# GTBOP Moodle Matching Exercises
## Understanding Tree Pests: Disease Interactions, Invasive Threats, and Management Strategies
### Dr. Ignazio Graziosi — January 15, 2026

**Source:** Corrected SRT transcript (Stage 1) + Archive Package (Stage 2)
**Exercises:** 3
**Total pairs:** 26 (8 + 8 + 10)

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### Matching Exercise 1: Pest Ecology and Interaction Scenarios
**Timestamp Reference:** 7:22 – 42:25 (spans all three case studies)
**Type:** Species ID / Ecological Scenario

**Instructions:** Match each pest in Column A with the correct ecological description from Column B. Two items in Column B are distractors and will not be used.

| # | Column A | | Column B |
|---|----------|-|----------|
| 1 | Emerald ash borer (EAB) | | a) Non-native pest attacking non-native host; overlapping generations complicate control; trunk injection ineffective |
| 2 | Crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS) | | b) Native pest of native trees; clonal urban plantings increase vulnerability; late-season damage less harmful |
| 3 | Orange-striped oakworm moth | | c) Non-native pest attacking native host; co-evolved natural enemies in Asia keep populations low; firewood spread primary pathway |
| 4 | EAB parasitoid wasps (from Asia) | | d) Generalist predators that arrive late in season; do not maintain sustained populations on host trees |
| 5 | Lady beetles (twice-stabbed, bigeminal, Harlequin) | | e) Specialist biological control agents introduced by USDA; attack only their target pest; two species target larvae, one targets eggs |
| 6 | Green lacewing | | f) Non-native pest of native pines; larvae create pitch tubes on trunk |
| 7 | White fringetree | | g) Commercially available predator of CMBS; larvae are the most voracious stage; adults need sugar to feed; requires multiple releases per season |
| 8 | Blue ash | | h) Alternate host in family Oleaceae; serves as population reservoir for EAB even after ash trees are gone |
| | | | i) Native ash species showing some resistance to EAB; will die eventually but takes much longer than other ash species |
| | | | j) Native parasitoid that specializes exclusively on CMBS in North America |

**Answer Key:**
1 → c, 2 → a, 3 → b, 4 → e, 5 → d, 6 → g, 7 → h, 8 → i

**Distractors:** f (no pine pest discussed), j (Dr. Graziosi stated no effective specialist parasitoid for CMBS has been found in the US)

**Source in transcript:** EAB section ~7:22–29:40; CMBS section ~29:42–42:25; Oakworm section ~42:25–49:19

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### Matching Exercise 2: Control Methods by Pest
**Timestamp Reference:** 22:34 – 49:05 (control discussions across all three case studies)
**Type:** Timing-Practice

**Instructions:** Match each control method or strategy in Column A with the correct pest and application detail from Column B. Two items in Column B are distractors and will not be used.

| # | Column A | | Column B |
|---|----------|-|----------|
| 1 | Soil drench for EAB | | a) Target young larvae (early instars); minimal impact on natural enemies; often requires reapplication |
| 2 | Tree injection for EAB | | b) Apply in spring before leaves emerge |
| 3 | Trunk injection for CMBS | | c) Requires professional applicator; effective delivery method for systemic insecticides into ash |
| 4 | Soil drench / soil injection for CMBS | | d) Not a viable option — crapemyrtle absorbs systemic insecticides through the trunk very slowly |
| 5 | Foliar soaps for CMBS | | e) Recommended chemical methods; multiple products and brand names available |
| 6 | Btk foliar spray for oakworm | | f) Used to target crawlers (young mobile nymphs) |
| 7 | Importation biological control for EAB | | g) Specialist parasitoid wasps from Asia introduced after USDA risk assessment; attack larvae and eggs |
| 8 | "Don't Move Firewood" campaign | | h) Prevention strategy resulting from EAB invasion; also helps contain Asian longhorned beetle |
| | | | i) Apply systemic insecticide in late fall after leaves drop for maximum CMBS uptake |
| | | | j) Biological control using native generalist predators that fully suppress EAB without chemical assistance |

**Answer Key:**
1 → b, 2 → c, 3 → d, 4 → e, 5 → f, 6 → a, 7 → g, 8 → h

**Distractors:** i (no fall application timing was described for CMBS soil treatment), j (Dr. Graziosi stated native natural enemies alone are not enough for EAB and biological control has not been fully successful yet)

**Source in transcript:** EAB chemical control ~22:34–23:42; EAB biocontrol ~23:57–27:30; CMBS chemical control ~37:28–38:30; CMBS biocontrol ~38:31–41:44; Oakworm control ~47:56–49:05; Firewood ~13:02–13:46

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### Matching Exercise 3: Spiral of Tree Decline and Disease Triangle Concepts
**Timestamp Reference:** 1:28 – 6:06 (framework), applied throughout presentation
**Type:** Timing-Practice / Concept Application

**Instructions:** Match each factor or concept in Column A with its correct classification or description from Column B as presented by Dr. Graziosi. Two items in Column B are distractors and will not be used.

| # | Column A | | Column B |
|---|----------|-|----------|
| 1 | Soil compaction | | a) Inciting factor in the spiral of tree decline |
| 2 | Defoliating insects | | b) Predisposing factor; described as "often the number one issue for many trees" |
| 3 | Wood-boring insects | | c) Contributing factor in the innermost spiral |
| 4 | Armillaria | | d) Contributing factor; a fungal genus in the innermost spiral |
| 5 | Genetic potential of the tree | | e) Predisposing factor in the outermost spiral |
| 6 | Drought | | f) The outcome at the center of the spiral diagram |
| 7 | Urban environment stress | | g) Predisposing factor; described as stressful for the tree |
| 8 | Nematodes | | h) Contributing factor listed alongside wood-boring insects and fungi |
| 9 | Death of the tree | | i) Inciting factor alongside defoliating insects |
| 10 | Urban heat island effect | | j) Stresses trees (increasing susceptibility) and accelerates insect development simultaneously |
| | | | k) A predisposing factor that only affects conifers |
| | | | l) An inciting factor that primarily affects root systems of aquatic plants |

**Answer Key:**
1 → b, 2 → a, 3 → c, 4 → d, 5 → e, 6 → i, 7 → g, 8 → h, 9 → f, 10 → j

**Distractors:** k (no conifer-specific predisposing factor discussed), l (no aquatic plant context discussed)

**Source in transcript:** Spiral of decline ~3:02–6:06, blocks 40–68; Urban heat island ~36:42–37:21, blocks 363–368

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## Verification Checklist

- [x] All terms, definitions, and relationships derived directly from the presentation
- [x] No general textbook knowledge used — only speaker's content
- [x] Matching items unambiguous based on presentation content
- [x] Each exercise includes 2 plausible distractors
- [x] Timestamp references verified against corrected transcript
- [x] Answer keys correct and unambiguous per speaker's statements
- [x] Coverage spans all major presentation sections