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Rich Braman 14da0089ba Update footer home icon link to urbanag.uga.edu
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-03-17 16:30:16 -04:00
Rich Braman 1253baf7b4 site commit 2026-03-17 15:31:22 -04:00
77 changed files with 691 additions and 218 deletions
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@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ markdown_extensions:
extra:
social:
- icon: fontawesome/solid/building-columns
link: https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html
link: https://urbanag.uga.edu/
name: UGA Center for Urban Agriculture
# ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+1 -1
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@@ -4153,7 +4153,7 @@
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4596,7 +4596,7 @@
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4845,7 +4845,7 @@ d) It is the first product safe for use on all warm- and cool-season turfgrass s
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4519,7 +4519,7 @@
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
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@@ -4334,43 +4334,164 @@
<p>Herbicide resistance emerges as a major theme. McCullough presents field and greenhouse data showing widespread Poa annua (<em>Poa annua</em>) resistance to dinitroaniline and sulfonylurea herbicides across Georgia golf courses, sod farms, and lawns, along with halosulfuron-resistant sedge (<em>Cyperus compressus</em>) populations. He demonstrates how combining modes of action — such as pairing a sulfonylurea with simazine — controlled resistant biotypes at all three golf course test sites. The presentation concludes with updates on new 2018 products: RELZAR, Game On, and Switchblade (all containing the new active ingredient halauxifen from Dow); Vexis (pyrimisulfan + penoxsulam); Solero (mesosulfuron from Nufarm); Dismiss NXT (sulfentrazone + carfentrazone from FMC); and Coastal (simazine + imazaquin + prodiamine from Sipcam).</p>
<hr />
<h2 id="youtube-timestamps">YOUTUBE TIMESTAMPS<a class="headerlink" href="#youtube-timestamps" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>0:00 Introduction
0:46 Weed Identification Books and Resources
2:00 Weed Categories: Grassy, Broadleaf, and Grass-Like
2:43 Identification by Seed Heads
3:57 Comparing Bahiagrass and Dallisgrass
5:13 Poa annua Seed Head Identification
5:34 Using Ligules for Grassy Weed Identification
6:50 Broadleaf Weed Flowers and Day Flower Species
7:52 Leaf Arrangement and Hair Characteristics
9:34 Leaf Markings: White Clover vs. Spotted Burr Clover
10:16 Weed Lifecycles: Winter and Summer Annuals
12:05 Perennial Weeds: Simple and Complex
16:02 Scouting, Early Detection, and Cultural Practices
17:08 Mowing Height Effects on Crabgrass Competition
20:07 Irrigation Influence on Weed Populations
22:05 Seed Quality and Seedlot Contamination
24:07 How Pre-Emergent Herbicides Work
27:00 Pre-Emergent Product Overview and Formulations
29:00 Pre-Emergent Targets and Limitations
29:38 Herbicide Activation: Sprayable vs. Granular
31:07 Spring Application Timing by Georgia Region
32:52 Residual Activity and Product Selection
34:48 Fall Pre-Emergent Timing for Winter Annuals
35:11 Split Applications for Extended Control
36:21 Fall Products for Poa annua Management
37:31 Herbicide Resistance: Overview and Mechanisms
41:01 Poa annua Resistance in Georgia
43:34 Fall Post-Emergent Timing and Sulfonylurea Programs
48:55 Poa annua Control Programs by Turfgrass Species
51:38 Sedge Resistance to Sulfonylureas
53:44 Other Herbicide-Resistant Weed Species
55:01 New for 2018: Halauxifen Products (RELZAR, Game On, Switchblade)
1:01:22 New for 2018: Vexis (Pyrimisulfan + Penoxsulam)
1:05:31 Solero (Mesosulfuron) from Nufarm
1:06:27 Dismiss NXT (Sulfentrazone + Carfentrazone)
1:08:19 Coastal: Three-Way Pre + Post Combination from Sipcam
1:09:53 Conclusion</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Timestamp</th>
<th>Topic</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>0:00</td>
<td>Introduction</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>0:46</td>
<td>Weed Identification Books and Resources</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2:00</td>
<td>Weed Categories: Grassy, Broadleaf, and Grass-Like</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2:43</td>
<td>Identification by Seed Heads</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3:57</td>
<td>Comparing Bahiagrass and Dallisgrass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5:13</td>
<td>Poa annua Seed Head Identification</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5:34</td>
<td>Using Ligules for Grassy Weed Identification</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6:50</td>
<td>Broadleaf Weed Flowers and Day Flower Species</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7:52</td>
<td>Leaf Arrangement and Hair Characteristics</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>9:34</td>
<td>Leaf Markings: White Clover vs. Spotted Burr Clover</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10:16</td>
<td>Weed Lifecycles: Winter and Summer Annuals</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>12:05</td>
<td>Perennial Weeds: Simple and Complex</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>16:02</td>
<td>Scouting, Early Detection, and Cultural Practices</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>17:08</td>
<td>Mowing Height Effects on Crabgrass Competition</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>20:07</td>
<td>Irrigation Influence on Weed Populations</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>22:05</td>
<td>Seed Quality and Seedlot Contamination</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>24:07</td>
<td>How Pre-Emergent Herbicides Work</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>27:00</td>
<td>Pre-Emergent Product Overview and Formulations</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>29:00</td>
<td>Pre-Emergent Targets and Limitations</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>29:38</td>
<td>Herbicide Activation: Sprayable vs. Granular</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>31:07</td>
<td>Spring Application Timing by Georgia Region</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>32:52</td>
<td>Residual Activity and Product Selection</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>34:48</td>
<td>Fall Pre-Emergent Timing for Winter Annuals</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>35:11</td>
<td>Split Applications for Extended Control</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>36:21</td>
<td>Fall Products for Poa annua Management</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>37:31</td>
<td>Herbicide Resistance: Overview and Mechanisms</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>41:01</td>
<td>Poa annua Resistance in Georgia</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>43:34</td>
<td>Fall Post-Emergent Timing and Sulfonylurea Programs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>48:55</td>
<td>Poa annua Control Programs by Turfgrass Species</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>51:38</td>
<td>Sedge Resistance to Sulfonylureas</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>53:44</td>
<td>Other Herbicide-Resistant Weed Species</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>55:01</td>
<td>New for 2018: Halauxifen Products (RELZAR, Game On, Switchblade)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1:01:22</td>
<td>New for 2018: Vexis (Pyrimisulfan + Penoxsulam)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1:05:31</td>
<td>Solero (Mesosulfuron) from Nufarm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1:06:27</td>
<td>Dismiss NXT (Sulfentrazone + Carfentrazone)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1:08:19</td>
<td>Coastal: Three-Way Pre + Post Combination from Sipcam</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1:09:53</td>
<td>Conclusion</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr />
<h2 id="questions-answers">QUESTIONS &amp; ANSWERS<a class="headerlink" href="#questions-answers" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p><strong>Q: What are the three main categories used to classify weeds in turfgrass?</strong>
@@ -4454,7 +4575,7 @@ A: Coastal is a three-way combination from Sipcam containing simazine, imazaquin
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4928,7 +4928,7 @@
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4305,7 +4305,7 @@
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4335,7 +4335,7 @@
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4483,7 +4483,7 @@ Profiles of seven new herbicide products: RELZAR, Game On, and Switchblade (hala
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4454,7 +4454,7 @@ A: Coastal is a three-way combination from Sipcam containing simazine, imazaquin
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4342,7 +4342,7 @@ A: RELZAR, Game On, and Switchblade (halauxifen from Dow); Vexis (pyrimisulfan +
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4680,7 +4680,7 @@
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -5508,7 +5508,7 @@
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4558,7 +4558,7 @@
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4810,7 +4810,7 @@ d) Grasses store 2,4-D in their roots where it cannot cause harm</p>
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4333,23 +4333,84 @@
<p>The bulk of the presentation focused on chemical weed control, covering the distinction between pre-emergent and post-emergent herbicides, selective versus non-selective products, and granular versus sprayable formulations. Czarnota highlighted underutilized products including Dimension (dithiopyr) and Marengo (indaziflam), which can provide up to 16 weeks of pre-emergent control in established woody ornamentals. He reviewed modes of action for key herbicides including glyphosate's inhibition of the EPSP synthase pathway and the dinitroaniline herbicides' disruption of microtubule formation. Czarnota also discussed glyphosate safety, citing a 2017 Journal of the National Cancer Institute study of nearly 45,000 licensed applicators finding no association between glyphosate use and cancer incidence above national background rates. The session concluded with audience questions on torpedograss control using Drive (quinclorac), Virginia buttonweed management with atrazine, and selective bermudagrass control in ornamentals using clethodim (Envoy).</p>
<hr />
<h2 id="youtube-timestamps">YOUTUBE TIMESTAMPS<a class="headerlink" href="#youtube-timestamps" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>0:00 Introduction and Speaker Background
3:02 What Is a Weed? Definitions and Weediness Predictors
5:13 Challenging Weed Problems in Nursery Production
9:03 Weed Identification and Plant Life Cycles
11:55 Weed Control Methods: Physical Removal and Barriers
15:44 Biological Control: Grass Carp, Goats, Thistle Weevil
19:50 Chemical Weed Control: Impact of Major Herbicides
21:07 Pre-Emergent vs. Post-Emergent Herbicides
25:16 Trade Names, Active Ingredients, and Cost Savings
26:20 Herbicide Modes of Action
29:42 Pre-Emergent Herbicides for Landscape and Nursery
31:17 Post-Emergent and Combination Herbicides
35:16 Recommended Products: Marengo, BroadStar, SureGuard
36:40 Best Practices and Common Application Errors
40:21 Herbicide Fate, Organic Options, and Glyphosate Safety
43:40 Glyphosate Damage, Adjuvants, and Future Technologies
44:54 Q&amp;A: Torpedograss, Virginia Buttonweed, Bermudagrass Control</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Timestamp</th>
<th>Topic</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>0:00</td>
<td>Introduction and Speaker Background</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3:02</td>
<td>What Is a Weed? Definitions and Weediness Predictors</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5:13</td>
<td>Challenging Weed Problems in Nursery Production</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>9:03</td>
<td>Weed Identification and Plant Life Cycles</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>11:55</td>
<td>Weed Control Methods: Physical Removal and Barriers</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>15:44</td>
<td>Biological Control: Grass Carp, Goats, Thistle Weevil</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>19:50</td>
<td>Chemical Weed Control: Impact of Major Herbicides</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>21:07</td>
<td>Pre-Emergent vs. Post-Emergent Herbicides</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>25:16</td>
<td>Trade Names, Active Ingredients, and Cost Savings</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>26:20</td>
<td>Herbicide Modes of Action</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>29:42</td>
<td>Pre-Emergent Herbicides for Landscape and Nursery</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>31:17</td>
<td>Post-Emergent and Combination Herbicides</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>35:16</td>
<td>Recommended Products: Marengo, BroadStar, SureGuard</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>36:40</td>
<td>Best Practices and Common Application Errors</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>40:21</td>
<td>Herbicide Fate, Organic Options, and Glyphosate Safety</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>43:40</td>
<td>Glyphosate Damage, Adjuvants, and Future Technologies</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>44:54</td>
<td>Q&amp;A: Torpedograss, Virginia Buttonweed, Bermudagrass Control</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr />
<h2 id="questions-answers">QUESTIONS &amp; ANSWERS<a class="headerlink" href="#questions-answers" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p><strong>Q: What are the most important characteristics that make a plant likely to become a weed problem?</strong>
@@ -4433,7 +4494,7 @@ A: Czarnota described several successful biocontrol examples. Grass carp stocked
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -5104,7 +5104,7 @@
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4341,7 +4341,7 @@
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4527,7 +4527,7 @@
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4333,23 +4333,84 @@
<p>The bulk of the presentation focused on chemical weed control, covering the distinction between pre-emergent and post-emergent herbicides, selective versus non-selective products, and granular versus sprayable formulations. Czarnota highlighted underutilized products including Dimension (dithiopyr) and Marengo (indaziflam), which can provide up to 16 weeks of pre-emergent control in established woody ornamentals. He reviewed modes of action for key herbicides including glyphosate's inhibition of the EPSP synthase pathway and the dinitroaniline herbicides' disruption of microtubule formation. Czarnota also discussed glyphosate safety, citing a 2017 Journal of the National Cancer Institute study of nearly 45,000 licensed applicators finding no association between glyphosate use and cancer incidence above national background rates. The session concluded with audience questions on torpedograss control using Drive (quinclorac), Virginia buttonweed management with atrazine, and selective bermudagrass control in ornamentals using clethodim (Envoy).</p>
<hr />
<h2 id="youtube-timestamps">YOUTUBE TIMESTAMPS<a class="headerlink" href="#youtube-timestamps" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>0:00 Introduction and Speaker Background
3:02 What Is a Weed? Definitions and Weediness Predictors
5:13 Challenging Weed Problems in Nursery Production
9:03 Weed Identification and Plant Life Cycles
11:55 Weed Control Methods: Physical Removal and Barriers
15:44 Biological Control: Grass Carp, Goats, Thistle Weevil
19:50 Chemical Weed Control: Impact of Major Herbicides
21:07 Pre-Emergent vs. Post-Emergent Herbicides
25:16 Trade Names, Active Ingredients, and Cost Savings
26:20 Herbicide Modes of Action
29:42 Pre-Emergent Herbicides for Landscape and Nursery
31:17 Post-Emergent and Combination Herbicides
35:16 Recommended Products: Marengo, BroadStar, SureGuard
36:40 Best Practices and Common Application Errors
40:21 Herbicide Fate, Organic Options, and Glyphosate Safety
43:40 Glyphosate Damage, Adjuvants, and Future Technologies
44:54 Q&amp;A: Torpedograss, Virginia Buttonweed, Bermudagrass Control</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Timestamp</th>
<th>Topic</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>0:00</td>
<td>Introduction and Speaker Background</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3:02</td>
<td>What Is a Weed? Definitions and Weediness Predictors</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5:13</td>
<td>Challenging Weed Problems in Nursery Production</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>9:03</td>
<td>Weed Identification and Plant Life Cycles</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>11:55</td>
<td>Weed Control Methods: Physical Removal and Barriers</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>15:44</td>
<td>Biological Control: Grass Carp, Goats, Thistle Weevil</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>19:50</td>
<td>Chemical Weed Control: Impact of Major Herbicides</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>21:07</td>
<td>Pre-Emergent vs. Post-Emergent Herbicides</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>25:16</td>
<td>Trade Names, Active Ingredients, and Cost Savings</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>26:20</td>
<td>Herbicide Modes of Action</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>29:42</td>
<td>Pre-Emergent Herbicides for Landscape and Nursery</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>31:17</td>
<td>Post-Emergent and Combination Herbicides</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>35:16</td>
<td>Recommended Products: Marengo, BroadStar, SureGuard</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>36:40</td>
<td>Best Practices and Common Application Errors</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>40:21</td>
<td>Herbicide Fate, Organic Options, and Glyphosate Safety</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>43:40</td>
<td>Glyphosate Damage, Adjuvants, and Future Technologies</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>44:54</td>
<td>Q&amp;A: Torpedograss, Virginia Buttonweed, Bermudagrass Control</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr />
<h2 id="questions-answers">QUESTIONS &amp; ANSWERS<a class="headerlink" href="#questions-answers" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p><strong>Q: What are the most important characteristics that make a plant likely to become a weed problem?</strong>
@@ -4433,7 +4494,7 @@ A: Czarnota described several successful biocontrol examples. Grass carp stocked
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4321,7 +4321,7 @@ Getting the Best of Pests (GTBOP) Webinar Series</p>
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4788,7 +4788,7 @@
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -5086,7 +5086,7 @@
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
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@@ -4643,7 +4643,7 @@
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
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</a>
@@ -4863,7 +4863,7 @@ d) Low, Moderate, High</p>
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
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</a>
@@ -4575,7 +4575,7 @@
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
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</a>
@@ -4364,44 +4364,168 @@
<p>The core of the presentation was a three-step process for selecting herbicides: determine what is labeled and safe for the target ornamental, identify the primary and secondary weed species, and combine those into a year-round rotation using different modes of action. Marble walked through a detailed example using container-grown gardenia, narrowing granular pre-emergent options using the 2017 Southeast Pest Control Guide's efficacy and safety charts, then building a seasonal rotation targeting spotted spurge and eclipta in warm months and bittercress, annual bluegrass, and oxalis in cool months. He presented research showing that combining pre-emergent herbicides like Specticle or SureGuard with post-emergence treatments reduced total herbicide use by 40 to 60 percent and costs by up to 30 percent compared to post-only programs. Marble also reviewed post-emergence alternatives to glyphosate — including glufosinate, acetic acid products, and other desiccant-type herbicides — noting that while they provide fast initial burndown, most require follow-up applications for lasting control. He concluded by highlighting underutilized selective options such as graminicides for grass control in ornamental beds and products like Basagran, Lontrel, and Certainty for sedge and broadleaf management.</p>
<hr />
<h2 id="youtube-timestamps">YOUTUBE TIMESTAMPS<a class="headerlink" href="#youtube-timestamps" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>0:00 Introduction and Speaker Credentials
0:58 Overview: Weed Control in Nurseries and Landscapes
1:36 Why Herbicides Fail: Calibration and Application
4:34 Calibration Tools and Mixing Calculators
6:35 Pre-emergent Herbicide Timing
8:20 Avoiding Plant Injury During Application
9:29 SureGuard Holly Trial: New Growth vs. Hardened Foliage
10:42 Post-emergence Herbicide Timing
11:30 Environmental Factors Affecting Efficacy
13:18 Stressed Weeds and Mowing Impacts
14:28 Ranking Factors That Impact Post-emergence Performance
15:38 Importance of Developing a Program, Not Just Products
17:17 Herbicide Rotation and Resistance Prevention
18:48 Three Steps to Choosing Herbicides
19:17 Pre-emergence Options Color-Coded by Mode of Action
20:48 The 2017 Southeast Pest Control Guide
21:00 Step 1 Example: Labeled Options for Container-Grown Gardenia
22:02 Grouping Herbicides by Mode of Action
23:01 Step 2: Targeting Primary and Secondary Weed Species
25:20 Step 3: Building a Year-Round Rotation
27:03 Year-Round Nursery Rotation Plan by Month
27:34 Research: Pre-emergent + Post-emergent vs. Post-Only Programs
30:44 Cost Savings and Herbicide Reduction Results
31:55 Application Interval Considerations
32:09 Landscape-Specific Rotation Planning
33:52 Timing Examples: One, Two, or Three Applications Per Year
35:20 Generic Landscape Rotation Example by Season
37:01 Post-emergence Alternatives to Glyphosate in Landscape Beds
38:08 Glufosinate (Finale/Cheetah) as an Alternative
38:43 Non-Selective Alternatives: Desiccant-Type Herbicides
40:12 Acetic Acid Trial: Burndown and Recovery Results
42:23 Selective Post-emergence Options for Landscape Beds
43:04 Graminicides: Underutilized Grass-Selective Herbicides
43:55 Basagran, Lontrel, Certainty, and Scepter
44:44 UF Mid-Florida REC Resources and Contact Information
45:52 Q&amp;A: Signal Words and PPE Requirements
48:02 Q&amp;A: Wind Drift and Reducing Spray Drift
49:08 Q&amp;A: Marengo for Nursery Gravel Areas</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Timestamp</th>
<th>Topic</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>0:00</td>
<td>Introduction and Speaker Credentials</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>0:58</td>
<td>Overview: Weed Control in Nurseries and Landscapes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1:36</td>
<td>Why Herbicides Fail: Calibration and Application</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4:34</td>
<td>Calibration Tools and Mixing Calculators</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6:35</td>
<td>Pre-emergent Herbicide Timing</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8:20</td>
<td>Avoiding Plant Injury During Application</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>9:29</td>
<td>SureGuard Holly Trial: New Growth vs. Hardened Foliage</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10:42</td>
<td>Post-emergence Herbicide Timing</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>11:30</td>
<td>Environmental Factors Affecting Efficacy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>13:18</td>
<td>Stressed Weeds and Mowing Impacts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>14:28</td>
<td>Ranking Factors That Impact Post-emergence Performance</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>15:38</td>
<td>Importance of Developing a Program, Not Just Products</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>17:17</td>
<td>Herbicide Rotation and Resistance Prevention</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>18:48</td>
<td>Three Steps to Choosing Herbicides</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>19:17</td>
<td>Pre-emergence Options Color-Coded by Mode of Action</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>20:48</td>
<td>The 2017 Southeast Pest Control Guide</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>21:00</td>
<td>Step 1 Example: Labeled Options for Container-Grown Gardenia</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>22:02</td>
<td>Grouping Herbicides by Mode of Action</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>23:01</td>
<td>Step 2: Targeting Primary and Secondary Weed Species</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>25:20</td>
<td>Step 3: Building a Year-Round Rotation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>27:03</td>
<td>Year-Round Nursery Rotation Plan by Month</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>27:34</td>
<td>Research: Pre-emergent + Post-emergent vs. Post-Only Programs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>30:44</td>
<td>Cost Savings and Herbicide Reduction Results</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>31:55</td>
<td>Application Interval Considerations</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>32:09</td>
<td>Landscape-Specific Rotation Planning</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>33:52</td>
<td>Timing Examples: One, Two, or Three Applications Per Year</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>35:20</td>
<td>Generic Landscape Rotation Example by Season</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>37:01</td>
<td>Post-emergence Alternatives to Glyphosate in Landscape Beds</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>38:08</td>
<td>Glufosinate (Finale/Cheetah) as an Alternative</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>38:43</td>
<td>Non-Selective Alternatives: Desiccant-Type Herbicides</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>40:12</td>
<td>Acetic Acid Trial: Burndown and Recovery Results</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>42:23</td>
<td>Selective Post-emergence Options for Landscape Beds</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>43:04</td>
<td>Graminicides: Underutilized Grass-Selective Herbicides</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>43:55</td>
<td>Basagran, Lontrel, Certainty, and Scepter</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>44:44</td>
<td>UF Mid-Florida REC Resources and Contact Information</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>45:52</td>
<td>Q&amp;A: Signal Words and PPE Requirements</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>48:02</td>
<td>Q&amp;A: Wind Drift and Reducing Spray Drift</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>49:08</td>
<td>Q&amp;A: Marengo for Nursery Gravel Areas</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr />
<h2 id="questions-answers">QUESTIONS &amp; ANSWERS<a class="headerlink" href="#questions-answers" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p><strong>Q: What is the number one reason herbicides fail to provide expected weed control or cause plant injury?</strong>
@@ -4484,7 +4608,7 @@ A: Dr. Marble recommended using coarser nozzle tips so that water particles are
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
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</a>
@@ -4822,7 +4822,7 @@
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4346,7 +4346,7 @@
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
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@@ -4577,7 +4577,7 @@
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4453,7 +4453,7 @@ A: Dr. Marble recommended using coarser nozzle tips so that water particles are
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4336,7 +4336,7 @@ A: Glufosinate (Finale/Cheetah) is the most common. Desiccant-type products like
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -5256,7 +5256,7 @@ Whisper consistently heard "wheat" instead of "weed" — corrected throughout.</
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
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</a>
@@ -5358,7 +5358,7 @@
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4672,7 +4672,7 @@
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
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@@ -4863,7 +4863,7 @@ d) Remove and replace the tree, as 30% defoliation is always fatal</p>
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4533,7 +4533,7 @@
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
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@@ -4333,38 +4333,144 @@
<p>The third case study examined the orange-striped oakworm moth, a native pest of native oaks. Dr. Graziosi explained why clonal nursery stock in urban landscapes creates genetically uniform stands with low resistance, compounded by urban heat effects. He outlined a practical decision framework: managers should distinguish aesthetic damage from actual harm using a 25% defoliation threshold and recognize that late-season defoliation is less damaging. Btk (<em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em> kurstaki) as a foliar spray is effective against young larvae with minimal impact on natural enemies.</p>
<hr />
<h2 id="youtube-timestamps">YOUTUBE TIMESTAMPS<a class="headerlink" href="#youtube-timestamps" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>0:00 Introduction and speaker credentials
1:28 The disease triangle: pest, tree, and environment
3:02 The spiral of tree decline
6:07 Native vs. non-native pest and tree interactions
7:22 Example 1: Emerald ash borer (EAB) — overview
8:23 EAB life cycle and damage symptoms
10:48 EAB generation time and temperature effects
11:57 EAB spread across North America and firewood
13:47 EAB in Georgia and native ash species diversity
15:26 White fringetree as alternate EAB host
16:43 Global trade and non-native species introductions
18:20 The invasion curve: detection, eradication, and control
21:32 Why EAB is not a pest in Asia
22:34 Chemical control methods for EAB
23:57 Importation biological control: parasitoid wasps
28:01 Native natural enemies and the goal of balance
29:42 Example 2: Crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS) — overview
31:47 CMBS biology, life cycle, and overlapping generations
33:47 CMBS invasion timeline and early detection
35:02 CMBS and the invasion curve in Georgia
36:06 CMBS host range expansion in North America
36:42 Urban heat island effects on scales
37:28 Chemical control options for CMBS
38:31 Natural enemies: lady beetles and lacewings
42:04 Balancing chemical and biological control for CMBS
42:25 Example 3: Orange-striped oakworm moth — overview
43:53 Oakworm life cycle and seasonal timing
44:51 Why urban and clonal trees are vulnerable
46:35 Natural enemies of the oakworm
47:56 Control decisions: damage thresholds and Btk
49:19 Presentation wrap-up and key takeaways
50:01 Moderator comments on CMBS expansion in Georgia</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Timestamp</th>
<th>Topic</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>0:00</td>
<td>Introduction and speaker credentials</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1:28</td>
<td>The disease triangle: pest, tree, and environment</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3:02</td>
<td>The spiral of tree decline</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6:07</td>
<td>Native vs. non-native pest and tree interactions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7:22</td>
<td>Example 1: Emerald ash borer (EAB) — overview</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8:23</td>
<td>EAB life cycle and damage symptoms</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10:48</td>
<td>EAB generation time and temperature effects</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>11:57</td>
<td>EAB spread across North America and firewood</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>13:47</td>
<td>EAB in Georgia and native ash species diversity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>15:26</td>
<td>White fringetree as alternate EAB host</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>16:43</td>
<td>Global trade and non-native species introductions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>18:20</td>
<td>The invasion curve: detection, eradication, and control</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>21:32</td>
<td>Why EAB is not a pest in Asia</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>22:34</td>
<td>Chemical control methods for EAB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>23:57</td>
<td>Importation biological control: parasitoid wasps</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>28:01</td>
<td>Native natural enemies and the goal of balance</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>29:42</td>
<td>Example 2: Crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS) — overview</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>31:47</td>
<td>CMBS biology, life cycle, and overlapping generations</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>33:47</td>
<td>CMBS invasion timeline and early detection</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>35:02</td>
<td>CMBS and the invasion curve in Georgia</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>36:06</td>
<td>CMBS host range expansion in North America</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>36:42</td>
<td>Urban heat island effects on scales</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>37:28</td>
<td>Chemical control options for CMBS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>38:31</td>
<td>Natural enemies: lady beetles and lacewings</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>42:04</td>
<td>Balancing chemical and biological control for CMBS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>42:25</td>
<td>Example 3: Orange-striped oakworm moth — overview</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>43:53</td>
<td>Oakworm life cycle and seasonal timing</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>44:51</td>
<td>Why urban and clonal trees are vulnerable</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>46:35</td>
<td>Natural enemies of the oakworm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>47:56</td>
<td>Control decisions: damage thresholds and Btk</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>49:19</td>
<td>Presentation wrap-up and key takeaways</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>50:01</td>
<td>Moderator comments on CMBS expansion in Georgia</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr />
<h2 id="questions-answers">QUESTIONS &amp; ANSWERS<a class="headerlink" href="#questions-answers" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p><strong>Q: What is the disease triangle, and why is it important for understanding tree pest damage?</strong>
@@ -4448,7 +4554,7 @@ A: The white fringetree, which belongs to the same family (Oleaceae) as ash, was
<a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/departments-centers/center-urban-agriculture.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
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@@ -4844,7 +4844,7 @@
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<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
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</a>
@@ -4316,7 +4316,7 @@
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<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4319,7 +4319,7 @@
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<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4469,7 +4469,7 @@ Covers life cycle and seasonal timing (late summer/fall, two generations in the
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<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4458,7 +4458,7 @@ A: The white fringetree, which belongs to the same family (Oleaceae) as ash, was
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<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M271.9 20.2c-9.8-5.6-21.9-5.6-31.8 0l-224 128c-12.6 7.2-18.8 22-15.1 36S17.5 208 32 208h32v208l-51.2 38.4C4.7 460.4 0 469.9 0 480c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h448c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32 0-10.1-4.7-19.6-12.8-25.6L448 416V208h32c14.5 0 27.2-9.8 30.9-23.8s-2.5-28.8-15.1-36l-224-128zM400 208v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm-112 0v208h-64V208zm80-112a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4338,7 +4338,7 @@ Getting the Best of Pests (GTBOP) is a continuing education webinar series for p
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<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
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</a>
@@ -5174,7 +5174,7 @@
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<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
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@@ -4217,7 +4217,7 @@
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<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
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@@ -4217,7 +4217,7 @@
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<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
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@@ -4217,7 +4217,7 @@
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@@ -4205,7 +4205,7 @@
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@@ -4293,7 +4293,7 @@
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<a href="https://urbanag.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="UGA Center for Urban Agriculture" class="md-social__link">
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@@ -4349,7 +4349,7 @@
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@@ -4205,7 +4205,7 @@
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@@ -4897,7 +4897,7 @@
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