill occurs when one cockroach eats bait, excretes the insecticide, and other cockroaches consume the feces \u2014 research has shown the toxin can pass through two digestive tracts and still affect a third cockroach. Flea larvae can be exposed when adult fleas treated by veterinary products defecate insecticide-laden feces that larvae consume as nutrition. Social insects like termites and ants spread insecticides through trophallaxis (food sharing from both mouth and anus) and allogrooming, which is why slow-acting insecticides are preferred for these pests.</p> <p>Q: What role does sanitation play in insecticide effectiveness? A: Scharf emphasized that poor sanitation always makes insecticides less effective, regardless of how pest-specific modern products have become. Excess food in an account competes directly with bait placements, reducing consumption. Clutter creates untreatable harborage areas where pests can avoid contact with residual treatments. Dirt and grease on surfaces can physically bind and inactivate insecticides. He framed sanitation as a core component of the IPM mindset that directly enhances chemical efficacy.</p> <p>Q: What is the IRAC and how can it help pest management professionals? A: IRAC stands for the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee, a global organization with representatives from all major insecticide manufacturers. IRAC develops mode of action classifications that help professionals understand which products share the same target sites. Their classification chart, updated once or twice a year, shows the full landscape of available active ingredients organized by mode of action. Professionals can use this resource to plan effective product rotations by ensuring they alternate between different mode of action groups rather than simply switching trade names.</p> <p>Q: How do insect growth regulators work differently from neurotoxic insecticides? A: Unlike neurotoxins that target the nervous system for rapid effects, insect growth regulators disrupt the hormones and enzymes that control development and molting. Juvenile hormone analogs like pyriproxyfen mimic the insect's own juvenile hormone, leading to cuticle deformation and extra juvenile stages that cannot reproduce \u2014 causing the population to crash over time. Chitin synthesis inhibitors block the enzyme responsible for forming the exoskeleton during molting, leading to death during the molt or producing malformed cuticles that cause a characteristic \"jackknife\" effect in treated termites. Scharf noted that visible wing twist in cockroach populations is a reliable indicator that IGRs are already affecting that population.</p> <p>Q: Why are insecticides generally more toxic through ingestion than through contact exposure? A: Scharf explained that both the insect cuticle and mammalian skin serve as highly effective barriers to insecticide penetration. The insect cuticle is a complex, multi-layered, waterproof structure that contact insecticides must traverse to reach internal target sites. In contrast, the gut lining is a much thinner layer of cells, allowing ingested insecticides to penetrate far more readily. The same principle applies to mammals \u2014 human skin is an exceptionally resistant barrier compared to the gut, which is why oral exposure routes are almost always more toxic than dermal exposure for any given active ingredient.</p> <p>Q: What is the outlook for new active ingredients entering the urban pest management market? A: Scharf acknowledged that the flow of new active ingredients has slowed and the market has become heavily generic. While all major manufacturers maintain product pipelines, bringing a new active ingredient to market costs hundreds of millions to billions of dollars, and the economics must justify the investment. He noted that the urban pest management market represents a smaller slice of the overall pie compared to agriculture, which affects manufacturer incentives. Scharf encouraged the industry to advocate vocally to manufacturers about the need for new tools, particularly given growing resistance pressures.</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/platforms/website/#additional-resources","title":"Additional Resources","text":"<p>The following resources were referenced by the speaker during the presentation:</p> <ul> <li>Scharf, M.E. and D.L. Suiter. \"Insecticide Primer and Insecticide Mode of Action.\" PCT Magazine, 2011.</li> <li>Scharf, M.E. and D.L. Suiter. Insecticide Basics for the Pest Management Professional. University of Georgia publication (available free of charge; URL referenced in presentation slides).</li> <li>IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee) \u2014 Mode of action classification chart, updated annually. Visit irac-online.org.</li> </ul> <p>This archive is part of the Getting the Best of Pests Webinar Series, hosted by the University of Georgia Center for Urban Agriculture. For more information about the GTBOP program, visit gabugs.uga.edu.</p> <p>Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/platforms/youtube/","title":"YouTube","text":"<p>Principles of Insecticide Mode of Action | Dr. Michael Scharf | GTBOP Structural Pest Control Webinar Series</p> <p>Dr. Michael Scharf of Purdue University presents a comprehensive overview of insecticide classification and mode of action for pest management professionals. Scharf covers insect physiology fundamentals, the key-and-lock relationship between insecticides and target sites, and nine insecticide classifications \u2014 five neurotoxic and four non-neurotoxic. The presentation concludes with practical factors affecting performance including formulations, pest behavior, sanitation, and resistance management. Q&A moderated by Dr. Dan Suiter.</p> <p>Presented: October 18, 2017 Series: Getting the Best of Pests \u2014 Structural Pest Control Webinar Series Host: UGA Center for Urban Agriculture CEU Credits: GA \u2014 2 HPC (Cat 35)</p> <p>TIMESTAMPS 0:00 Introduction and Speaker Credentials 1:45 Why Understanding Mode of Action Matters 6:03 Presentation Outline 7:13 Additional Resources \u2014 PCT Article and UGA Publication 8:26 Insect Physiology Overview \u2014 Nervous System, Cuticle, Gut, Trachea, Muscles 14:02 Insecticide Classification Basics \u2014 Chemical Structure 16:01 Target Site and Mode of Action \u2014 Key and Lock Analogy 17:51 Four Basic Modes of Action \u2014 Stimulation, Blockage, Modulation, Inhibition 19:41 The LD50 Concept and Mammalian Safety 22:46 Overview of Neurotoxic and Non-Neurotoxic Classifications 23:36 The Insect Nervous System \u2014 Neurons, Synapses, Neurotransmitters 26:45 Neurophysiology Demonstration \u2014 Fipronil and Nerve Excitation 28:40 Nervous System Target Sites \u2014 Roadmap of Ion Channels and Receptors 32:24 Sodium Channel Insecticides \u2014 Pyrethroids, Indoxacarb, Metaflumizone 34:12 Chloride Channel Insecticides \u2014 Fipronil, Isoxazolines, Abamectin 36:20 Acetylcholine Receptor Insecticides \u2014 Nicotinoids, Sulfoximines, Spinosyns 37:28 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors \u2014 Organophosphates and Carbamates 38:04 Combination Products \u2014 Nicotinoid-Pyrethroid Potentiation 39:07 Non-Neurotoxic Insecticides Overview 40:02 Muscular Calcium Channel Agents \u2014 Diamides 41:42 Insect Growth Regulators \u2014 JH Analogs and Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors 45:18 Inhibitors of Energy Production \u2014 Hydramethylnon, Chlorfenapyr, Fumigants 46:56 Cuticle Dehydrating Dusts \u2014 Silica Gel and Diatomaceous Earth 48:15 Factors Affecting Insecticide Efficacy 48:46 Stability, Persistence, and Formulations 51:02 Pest Behavior \u2014 Secondary and Tertiary Kill, Trophallaxis 53:04 Sanitation and IPM 54:19 Resistance Management \u2014 Rotation Strategies 56:30 Summary Points 57:44 Additional Resources 57:53 Q&A \u2014 Combination Product Resistance 59:53 Q&A \u2014 Flow of New Active Ingredients to Market 1:01:08 Q&A \u2014 Chlorantraniliprole and Non-Target Invertebrates 1:01:40 Q&A \u2014 IRAC Classification System 1:02:38 Q&A \u2014 Nicotinoids vs. Neonicotinoids 1:03:43 Q&A \u2014 Oral vs. Dermal Toxicity Routes 1:04:43 Q&A \u2014 Repellent vs. Non-Repellent Insecticides 1:05:32 Q&A \u2014 Essential Oils and 25B Exempt Products</p> <p>FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS</p> <p>Q: What are the four basic insecticide modes of action? A: All insecticides disrupt target sites through stimulation, blockage, modulation, or inhibition. Understanding these four mechanisms provides a framework for classifying any product a professional might encounter.</p> <p>Q: Why are diamide insecticides considered especially safe for mammals? A: Diamides target insect-specific muscular calcium channels. Their mammalian toxicity is so low that the EPA initially required no signal word, though manufacturers voluntarily adopted a \"caution\" label.</p> <p>Q: Why is resistance a major concern in cockroach management? A: Research has documented cockroaches surviving on bait as their sole food source for a month. Even combination products face dual resistance. Rotate active ingredients every three months or monthly.</p> <p>Q: How does the IRAC help pest management professionals? A: The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee classifies active ingredients by mode of action, helping professionals plan rotations between different target site groups rather than simply switching trade names.</p> <p>Q: What is the difference between repellent and non-repellent insecticides? A: The distinction largely comes down to pyrethroids versus everything else. Pyrethroids are highly detectable to insects \u2014 like \"pepper spray\" \u2014 while most other actives are not nearly as detectable.</p> <p>RESOURCES \u2022 Scharf & Suiter, \"Insecticide Primer and Insecticide Mode of Action,\" PCT Magazine, 2011 \u2022 Scharf & Suiter, \"Insecticide Basics for the Pest Management Professional,\" UGA publication \u2022 IRAC Mode of Action Classification Chart: https://irac-online.org</p>"},{"location":"structural/2017-10-18-scharf-insecticide-moa/platforms/youtube/#pestmanagement-insecticides-modeofaction-ceu-structuralpestcontrol-ipm-uga-gtbop","title":"PestManagement #Insecticides #ModeOfAction #CEU #StructuralPestControl #IPM #UGA #GTBOP","text":""}]} |