Add McCullough weed mgmt - November 2017

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

docs/green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/matching.md

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+# GTBOP Moodle Matching Exercises
+## Weed Control in Turf — A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates
+
+**Webinar Date:** November 17, 2017
+**Speaker:** Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia
+**Series:** Green & Commercial
+**Course Context:** Weed Science Certificate Course
+**Source:** Corrected SRT (Stage 1) + Archive Package (Stage 2)
+
+---
+
+### Matching Exercise 1: Weed Lifecycle Classification
+**Timestamp Reference:** 10:16 – 15:06 (primary coverage area)
+**Type:** Timing-Practice
+
+**Instructions:** Match each weed species in Column A with its lifecycle classification as described by McCullough in Column B.
+
+| # | Column A | | Column B |
+|---|----------|-|----------|
+| 1 | Henbit | | a) Summer annual |
+| 2 | Crabgrass | | b) Winter annual |
+| 3 | Purple nutsedge | | c) Simple perennial |
+| 4 | Spotted spurge | | d) Complex perennial |
+| 5 | Wild garlic | | e) Cool-season perennial |
+| 6 | White clover | | |
+| 7 | Annual bluegrass (Poa annua) | | |
+| 8 | Goosegrass | | |
+
+**Answer Key:**
+1 → b, 2 → a, 3 → d, 4 → a, 5 → c, 6 → d, 7 → b, 8 → a
+
+**Notes:** White clover is listed as a complex perennial alongside bermudagrass, Canada thistle, ground ivy, and the nutsedges. Wild garlic is McCullough's example of a simple perennial that emerges from below-ground bulbs. Distractor "e" (cool-season perennial) is not used — McCullough does not assign this specific classification to any of the listed species; he describes white clover as a "cool season perennial" in passing (Block 91) but classifies it among complex perennials (Block 122).
+
+**Source in transcript:** Blocks 94–122
+
+---
+
+### Matching Exercise 2: Pre-Emergent Herbicide Products and Characteristics
+**Timestamp Reference:** 27:00 – 37:05 (primary coverage area)
+**Type:** Product-Characteristic
+
+**Instructions:** Match each herbicide or product in Column A with the characteristic McCullough associates with it in Column B.
+
+| # | Column A | | Column B |
+|---|----------|-|----------|
+| 1 | Prodiamine (Barricade) | | a) Short residual activity; moderate duration in soil |
+| 2 | Siduron (Tupersan) | | b) Strong on broadleaf weeds but weaker on grassy weeds |
+| 3 | Isoxaben (Gallery) | | c) Long residual (4–6 months); strong on grassy weeds |
+| 4 | Specticle (indaziflam) | | d) Different mode of action from dinitroanilines; very active on Poa annua |
+| 5 | Dithiopyr (Dimension) | | e) Similar mode of action to dinitroanilines; cross-resistance with prodiamine for Poa annua |
+| 6 | Pendimethalin | | f) Strong on grassy weeds; widely used for spring crabgrass control |
+| | | | g) Can be impregnated on fertilizer for weed-and-feed applications |
+
+**Answer Key:**
+1 → c, 2 → a, 3 → b, 4 → d, 5 → e, 6 → f
+
+**Notes:** Distractor "g" applies generally to several products McCullough mentions but is not specifically paired with any single product in this exercise. McCullough notes that pendimethalin and prodiamine are both widely used for crabgrass control; the distinguishing detail for prodiamine here is its longer residual.
+
+**Source in transcript:** Blocks 243–333, 369–375
+
+---
+
+### Matching Exercise 3: New 2018 Herbicide Products
+**Timestamp Reference:** 55:01 – 1:09:53 (primary coverage area)
+**Type:** Product-Ingredient
+
+**Instructions:** Match each new product trade name in Column A with its active ingredient(s) or key characteristic in Column B.
+
+| # | Column A | | Column B |
+|---|----------|-|----------|
+| 1 | RELZAR | | a) Sulfentrazone + carfentrazone; rapid sedge and kyllinga knockdown |
+| 2 | Game On | | b) Halauxifen + florasulam; one rate for all turfgrass species |
+| 3 | Switchblade | | c) Pyrimisulfan + penoxsulam; granular with root uptake, no dew required |
+| 4 | Vexis | | d) Halauxifen + 2,4-D choline + fluroxypyr; primarily cool-season grasses |
+| 5 | Solero | | e) Simazine + imazaquin + prodiamine; pre + post combination |
+| 6 | Dismiss NXT | | f) Mesosulfuron; comparable to SedgeHammer and halosulfuron for sedge control |
+| 7 | Coastal | | g) Halauxifen + dicamba + fluroxypyr; labeled for warm-season including centipedegrass |
+| | | | h) Sulfentrazone alone; long residual sedge control |
+
+**Answer Key:**
+1 → b, 2 → d, 3 → g, 4 → c, 5 → f, 6 → a, 7 → e
+
+**Notes:** Distractor "h" describes standard Dismiss (sulfentrazone alone), which McCullough discusses but is not one of the new 2018 products. The key distinguishing features between RELZAR, Game On, and Switchblade are their secondary active ingredients and resulting turfgrass species labels.
+
+**Source in transcript:** Blocks 505–644
+
+---
+
+## Matching Exercise Summary
+
+**Total Exercises:** 3
+**Total Pairs:** 21 (8 + 6 + 7)
+**Distractors:** 3 (1 per exercise)
+**Types:** Timing-Practice (1), Product-Characteristic (1), Product-Ingredient (1)
+**Coverage:** Lifecycles (early-mid presentation), Pre-emergent products (mid presentation), New products (late presentation)
+
+---
+
+*Generated for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Moodle Certificate Course — Weed Science*
+*Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) — GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt (649 blocks)*

docs/green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz.md

@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+# GTBOP Moodle Quiz
+## Weed Control in Turf — A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates
+
+**Webinar Date:** November 17, 2017
+**Speaker:** Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia
+**Series:** Green & Commercial
+**Course Context:** Weed Science Certificate Course
+**Source:** Corrected SRT (Stage 1) + Archive Package (Stage 2)
+
+---
+
+### Question 1
+**Timestamp Reference:** 0:46 – 1:53
+**Difficulty:** Recall
+
+Which two weed identification books does McCullough specifically recommend for turfgrass managers?
+
+a) *Weeds of the Northeast* and *Southern Weed Science Society Field Guide*
+b) *Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds* and *Weeds of Southern Turfgrass*
+c) *Weed Identification Guide for Georgia* and *Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds*
+d) *Weeds of Southern Turfgrass* and *Crop Weed Identification Manual*
+
+**Correct Answer:** b
+**Explanation:** McCullough recommends the *Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds* (published by GCSAA) and *Weeds of Southern Turfgrass* (a UGA publication available through the Athens bookstore).
+**Source in transcript:** Blocks 10–14
+
+---
+
+### Question 2
+**Timestamp Reference:** 2:43 – 3:56
+**Difficulty:** Recall
+
+According to McCullough, what is typically the first and best characteristic he looks for when trying to identify a grassy weed species?
+
+a) Ligule structure
+b) Leaf color
+c) Seed head
+d) Root system
+
+**Correct Answer:** c
+**Explanation:** McCullough states that the seed head is usually the first characteristic he looks for on a weed sample and is typically the best characteristic to quickly key out a weed species.
+**Source in transcript:** Blocks 27–36
+
+---
+
+### Question 3
+**Timestamp Reference:** 3:57 – 5:11
+**Difficulty:** Application
+
+A turfgrass manager finds a warm-season perennial grassy weed with a V-shaped seed head where the two spikes join at the base. Which species is this most likely, and what herbicide does McCullough suggest for its control?
+
+a) Dallisgrass; metsulfuron
+b) Bahiagrass; metsulfuron
+c) Dallisgrass; specific application programs depending on turfgrass species
+d) Goosegrass; prodiamine
+
+**Correct Answer:** b
+**Explanation:** McCullough describes bahiagrass as having a V-shaped (or B-shaped) seed head where the spikes join at the base, distinguishing it from dallisgrass which has alternating spikes. Bahiagrass responds well to metsulfuron, while dallisgrass requires more specific application programs.
+**Source in transcript:** Blocks 37–48
+
+---
+
+### Question 4
+**Timestamp Reference:** 5:34 – 6:47
+**Difficulty:** Application
+
+During the growing season, a lawn care operator finds an unfamiliar summer grassy weed with no visible seed head. On closer inspection, the plant has no ligule at the base of the leaf blade. Based on McCullough's identification guidance, which weed species should they suspect?
+
+a) Large crabgrass
+b) Smooth crabgrass
+c) Barnyardgrass
+d) Goosegrass
+
+**Correct Answer:** c
+**Explanation:** McCullough explains that barnyardgrass does not have a distinct ligule — that structure is absent from the plant. Crabgrass species, by contrast, have a fleshy ligule often with a fringe of hairs. The absence of a ligule in a summer grassy weed is a strong indicator of barnyardgrass.
+**Source in transcript:** Blocks 54–61
+
+---
+
+### Question 5
+**Timestamp Reference:** 10:16 – 12:04
+**Difficulty:** Recall
+
+Which of the following is a true winter annual weed that germinates in the fall and dies out in the summer?
+
+a) Spotted spurge
+b) Goosegrass
+c) Henbit
+d) Doveweed
+
+**Correct Answer:** c
+**Explanation:** McCullough identifies henbit as a winter annual weed that germinates in the fall, grows actively in winter, goes to seed in spring, and then dies in summer. Spotted spurge, goosegrass, and doveweed are all summer annuals that germinate in spring and die in winter.
+**Source in transcript:** Blocks 94–107
+
+---
+
+### Question 6
+**Timestamp Reference:** 12:05 – 15:06
+**Difficulty:** Analysis
+
+Why are complex perennial weeds like bermudagrass and purple nutsedge more difficult to control than annual weeds, according to McCullough?
+
+a) They are resistant to all available herbicides
+b) They reproduce through stolons, rhizomes, and tubers in addition to seed, and pre-emergent herbicides do not control plants emerging from vegetative structures
+c) They only germinate during a narrow window that is difficult to predict
+d) They require non-selective herbicides that also damage the desired turfgrass
+
+**Correct Answer:** b
+**Explanation:** McCullough explains that complex perennials survive multiple years and primarily reproduce through asexual means — stolons, rhizomes, and tubers. Pre-emergent herbicides, which target seedling establishment, do not control plants emerging from below-ground vegetative structures. This makes control unpredictable and difficult compared to annual weeds with predictable germination windows.
+**Source in transcript:** Blocks 109–132
+
+---
+
+### Question 7
+**Timestamp Reference:** 17:08 – 19:15
+**Difficulty:** Recall
+
+In the North Carolina mowing height study McCullough presents, what happened to crabgrass cover when tall fescue mowing height was raised from one inch to four inches?
+
+a) Crabgrass was reduced by approximately 50%
+b) Crabgrass was reduced from 95% cover to essentially 0%
+c) Crabgrass was unaffected by mowing height
+d) Crabgrass was reduced from 60% cover to 20%
+
+**Correct Answer:** b
+**Explanation:** McCullough presents the North Carolina study showing that raising tall fescue from a one-inch to a four-inch mowing height cut crabgrass population from 95% cover to basically 0%. The taller fescue was able to shade out crabgrass and prevent its emergence.
+**Source in transcript:** Blocks 159–165
+
+---
+
+### Question 8
+**Timestamp Reference:** 24:07 – 26:09
+**Difficulty:** Analysis
+
+A homeowner asks whether a pre-emergent herbicide will stop weeds from sprouting in the first place. Based on McCullough's explanation, what is the correct response?
+
+a) Yes, pre-emergent herbicides prevent seeds from germinating in the soil
+b) No, seeds still germinate, but the herbicide inhibits cell division in the seedling roots and shoots so they fail to establish
+c) Yes, pre-emergent herbicides create a chemical barrier that seeds cannot penetrate
+d) No, pre-emergent herbicides only work on established weeds
+
+**Correct Answer:** b
+**Explanation:** McCullough specifically states that pre-emergent herbicides do not prevent weed seed germination. Seeds must first germinate and the young roots and shoots absorb the herbicide from the soil water solution. Most pre-emergent herbicides then tie up cell division, so the seedling fails to establish a healthy root system and dies.
+**Source in transcript:** Blocks 226–227
+
+---
+
+### Question 9
+**Timestamp Reference:** 29:38 – 31:06
+**Difficulty:** Application
+
+A golf course superintendent needs to apply a pre-emergent herbicide but has no irrigation available and no rain is expected for two weeks. Based on McCullough's guidance, which formulation should they choose and why?
+
+a) Sprayable formulation, because it provides more uniform coverage
+b) Granular formulation, because it can reach the soil more readily without irrigation and has less potential for loss
+c) Either formulation, since irrigation timing does not affect pre-emergent efficacy
+d) Sprayable formulation applied at double the rate to compensate for losses
+
+**Correct Answer:** b
+**Explanation:** McCullough explains that sprayable formulations can lose efficacy through photodegradation, volatilization, and clipping collection when they cannot be watered in promptly. Dry granular formulations get to the soil much better and have less potential for losses compared to sprayable products when irrigation is unavailable.
+**Source in transcript:** Blocks 266–282
+
+---
+
+### Question 10
+**Timestamp Reference:** 35:11 – 36:20
+**Difficulty:** Application
+
+Instead of applying prodiamine (Barricade) at one pound of active ingredient per acre in a single March application, a lawn care operator splits it into two applications. What is the recommended split program McCullough describes?
+
+a) One-quarter pound in February and three-quarters pound in April
+b) Half a pound in March and half a pound in late May or June
+c) One pound in March and one pound in September
+d) Half a pound in January and half a pound in March
+
+**Correct Answer:** b
+**Explanation:** McCullough recommends splitting the application into half a pound active per acre in March and another half pound active per acre in late May or June. This provides a fresh supply of herbicide to the soil and extends residual control beyond a single full-rate application, improving control of late-season crabgrass flushes.
+**Source in transcript:** Blocks 319–324
+
+---
+
+### Question 11
+**Timestamp Reference:** 37:31 – 40:11
+**Difficulty:** Analysis
+
+McCullough explains that herbicide resistance is not caused by the herbicide changing the weed. What is actually happening when a weed population becomes resistant?
+
+a) The herbicide breaks down in the soil faster over time, reducing its effectiveness
+b) Repeated applications select for naturally occurring biotypes with altered target sites that do not respond to the herbicide, allowing them to reproduce and spread
+c) Weeds develop immunity after repeated exposure, similar to antibiotic resistance in bacteria
+d) Resistant weeds are introduced from other regions through contaminated seed or equipment
+
+**Correct Answer:** b
+**Explanation:** McCullough emphasizes that resistance is a naturally occurring trait — not a change caused by the herbicide. A resistant biotype (perhaps one in a million) has a mutated target site where the herbicide cannot bind properly. Using the same herbicide repeatedly kills susceptible plants while the resistant biotype survives, reproduces, and eventually dominates the population through selection pressure.
+**Source in transcript:** Blocks 345–363
+
+---
+
+### Question 12
+**Timestamp Reference:** 46:05 – 48:06
+**Difficulty:** Recall
+
+In McCullough's golf course field trials testing resistance management programs, what combination provided complete Poa annua control at all three test locations, including those with resistance issues?
+
+a) Barricade applied at double rate
+b) Specticle alone at standard timing
+c) A sulfonylurea herbicide combined with simazine
+d) Dismiss NXT at the fall timing
+
+**Correct Answer:** c
+**Explanation:** McCullough found that combining a sulfonylurea with simazine — two different modes of action — gave complete control of Poa at all three golf courses, even where individual products like Revolver or simazine alone had resistance failures. The combination addressed different resistance profiles at each location.
+**Source in transcript:** Blocks 438–445
+
+---
+
+### Question 13
+**Timestamp Reference:** 55:01 – 59:05
+**Difficulty:** Recall
+
+What is the new active ingredient from Dow that McCullough discusses, and what is its primary characteristic?
+
+a) Pyrimisulfan; long residual soil activity
+b) Mesosulfuron; excellent sedge control
+c) Halauxifen; very rapid broadleaf weed activity within five to seven days
+d) Carfentrazone; controls both grassy and broadleaf weeds
+
+**Correct Answer:** c
+**Explanation:** Halauxifen is a new synthetic auxin (Group 4) herbicide from Dow. McCullough highlights its very rapid activity — susceptible broadleaf weeds typically show browning and necrosis within five to seven days. It is the active ingredient in RELZAR, Game On, and Switchblade.
+**Source in transcript:** Blocks 505–513
+
+---
+
+### Question 14
+**Timestamp Reference:** 1:06:27 – 1:08:17
+**Difficulty:** Application
+
+A lawn care company wants the fastest possible visual response when treating kyllinga for a demanding client. Based on McCullough's research, which product should they consider, and what is its limitation?
+
+a) SedgeHammer, but it requires a surfactant to be effective
+b) Dismiss NXT, but it does not provide significantly better long-term control than standard Dismiss
+c) Vexis, but it requires dew to be present on the plant
+d) Solero, but it is only labeled for cool-season grasses
+
+**Correct Answer:** b
+**Explanation:** McCullough reports that Dismiss NXT (sulfentrazone + carfentrazone) provides rapid control of kyllinga within seven days — a very fast takedown. However, his research did not show a significant difference in long-term control compared to straight Dismiss. The speed of response is the main advantage, which can satisfy clients who want to see quick results.
+**Source in transcript:** Blocks 612–627
+
+---
+
+### Question 15
+**Timestamp Reference:** 1:08:19 – 1:09:53
+**Difficulty:** Analysis
+
+Why does McCullough view Coastal (simazine + imazaquin + prodiamine) as representing a significant trend in turfgrass herbicide development?
+
+a) It is the first herbicide specifically developed for centipedegrass
+b) It combines pre-emergent and post-emergent activity with multiple modes of action in a single product, addressing both weed control and resistance management
+c) It provides season-long control with a single application
+d) It is the first product safe for use on all warm- and cool-season turfgrass species
+
+**Correct Answer:** b
+**Explanation:** McCullough describes Coastal as having both post-emergent activity (simazine and imazaquin controlling broadleaf weeds, sedges, and Poa annua with two different modes of action) and pre-emergent residual control (prodiamine). He sees it as the first of many combination products that will combine multiple chemistries for both weed control and resistance management in the turfgrass industry.
+**Source in transcript:** Blocks 628–644
+
+---
+
+## Quiz Summary
+
+**Total Questions:** 15
+**Difficulty Distribution:**
+- Recall: 6 questions (40%) — Questions 1, 2, 5, 7, 12, 13
+- Application: 5 questions (33%) — Questions 3, 4, 9, 10, 14
+- Analysis: 4 questions (27%) — Questions 6, 8, 11, 15
+
+**Coverage Distribution:**
+- Weed Identification (0:00–10:15): Questions 1, 2, 3, 4
+- Lifecycles and Cultural Practices (10:16–24:06): Questions 5, 6, 7
+- Pre-Emergent Science (24:07–36:20): Questions 8, 9, 10
+- Herbicide Resistance (37:31–55:00): Questions 11, 12
+- New Products (55:01–1:09:53): Questions 13, 14, 15
+
+---
+
+*Generated for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Moodle Certificate Course — Weed Science*
+*Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) — GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt (649 blocks)*

docs/green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/review-prompts.md

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+# GTBOP Moodle Review Activities
+## Weed Control in Turf — A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates
+
+**Webinar Date:** November 17, 2017
+**Speaker:** Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia
+**Series:** Green & Commercial
+**Course Context:** Weed Science Certificate Course
+**Source:** Corrected SRT (Stage 1) + Archive Package (Stage 2)
+
+---
+
+### Review Task 1: Weed Identification Characteristics
+**Watch:** 2:43 – 9:33
+**Task:** As McCullough walks through the diagnostic characteristics used to identify weed species, list the six types of characteristics he covers and note one specific example species he uses to illustrate each.
+**Key Points to Identify:**
+- Seed heads (e.g., bahiagrass vs. dallisgrass, Poa annua panicle)
+- Ligules (e.g., barnyardgrass absent ligule vs. crabgrass fleshy ligule)
+- Flowers (e.g., two-petal vs. three-petal day flower species)
+- Leaf arrangement on stems (alternate vs. opposite)
+- Pubescence/hairs (e.g., smooth crabgrass vs. large crabgrass vs. southern crabgrass)
+- Leaf markings (e.g., white clover chevron vs. spotted burr clover purple dot)
+
+---
+
+### Review Task 2: Cultural Practices and Weed Competition
+**Watch:** 17:08 – 21:26
+**Task:** McCullough presents two research studies demonstrating how cultural practices influence weed populations. Summarize the key finding of each study, including the specific numbers he provides.
+**Key Points to Identify:**
+- Mowing height study: tall fescue at 1 inch vs. 4 inches — crabgrass reduced from 95% to 0%
+- Irrigation study: daily watering vs. as-needed — dollarweed cover increased 5–6 fold with daily irrigation
+- The connection between these findings and reducing the need for herbicide inputs
+
+---
+
+### Review Task 3: Pre-Emergent Herbicide Mechanism
+**Watch:** 24:07 – 27:00
+**Task:** McCullough explains a common misconception about how pre-emergent herbicides work. Identify what pre-emergent herbicides do NOT do and then describe the actual mechanism in three steps (where the product goes, how the weed encounters it, what happens to the seedling).
+**Key Points to Identify:**
+- Pre-emergents do NOT prevent germination
+- Product binds in the upper half-inch of the soil profile
+- Germinating seedling roots and shoots absorb the herbicide from soil water solution
+- Herbicide inhibits cell division; seedling fails to establish healthy roots and dies
+
+---
+
+### Review Task 4: Herbicide Resistance Selection Pressure
+**Watch:** 37:31 – 43:33
+**Task:** McCullough uses a year-by-year diagram to explain how herbicide resistance develops through selection pressure. Trace the progression from Year 1 through Year 5 and explain why simply increasing the herbicide rate does not solve the problem.
+**Key Points to Identify:**
+- Year 1: one naturally resistant biotype survives among susceptible population
+- Repeated applications kill susceptible plants, allowing resistant biotype to reproduce
+- By Year 5: resistant biotype dominates the population
+- Target-site resistance: altered binding site means the herbicide simply does not work regardless of rate (300x rate example with Monument)
+
+---
+
+### Review Task 5: Resistance Management Through Mode of Action Combinations
+**Watch:** 46:05 – 50:48
+**Task:** McCullough describes the results of resistance management trials at three golf courses. For each course, note which herbicides worked, which failed, and explain why the combination of a sulfonylurea with simazine succeeded at all three locations.
+**Key Points to Identify:**
+- Different resistance profiles at each golf course (Barricade-resistant at courses 1 and 2; simazine-resistant at courses 1 and 3; sulfonylurea-resistant at course 2)
+- Specticle controlled dinitroaniline-resistant Poa at all sites
+- Sulfonylurea + simazine combination provided complete control at all three courses
+- Cost-effectiveness: simazine adds a second mode of action for ~$5/acre
+
+---
+
+### Review Task 6: New Product Comparison — Halauxifen Formulations
+**Watch:** 55:01 – 1:01:21
+**Task:** McCullough introduces three new products from Dow that all contain halauxifen. Create a comparison noting the other active ingredients in each product, which turfgrass species each is labeled for, and which product would be appropriate for a centipedegrass lawn.
+**Key Points to Identify:**
+- RELZAR: halauxifen + florasulam — all major warm and cool-season species; one labeled rate
+- Game On: halauxifen + 2,4-D choline + fluroxypyr — primarily cool-season grasses plus bermudagrass and zoysiagrass; NOT centipedegrass or St. Augustinegrass (2,4-D sensitivity)
+- Switchblade: halauxifen + dicamba + fluroxypyr — warm and cool-season including centipedegrass and St. Augustinegrass
+- For a centipedegrass lawn: RELZAR or Switchblade, not Game On
+
+---
+
+## Review Activity Summary
+
+**Total Tasks:** 6
+**Coverage Distribution:**
+- Weed Identification (early): Task 1
+- Cultural Practices (early-mid): Task 2
+- Pre-Emergent Science (mid): Task 3
+- Herbicide Resistance (mid-late): Tasks 4, 5
+- New Products (late): Task 6
+
+**Design Notes:** Tasks are structured to guide self-paced viewing by directing learners to specific segments. Each task asks for synthesis beyond simple recall — listing, comparing, tracing progressions, or correcting misconceptions — to promote active engagement with the video content.
+
+---
+
+*Generated for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Moodle Certificate Course — Weed Science*
+*Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) — GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt (649 blocks)*

docs/green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/archive-summary.md

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+# GTBOP Webinar Archive Summary
+## Weed Control in Turf — A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates
+
+**Webinar Date:** November 17, 2017 (pre-recorded November 10, 2017)
+**Speaker:** Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia
+**Moderator:** N/A (pre-recorded presentation)
+**Duration:** 1:10:00
+**Series:** Green & Commercial
+**CEU Categories:** Category 24 (Ornamental and Turf Pest Control)
+
+---
+
+## NARRATIVE SUMMARY
+
+Dr. Patrick McCullough, weed scientist at the University of Georgia, delivers a comprehensive review of turfgrass weed management fundamentals paired with updates on herbicide resistance issues and new product introductions for the 2018 season. The presentation covers the full scope of practical weed science knowledge that turfgrass managers need for effective control programs.
+
+McCullough begins with weed identification principles, recommending two key reference books — the *Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds* and UGA's *Weeds of Southern Turfgrass* — and walking through diagnostic characteristics including seed heads, ligules, flowers, leaf arrangement, pubescence, and leaf markings. He illustrates these with specific examples such as distinguishing bahiagrass from dallisgrass by seed head structure, differentiating crabgrass species by hair patterns, and separating white clover from spotted burr clover by leaf markings. Understanding weed lifecycles — winter annuals, summer annuals, simple perennials, and complex perennials — is essential because each group requires different management strategies and timing.
+
+Cultural practices receive substantial attention. McCullough presents research showing that raising tall fescue mowing height from one to four inches reduced crabgrass cover from 95% to essentially zero, and a three-year Florida study demonstrating that daily irrigation increased dollarweed cover five- to six-fold compared to as-needed watering. He emphasizes planting certified seed to avoid introducing weed species, citing an NTEP trial where seedlot contamination introduced broadleaf dock into a single plot.
+
+The core of the presentation covers pre-emergent herbicide science — how these products bind in the upper soil profile, inhibit cell division in germinating seedlings, and require timely activation through irrigation or rainfall. McCullough details application timing by Georgia region, residual activity differences among products, and the advantages of split applications for extending seasonal control.
+
+Herbicide resistance emerges as a major theme. McCullough presents field and greenhouse data showing widespread Poa annua (*Poa annua*) resistance to dinitroaniline and sulfonylurea herbicides across Georgia golf courses, sod farms, and lawns, along with halosulfuron-resistant sedge (*Cyperus compressus*) populations. He demonstrates how combining modes of action — such as pairing a sulfonylurea with simazine — controlled resistant biotypes at all three golf course test sites. The presentation concludes with updates on new 2018 products: RELZAR, Game On, and Switchblade (all containing the new active ingredient halauxifen from Dow); Vexis (pyrimisulfan + penoxsulam); Solero (mesosulfuron from Nufarm); Dismiss NXT (sulfentrazone + carfentrazone from FMC); and Coastal (simazine + imazaquin + prodiamine from Sipcam).
+
+---
+
+## YOUTUBE TIMESTAMPS
+
+0:00 Introduction
+0:46 Weed Identification Books and Resources
+2:00 Weed Categories: Grassy, Broadleaf, and Grass-Like
+2:43 Identification by Seed Heads
+3:57 Comparing Bahiagrass and Dallisgrass
+5:13 Poa annua Seed Head Identification
+5:34 Using Ligules for Grassy Weed Identification
+6:50 Broadleaf Weed Flowers and Day Flower Species
+7:52 Leaf Arrangement and Hair Characteristics
+9:34 Leaf Markings: White Clover vs. Spotted Burr Clover
+10:16 Weed Lifecycles: Winter and Summer Annuals
+12:05 Perennial Weeds: Simple and Complex
+16:02 Scouting, Early Detection, and Cultural Practices
+17:08 Mowing Height Effects on Crabgrass Competition
+20:07 Irrigation Influence on Weed Populations
+22:05 Seed Quality and Seedlot Contamination
+24:07 How Pre-Emergent Herbicides Work
+27:00 Pre-Emergent Product Overview and Formulations
+29:00 Pre-Emergent Targets and Limitations
+29:38 Herbicide Activation: Sprayable vs. Granular
+31:07 Spring Application Timing by Georgia Region
+32:52 Residual Activity and Product Selection
+34:48 Fall Pre-Emergent Timing for Winter Annuals
+35:11 Split Applications for Extended Control
+36:21 Fall Products for Poa annua Management
+37:31 Herbicide Resistance: Overview and Mechanisms
+41:01 Poa annua Resistance in Georgia
+43:34 Fall Post-Emergent Timing and Sulfonylurea Programs
+48:55 Poa annua Control Programs by Turfgrass Species
+51:38 Sedge Resistance to Sulfonylureas
+53:44 Other Herbicide-Resistant Weed Species
+55:01 New for 2018: Halauxifen Products (RELZAR, Game On, Switchblade)
+1:01:22 New for 2018: Vexis (Pyrimisulfan + Penoxsulam)
+1:05:31 Solero (Mesosulfuron) from Nufarm
+1:06:27 Dismiss NXT (Sulfentrazone + Carfentrazone)
+1:08:19 Coastal: Three-Way Pre + Post Combination from Sipcam
+1:09:53 Conclusion
+
+---
+
+## QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
+
+**Q: What are the three main categories used to classify weeds in turfgrass?**
+A: Weeds are classified as grassy weeds (monocots), broadleaf weeds (dicots), and grass-like weeds. The grass-like category is a miscellaneous grouping that includes sedges, wild garlic, wild onion, and plants like Star of Bethlehem that don't fit neatly into the other two categories.
+
+**Q: Why is it important to distinguish bahiagrass from dallisgrass when planning herbicide treatments?**
+A: Although both are warm-season perennial Paspalum species with similar seed head spikes, they have very different selective control options. Bahiagrass can be effectively controlled with metsulfuron and various warm-season species herbicides, while dallisgrass requires very specific application programs. Misidentifying one for the other could lead to ineffective treatments.
+
+**Q: How does mowing height affect crabgrass populations in tall fescue?**
+A: Research conducted in North Carolina showed that raising the mowing height of tall fescue from one inch to four inches reduced crabgrass cover from 95% to essentially 0%. The taller fescue was able to shade out crabgrass and prevent its establishment through increased competition.
+
+**Q: How do pre-emergent herbicides work, and do they prevent weed seed germination?**
+A: Pre-emergent herbicides do not prevent germination. They bind to the upper half inch of the soil profile and are absorbed by the roots and shoots of germinating seedlings. Most pre-emergent herbicides inhibit cell division, so seedlings that take in the herbicide fail to establish a healthy root system and die. Well-established turfgrass with roots penetrating below the treated zone is generally not affected.
+
+**Q: Why are split applications of pre-emergent herbicides recommended over single applications?**
+A: Splitting a pre-emergent application — for example, applying half a pound of prodiamine per acre in March and the other half in late May or June — provides a fresh supply of herbicide to the soil and extends residual control beyond what a single full-rate application achieves. This approach improves control of late-season flushes of crabgrass and other annual weeds.
+
+**Q: What is herbicide resistance, and how does it develop in weed populations?**
+A: Herbicide resistance develops through selection pressure. A naturally occurring resistant biotype — perhaps one in a thousand or one in a million plants — survives treatment because of an altered target site where the herbicide cannot bind properly. When the same herbicide is applied repeatedly over multiple years, susceptible plants are killed while the resistant biotype reproduces and spreads, eventually shifting the population toward resistance. This is not a change caused by the herbicide, but a selection of pre-existing genetic traits.
+
+**Q: What herbicide resistance problems is Georgia currently experiencing with Poa annua?**
+A: Georgia is seeing widespread Poa annua resistance to dinitroaniline pre-emergent herbicides (pendimethalin, prodiamine) with cross-resistance to Dimension (dithiopyr). Sulfonylurea post-emergent resistance is also prevalent. McCullough's greenhouse testing showed a resistant biotype survived rates up to 300 times the labeled rate of Monument, demonstrating classic target-site resistance. These resistance issues are increasing on lawns, golf courses, sod farms, and other turfgrass areas throughout the state.
+
+**Q: What resistance management strategy does McCullough recommend for Poa annua control in bermudagrass and zoysiagrass?**
+A: McCullough recommends combining two modes of action — a sulfonylurea herbicide (such as Revolver, Monument, Katana, or Tribute Total) with a triazine herbicide (simazine) at a quart per acre. In field trials across three golf courses with different resistance profiles, this tank mixture provided complete Poa control at all locations, even where individual products had failed. Simazine adds a second mode of action for approximately $5 per acre.
+
+**Q: What is halauxifen, and what new products will contain it?**
+A: Halauxifen is a new synthetic auxin (Group 4) active ingredient from Dow with very rapid broadleaf weed activity — typically five to seven days to visible response. Three products containing halauxifen were set for 2018 release: RELZAR (halauxifen + florasulam) for all major turfgrass species; Game On (halauxifen + 2,4-D choline + fluroxypyr) primarily for cool-season grasses and bermudagrass; and Switchblade (halauxifen + dicamba + fluroxypyr) for warm- and cool-season grasses including centipedegrass and St. Augustinegrass. All three showed promising activity on doveweed.
+
+**Q: How does Dismiss NXT differ from standard Dismiss?**
+A: Dismiss NXT combines sulfentrazone (the active ingredient in Dismiss) with carfentrazone (the active ingredient in Quicksilver). The primary advantage is speed of control — Dismiss NXT provides rapid knockdown of sedges and kyllinga, with visible results within seven days. However, McCullough's research did not show a significant difference in long-term control levels compared to straight Dismiss. The rapid visual response can be valuable for client satisfaction.
+
+**Q: What is the Coastal combination product, and why is it significant?**
+A: Coastal is a three-way combination from Sipcam containing simazine, imazaquin, and prodiamine. It provides both post-emergent activity (simazine and imazaquin controlling broadleaf weeds, sedges, and Poa annua with two different modes of action) and pre-emergent residual control (prodiamine for grassy weeds). McCullough sees this type of multi-chemistry combination product as a model for future turfgrass herbicide development, particularly for managing resistant weed populations.
+
+---
+
+## ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
+
+- **GeorgiaWeather.net** — Weather station network for tracking local soil temperatures to time pre-emergent applications (referenced by speaker)
+- *Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds* — Published by GCSAA, available through Amazon and other retailers
+- *Weeds of Southern Turfgrass* — UGA publication, available through the Athens bookstore and online retailers
+
+---
+
+*Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives*
+*Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) — GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt (649 blocks)*

docs/green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections.md

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+# SRT Transcript Correction Summary
+## File: Weed Control in Turf — A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates
+
+**Date Corrected:** March 12, 2026
+**Webinar Date:** November 17, 2017 (pre-recorded November 10, 2017)
+**Series:** Green & Commercial
+**Topic:** Weed Science / Turfgrass
+**Speaker:** Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia
+**Moderator:** None (pre-recorded presentation, no live Q&A)
+
+---
+
+## SOURCE VERIFICATION
+- **Original blocks:** 649
+- **Corrected blocks:** 649 ✓ MATCH CONFIRMED
+- **Time range:** 00:00:11,300 to 01:10:22,200
+- **Runtime:** ~70 minutes
+- **File reading:** COMPLETE ✓
+- **Coverage proof:**
+  - Early [~02:50]: Seed head identification characteristics; dallisgrass alternating spikes vs crowfootgrass spikes joining at base
+  - Middle [~38:00]: Herbicide resistance through selection pressure; one resistant biotype in year one spreading to dominant population by year five
+  - Late [~1:05:30]: Solero (mesosulfuron) from Nufarm for sedge control; comparable to Monument and Certainty
+
+---
+
+## Correction Assessment
+
+This transcript required **unusually heavy correction**. Whisper struggled systematically with herbicide active ingredient names, product trade names, and weed science terminology throughout the 70-minute presentation. The most extreme case was the new active ingredient "halauxifen," which Whisper rendered at least five different ways across the transcript. The term "sulfonylurea" was garbled in nearly every instance. Several Whisper substitution errors were semantically plausible but wrong ("pre-inversion" for "pre-emergent," "paint mix" for "tank mix," "wheat" for "weed").
+
+Approximately 150 lines required correction across 649 subtitle blocks.
+
+---
+
+## Corrections Applied
+
+### Chemical/Active Ingredient Names (Dominant Error Category)
+- "phyloxephen" / "Chaloxifen" / "hyloxipin" / "heloxifen" → "halauxifen" (Blocks 506, 509, 513, 535, 539, 556, 558)
+- "sulfentrizone" / "Sulfentrosone" / "Sulfendazone" → "sulfentrazone" (Blocks 451, 478, 484, 489, 613, 614)
+- "Carpentersone" → "carfentrazone" (Blocks 615, 616)
+- "sulfamilurea" / "sulfamilia urea" / "sulfamilia" → "sulfonylurea" (Blocks 412, 447, 448, 449, 467, 468, 471, 484)
+- "hallow-sulfuron" / "how low sulfur on" → "halosulfuron" (Blocks 477, 609)
+- "Mazisulfuron" → "mesosulfuron" (Block 603)
+- "metzulfuron" → "metsulfuron" (Block 42)
+- "phleroxapyr" / "cloroxypyr" → "fluroxypyr" (Blocks 536, 558)
+- "Florazolam" → "florasulam" (Block 515)
+- "pendimethylene" / "pentamethylin" / "pendimethylin" / "penimethylene" → "pendimethalin" (Blocks 300, 329, 369, 373)
+- "panoxyslum" → "penoxsulam" (Block 562)
+- "imazoquin" / "imazoquine" → "imazaquin" (Blocks 630, 631)
+- "isoxifen" → "isoxaben" (Block 254)
+- "oxidiazone" → "oxadiazon" (Block 301)
+- "Remsulfuron" / "rib sulfur on" → "rimsulfuron" (Blocks 449, 461)
+- "dinitroanulins" / "dinitroanlin" / "dinitroanilins" → "dinitroanilines" / "dinitroaniline" (Blocks 332, 371, 410, 471)
+- "phryzine" → "triazine" (Block 410)
+- "In Dazaflam" → "indaziflam" (Block 331)
+
+### Product/Trade Names
+- "Spectacle" / "spectacle" → "Specticle" (Blocks 330, 430, 458)
+- "sedge hammer" → "SedgeHammer" (Block 481, 609)
+- "Newfarm" → "Nufarm" (Blocks 603, 604)
+- "Valen" → "Valent" (Block 604)
+- "Vexus" / "vexus" / "nexus" → "Vexis" (Blocks 562, 577, 579, 587, 589)
+- "Dismis" / "dismissed" → "Dismiss" (Blocks 478, 617, 624)
+- "Dismiss NXP" → "Dismiss NXT" (Blocks 623, 624)
+- "transit" → "TranXit" (Block 450)
+- "freeham" → "Freehand" (Block 491)
+- "GAMON" → "Game On" (Blocks 550, 551)
+- "Sidgeron 2%" → "siduron," (Block 299) — see Flagged for Verification
+- "Basagrin" / "vasagrin" → "Basagran" (Blocks 479, 486)
+
+### Grass Species Names (Compound Standardization)
+- "Dallas grass" → "dallisgrass" (Blocks 31, 39, 43, 46)
+- "bahia grass" / "bahay grass" → "bahiagrass" (Blocks 42, 45)
+- "turf grass" / "Turf grass" → "turfgrass" (Throughout — ~30+ instances)
+- "Bermuda grass" / "bermuda grass" / "Bermuda brass" → "bermudagrass" (Blocks 122, 133, 138, 139, 442, 467, 541, 547)
+- "centipede grass" / "Centipede grass" → "centipedegrass" (Blocks 134–135, 175, 448, 460, 462, 522, 559)
+- "zoysia grass" / "Zoysia grass" → "zoysiagrass" (Blocks 135, 442, 467, 522)
+- "barnyard grass" → "barnyardgrass" (Blocks 58, 59)
+- "crowfoot grass" → "crowfootgrass" (Block 32)
+- "St. Augustine grass" → "St. Augustinegrass" (Blocks 529, 539, 559)
+- "nut sedge" → "nutsedge" (Blocks 481, 489)
+- "dove weed" / "Dove weed" → "doveweed" (Blocks 105, 530, 550, 554)
+- "dollar weed" / "Dollar weed" → "dollarweed" (Blocks 181, 184)
+- "lawn burr weed" / "lawn burrow weed" → "lawn burweed" (Blocks 585, 586)
+
+### Weed Species / Scientific Names
+- "Cyperis compressus" → "Cyperus compressus" (Block 475)
+- "past palum" → "Paspalum" (Blocks 37–38)
+- "Poa annula" / "Pola Angula" / "Poet Annua" / "Poa Annual" / "POA annual" / "po-annual" → "Poa annua" (Blocks 326, 373, 435, 448, 502, 633)
+- "POA" (standalone) → "Poa" (Blocks 425, 429, 430, 431, 435, 437, 443, 472)
+- "polo" / "pook" → "Poa" (Blocks 432, 441, 463, 466, 467, 473)
+- "Kalinga" / "colingus" → "kyllinga" (Blocks 489, 605, 617, 619, 620, 621)
+- "common Lestadiza" → "common lespedeza" (Block 531)
+- "parsley pert" → "parsley-piert" (Block 579)
+- "spittercress" → "bittercress" (Block 94)
+- "hopped clovers" → "hop clovers" (Block 94)
+
+### Whisper Substitution Errors
+- "pre-inversion" / "pre-imversion" → "pre-emergent" (Blocks 111, 212, 266)
+- "post-immersion" / "post-imversion" → "post-emergent" (Block 392, 567)
+- "wheat seed" / "wheat" → "weed" / "weed species" (Blocks 36, 86, 209)
+- "paint mix" / "paint mixture" → "tank mix" / "tank mixture" (Blocks 465, 479)
+- "action greening" / "active greening" → "active ingredient" (Blocks 454, 473)
+- "Long Care" → "lawn care" (Blocks 308, 330)
+- "munigrass" → "bermudagrass" (Block 549)
+- "NTEF" → "NTEP" (Block 196)
+- "disease is" → "This is" (Block 74)
+- "Falls is" → "Fall is" (Block 392)
+
+### Institutions and Locations
+- "georgiawether.net" → "georgiaweather.net" (Blocks 288, 292)
+
+### Flagged for Verification
+- **Block 42–43:** [VERIFY: "metsulfuron and various / species" — the phrase breaks awkwardly across blocks. Speaker may have said "metsulfuron and various other products" or similar; audio check recommended]
+- **Block 74:** [VERIFY: "disease is" corrected to "This is" — confident correction but audio confirmation preferred since Whisper garbled the word boundary]
+- **Block 299:** [VERIFY: "Sidgeron 2%" corrected to "siduron," — likely the speaker said "siduron 2G" (2% granular formulation); the "2%" may have been "2G" in the audio]
+- **Block 439:** [NOTE: Timestamp overlap — Block 439 (48:06–48:22) overlaps with Block 440 (48:08–48:14). Block 439 contains brief filler text "So, we're going to have to do that." This appears to be a Whisper alignment artifact. Timestamps preserved per protocol.]
+- **Block 513 / RELZAR:** [VERIFY: Trade name "RELZAR" — Whisper rendering appears consistent across multiple mentions; may be correct as-is. Confirm against audio or Dow/Corteva product records for the halauxifen + florasulam turf combination released in 2018]
+
+---
+
+## SRT Format Compliance
+✅ All timestamps preserved exactly as original
+✅ All sequence numbers maintained (1–649)
+✅ Blank lines between segments preserved
+✅ Maximum 2 lines per subtitle segment maintained
+✅ No segments merged or split
+✅ Block count: 649 original = 649 corrected ✓
+
+---
+
+## New Correction Patterns for Common Corrections Reference
+
+The following Whisper error patterns were new to this transcript and should be added to the project reference:
+
+### Chemicals/Products — Green & Commercial (New)
+| Whisper Output | Correct Form |
+|----------------|-------------|
+| phyloxephen / Chaloxifen / hyloxipin / heloxifen | halauxifen |
+| phleroxapyr / cloroxypyr | fluroxypyr |
+| Florazolam | florasulam |
+| Mazisulfuron | mesosulfuron |
+| pendimethylene / pentamethylin / penimethylene | pendimethalin |
+| panoxyslum | penoxsulam |
+| imazoquin / imazoquine | imazaquin |
+| isoxifen | isoxaben |
+| oxidiazone | oxadiazon |
+| Remsulfuron / rib sulfur on | rimsulfuron |
+| Sidgeron | siduron |
+| phryzine | triazine |
+| In Dazaflam | indaziflam |
+| Vexus / nexus | Vexis |
+| transit (product name) | TranXit |
+| GAMON | Game On |
+| Basagrin / vasagrin | Basagran |
+| freeham | Freehand |
+| Valen | Valent |
+| how low sulfur on | halosulfuron |
+| Cinezine | simazine |
+
+### Weed Species (New)
+| Whisper Output | Correct Form |
+|----------------|-------------|
+| Kalinga / colingus | kyllinga |
+| Cyperis | Cyperus |
+| common Lestadiza | common lespedeza |
+| parsley pert | parsley-piert |
+| spittercress | bittercress |
+| lawn burr weed / lawn burrow weed | lawn burweed |
+| hopped clovers | hop clovers |
+| past palum | Paspalum |
+
+### Whisper Substitution Errors (New)
+| Whisper Output | Correct Form | Context |
+|----------------|-------------|---------|
+| action greening / active greening | active ingredient | product rate descriptions |
+| munigrass | bermudagrass | mid-sentence species reference |
+| NTEF | NTEP | National Turfgrass Evaluation Program |
+
+---
+
+**Total Corrections:** ~200+ individual corrections across 150 affected lines
+**Processing:** Complete file (649 subtitle blocks, 2596 lines)

docs/green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/downloads.md

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# Downloads — McCullough, Weed Control in Turf
+
+## Corrected SRT File
+
+[Download Corrected SRT](GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt)
+
+| Detail | Value |
+|--------|-------|
+| Filename | `GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt` |
+| Blocks | 649 |
+| Time range | 00:00:00 – 01:10:00 |
+
+---
+
+*Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives*

docs/green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+---
+tags:
+  - Green & Commercial
+  - Weed Science
+  - McCullough
+---
+
+# Weed Control in Turf — A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates
+
+**Webinar Date:** November 17, 2017 (pre-recorded November 10, 2017)
+**Speaker:** Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia
+**Moderator:** N/A (pre-recorded presentation)
+**Series:** Green & Commercial
+**Duration:** 1:10:00
+**CEU Categories:** Category 24 (Ornamental and Turf Pest Control)
+
+---
+
+## Deliverables
+
+| Deliverable | Stage | Description |
+|-------------|-------|-------------|
+| [Archive Summary](archive-summary.md) | 2 | Narrative summary, YouTube timestamps, Q&A |
+| [Prose Transcript](prose-transcript.md) | 5 | Full presentation in readable prose |
+| [Transcript Corrections](corrections.md) | 1 | Correction log and verification |
+| [YouTube Version](platforms/youtube.md) | 3 | Character-limited YouTube description |
+| [Website Version](platforms/website.md) | 3 | Full web publication version |
+| [Extension Agent Version](platforms/ext-agent.md) | 3 | CEU-focused asynchronous version |
+| [Quiz](activities/quiz.md) | 4 | Multiple choice assessment |
+| [Matching](activities/matching.md) | 4 | Term-to-definition exercises |
+| [Review Prompts](activities/review-prompts.md) | 4 | Timestamp-linked review tasks |
+| [Corrected SRT](downloads.md) | 1 | Download corrected subtitle file |
+
+---
+
+## Session Overview
+
+Dr. Patrick McCullough delivers a comprehensive review of turfgrass weed management fundamentals paired with updates on herbicide resistance issues and new product introductions for the 2018 season. The presentation covers weed identification principles, the importance of cultural practices such as mowing height and irrigation management, and the science behind pre-emergent herbicide timing and activation. McCullough presents field and greenhouse data on widespread Poa annua resistance to dinitroaniline and sulfonylurea herbicides across Georgia, demonstrating how combining modes of action can restore control. The session concludes with previews of new products including halauxifen-based herbicides (RELZAR, Game On, Switchblade), Vexis, Solero, Dismiss NXT, and Coastal.
+
+---
+
+*Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives*
+*Source: Corrected SRT — GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt (649 blocks)*

docs/green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent.md

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# GTBOP Webinar Archive — Extension Agent Version
+## Weed Control in Turf — A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates
+
+---
+
+### Webinar Details
+
+| Field | Details |
+|-------|---------|
+| **Speaker** | Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia |
+| **Webinar Date** | November 17, 2017 |
+| **Duration** | 1 hour, 10 minutes |
+| **Series** | Green & Commercial |
+| **Format** | Pre-recorded presentation (no live Q&A segment) |
+
+### CEU Credit Information
+
+| Category | Description | Applicable |
+|----------|-------------|:----------:|
+| **24** | **Ornamental and Turf Pest Control** | **Yes** |
+
+This webinar is eligible for asynchronous CEU viewing. The full presentation runs 1:10:00.
+
+---
+
+### Content Overview
+
+This presentation provides a thorough review of weed management fundamentals for turfgrass professionals, making it well-suited for both new applicators building foundational knowledge and experienced practitioners seeking updates on resistance management and new products.
+
+**Part 1 — Weed Identification Fundamentals (0:00–10:15)**
+McCullough covers the three weed classification categories (grassy, broadleaf, grass-like), recommended identification books, and diagnostic characteristics: seed heads, ligules, flowers, leaf arrangement, pubescence, and leaf markings. Practical examples include distinguishing bahiagrass from dallisgrass and identifying crabgrass species.
+
+**Part 2 — Weed Lifecycles and Cultural Practices (10:16–24:06)**
+Covers winter annuals, summer annuals, simple perennials, and complex perennials with management implications for each. Presents research data on mowing height effects (crabgrass in tall fescue), irrigation impacts (dollarweed study), and the importance of certified seed quality.
+
+**Part 3 — Pre-Emergent Herbicide Science (24:07–36:20)**
+Detailed explanation of how pre-emergent herbicides work in the soil, product formulations (sprayable vs. granular), activation requirements, residual activity differences among products, spring and fall application timing for Georgia, and split application strategies.
+
+**Part 4 — Herbicide Resistance (37:31–55:00)**
+Major section on resistance mechanisms, selection pressure, and current resistance issues in Georgia including Poa annua resistance to dinitroanilines and sulfonylureas, and halosulfuron-resistant sedge populations. Includes resistance management programs tested on three golf courses demonstrating the value of combining modes of action.
+
+**Part 5 — New Products for 2018 (55:01–1:09:53)**
+Profiles of seven new herbicide products: RELZAR, Game On, and Switchblade (halauxifen-based, Dow); Vexis (pyrimisulfan + penoxsulam); Solero (mesosulfuron, Nufarm); Dismiss NXT (sulfentrazone + carfentrazone, FMC); and Coastal (simazine + imazaquin + prodiamine, Sipcam).
+
+---
+
+### Viewing Instructions for Asynchronous CEU Use
+
+This webinar is a single continuous presentation with no live Q&A segment. County agents may assign the full recording for individual viewing. Video chapters are available at the timestamps listed in the full archive package for agents who wish to direct viewers to specific segments.
+
+**Key segments for targeted viewing:**
+- Applicators needing identification refreshers: 0:00–10:15 (15 min)
+- Pre-emergent timing and product selection: 24:07–36:20 (12 min)
+- Herbicide resistance awareness and management: 37:31–55:00 (18 min)
+- New product updates: 55:01–1:09:53 (15 min)
+
+---
+
+### Resources Referenced
+
+- **GeorgiaWeather.net** — Soil temperature tracking for pre-emergent application timing
+- *Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds* (GCSAA publication)
+- *Weeds of Southern Turfgrass* (UGA publication)
+
+---
+
+*Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives*
+*Source: Stage 2 Archive Package — GTBOP_Archive_Summary_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md*

docs/green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/website.md

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+# GTBOP Webinar Archive
+## Weed Control in Turf — A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates
+
+**Webinar Date:** November 17, 2017
+**Speaker:** Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia
+**Duration:** 1:10:00
+**Series:** Green & Commercial
+**CEU Categories:** Category 24 (Ornamental and Turf Pest Control)
+**Format:** Pre-recorded presentation (no live Q&A)
+
+---
+
+## SUMMARY
+
+Dr. Patrick McCullough, weed scientist at the University of Georgia, delivers a comprehensive review of turfgrass weed management fundamentals paired with updates on herbicide resistance issues and new product introductions for the 2018 season. The presentation covers the full scope of practical weed science knowledge that turfgrass managers need for effective control programs.
+
+McCullough begins with weed identification principles, recommending two key reference books — the *Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds* and UGA's *Weeds of Southern Turfgrass* — and walking through diagnostic characteristics including seed heads, ligules, flowers, leaf arrangement, pubescence, and leaf markings. He illustrates these with specific examples such as distinguishing bahiagrass from dallisgrass by seed head structure, differentiating crabgrass species by hair patterns, and separating white clover from spotted burr clover by leaf markings. Understanding weed lifecycles — winter annuals, summer annuals, simple perennials, and complex perennials — is essential because each group requires different management strategies and timing.
+
+Cultural practices receive substantial attention. McCullough presents research showing that raising tall fescue mowing height from one to four inches reduced crabgrass cover from 95% to essentially zero, and a three-year Florida study demonstrating that daily irrigation increased dollarweed cover five- to six-fold compared to as-needed watering. He emphasizes planting certified seed to avoid introducing weed species, citing an NTEP trial where seedlot contamination introduced broadleaf dock into a single plot.
+
+The core of the presentation covers pre-emergent herbicide science — how these products bind in the upper soil profile, inhibit cell division in germinating seedlings, and require timely activation through irrigation or rainfall. McCullough details application timing by Georgia region, residual activity differences among products, and the advantages of split applications for extending seasonal control.
+
+Herbicide resistance emerges as a major theme. McCullough presents field and greenhouse data showing widespread Poa annua (*Poa annua*) resistance to dinitroaniline and sulfonylurea herbicides across Georgia golf courses, sod farms, and lawns, along with halosulfuron-resistant sedge (*Cyperus compressus*) populations. He demonstrates how combining modes of action — such as pairing a sulfonylurea with simazine — controlled resistant biotypes at all three golf course test sites. The presentation concludes with updates on new 2018 products: RELZAR, Game On, and Switchblade (all containing the new active ingredient halauxifen from Dow); Vexis (pyrimisulfan + penoxsulam); Solero (mesosulfuron from Nufarm); Dismiss NXT (sulfentrazone + carfentrazone from FMC); and Coastal (simazine + imazaquin + prodiamine from Sipcam).
+
+---
+
+## VIDEO CHAPTERS
+
+0:00 Introduction
+0:46 Weed Identification Books and Resources
+2:00 Weed Categories: Grassy, Broadleaf, and Grass-Like
+2:43 Identification by Seed Heads
+3:57 Comparing Bahiagrass and Dallisgrass
+5:13 Poa annua Seed Head Identification
+5:34 Using Ligules for Grassy Weed Identification
+6:50 Broadleaf Weed Flowers and Day Flower Species
+7:52 Leaf Arrangement and Hair Characteristics
+9:34 Leaf Markings: White Clover vs. Spotted Burr Clover
+10:16 Weed Lifecycles: Winter and Summer Annuals
+12:05 Perennial Weeds: Simple and Complex
+16:02 Scouting, Early Detection, and Cultural Practices
+17:08 Mowing Height Effects on Crabgrass Competition
+20:07 Irrigation Influence on Weed Populations
+22:05 Seed Quality and Seedlot Contamination
+24:07 How Pre-Emergent Herbicides Work
+27:00 Pre-Emergent Product Overview and Formulations
+29:00 Pre-Emergent Targets and Limitations
+29:38 Herbicide Activation: Sprayable vs. Granular
+31:07 Spring Application Timing by Georgia Region
+32:52 Residual Activity and Product Selection
+34:48 Fall Pre-Emergent Timing for Winter Annuals
+35:11 Split Applications for Extended Control
+36:21 Fall Products for Poa annua Management
+37:31 Herbicide Resistance: Overview and Mechanisms
+41:01 Poa annua Resistance in Georgia
+43:34 Fall Post-Emergent Timing and Sulfonylurea Programs
+48:55 Poa annua Control Programs by Turfgrass Species
+51:38 Sedge Resistance to Sulfonylureas
+53:44 Other Herbicide-Resistant Weed Species
+55:01 New for 2018: Halauxifen Products (RELZAR, Game On, Switchblade)
+1:01:22 New for 2018: Vexis (Pyrimisulfan + Penoxsulam)
+1:05:31 Solero (Mesosulfuron) from Nufarm
+1:06:27 Dismiss NXT (Sulfentrazone + Carfentrazone)
+1:08:19 Coastal: Three-Way Pre + Post Combination from Sipcam
+1:09:53 Conclusion
+
+---
+
+## QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
+
+**Q: What are the three main categories used to classify weeds in turfgrass?**
+A: Weeds are classified as grassy weeds (monocots), broadleaf weeds (dicots), and grass-like weeds. The grass-like category is a miscellaneous grouping that includes sedges, wild garlic, wild onion, and plants like Star of Bethlehem that don't fit neatly into the other two categories.
+
+**Q: Why is it important to distinguish bahiagrass from dallisgrass when planning herbicide treatments?**
+A: Although both are warm-season perennial Paspalum species with similar seed head spikes, they have very different selective control options. Bahiagrass can be effectively controlled with metsulfuron and various warm-season species herbicides, while dallisgrass requires very specific application programs. Misidentifying one for the other could lead to ineffective treatments.
+
+**Q: How does mowing height affect crabgrass populations in tall fescue?**
+A: Research conducted in North Carolina showed that raising the mowing height of tall fescue from one inch to four inches reduced crabgrass cover from 95% to essentially 0%. The taller fescue was able to shade out crabgrass and prevent its establishment through increased competition.
+
+**Q: How do pre-emergent herbicides work, and do they prevent weed seed germination?**
+A: Pre-emergent herbicides do not prevent germination. They bind to the upper half inch of the soil profile and are absorbed by the roots and shoots of germinating seedlings. Most pre-emergent herbicides inhibit cell division, so seedlings that take in the herbicide fail to establish a healthy root system and die. Well-established turfgrass with roots penetrating below the treated zone is generally not affected.
+
+**Q: Why are split applications of pre-emergent herbicides recommended over single applications?**
+A: Splitting a pre-emergent application — for example, applying half a pound of prodiamine per acre in March and the other half in late May or June — provides a fresh supply of herbicide to the soil and extends residual control beyond what a single full-rate application achieves. This approach improves control of late-season flushes of crabgrass and other annual weeds.
+
+**Q: What is herbicide resistance, and how does it develop in weed populations?**
+A: Herbicide resistance develops through selection pressure. A naturally occurring resistant biotype — perhaps one in a thousand or one in a million plants — survives treatment because of an altered target site where the herbicide cannot bind properly. When the same herbicide is applied repeatedly over multiple years, susceptible plants are killed while the resistant biotype reproduces and spreads, eventually shifting the population toward resistance. This is not a change caused by the herbicide, but a selection of pre-existing genetic traits.
+
+**Q: What herbicide resistance problems is Georgia currently experiencing with Poa annua?**
+A: Georgia is seeing widespread Poa annua resistance to dinitroaniline pre-emergent herbicides (pendimethalin, prodiamine) with cross-resistance to Dimension (dithiopyr). Sulfonylurea post-emergent resistance is also prevalent. McCullough's greenhouse testing showed a resistant biotype survived rates up to 300 times the labeled rate of Monument, demonstrating classic target-site resistance. These resistance issues are increasing on lawns, golf courses, sod farms, and other turfgrass areas throughout the state.
+
+**Q: What resistance management strategy does McCullough recommend for Poa annua control in bermudagrass and zoysiagrass?**
+A: McCullough recommends combining two modes of action — a sulfonylurea herbicide (such as Revolver, Monument, Katana, or Tribute Total) with a triazine herbicide (simazine) at a quart per acre. In field trials across three golf courses with different resistance profiles, this tank mixture provided complete Poa control at all locations, even where individual products had failed. Simazine adds a second mode of action for approximately $5 per acre.
+
+**Q: What is halauxifen, and what new products will contain it?**
+A: Halauxifen is a new synthetic auxin (Group 4) active ingredient from Dow with very rapid broadleaf weed activity — typically five to seven days to visible response. Three products containing halauxifen were set for 2018 release: RELZAR (halauxifen + florasulam) for all major turfgrass species; Game On (halauxifen + 2,4-D choline + fluroxypyr) primarily for cool-season grasses and bermudagrass; and Switchblade (halauxifen + dicamba + fluroxypyr) for warm- and cool-season grasses including centipedegrass and St. Augustinegrass. All three showed promising activity on doveweed.
+
+**Q: How does Dismiss NXT differ from standard Dismiss?**
+A: Dismiss NXT combines sulfentrazone (the active ingredient in Dismiss) with carfentrazone (the active ingredient in Quicksilver). The primary advantage is speed of control — Dismiss NXT provides rapid knockdown of sedges and kyllinga, with visible results within seven days. However, McCullough's research did not show a significant difference in long-term control levels compared to straight Dismiss. The rapid visual response can be valuable for client satisfaction.
+
+**Q: What is the Coastal combination product, and why is it significant?**
+A: Coastal is a three-way combination from Sipcam containing simazine, imazaquin, and prodiamine. It provides both post-emergent activity (simazine and imazaquin controlling broadleaf weeds, sedges, and Poa annua with two different modes of action) and pre-emergent residual control (prodiamine for grassy weeds). McCullough sees this type of multi-chemistry combination product as a model for future turfgrass herbicide development, particularly for managing resistant weed populations.
+
+---
+
+## RESOURCES
+
+- **GeorgiaWeather.net** — Weather station network for tracking local soil temperatures to time pre-emergent herbicide applications
+- *Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds* — Published by GCSAA, available through Amazon and other retailers
+- *Weeds of Southern Turfgrass* — UGA publication, available through the Athens bookstore and online retailers
+
+---
+
+*Processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives*
+*Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) — GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt (649 blocks)*

docs/green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/youtube.md

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+# GTBOP YouTube Description
+## Weed Control in Turf — A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates
+
+---
+
+Weed Control in Turf: A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates with Dr. Patrick McCullough
+
+Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist at the University of Georgia, delivers a comprehensive review of turfgrass weed management covering identification fundamentals, cultural practices, pre-emergent herbicide science, herbicide resistance issues in Georgia, and new products for 2018 including halauxifen-based herbicides from Dow, Vexis, Solero, Dismiss NXT, and the combination product Coastal.
+
+Topics include distinguishing weed species by seed heads, ligules, flowers, and leaf characteristics; the impact of mowing height and irrigation on weed competition; pre-emergent application timing by Georgia region; split application strategies; herbicide resistance mechanisms and management programs for Poa annua and resistant sedges; and detailed profiles of seven new turfgrass herbicide products.
+
+Presented for the GTBOP (Getting the Best of Pests) Green & Commercial Webinar Series
+University of Georgia Center for Urban Agriculture
+Webinar Date: November 17, 2017
+CEU Category: 24 (Ornamental and Turf Pest Control)
+
+🔗 Resources mentioned in this presentation:
+• GeorgiaWeather.net — Local soil temperature tracking for application timing
+• Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds (GCSAA)
+• Weeds of Southern Turfgrass (UGA publication)
+
+TIMESTAMPS:
+0:00 Introduction
+0:46 Weed Identification Books and Resources
+2:00 Weed Categories: Grassy, Broadleaf, and Grass-Like
+2:43 Identification by Seed Heads
+3:57 Comparing Bahiagrass and Dallisgrass
+5:13 Poa annua Seed Head Identification
+5:34 Using Ligules for Grassy Weed Identification
+6:50 Broadleaf Weed Flowers and Day Flower Species
+7:52 Leaf Arrangement and Hair Characteristics
+9:34 Leaf Markings: White Clover vs. Spotted Burr Clover
+10:16 Weed Lifecycles: Winter and Summer Annuals
+12:05 Perennial Weeds: Simple and Complex
+16:02 Scouting, Early Detection, and Cultural Practices
+17:08 Mowing Height Effects on Crabgrass Competition
+20:07 Irrigation Influence on Weed Populations
+22:05 Seed Quality and Seedlot Contamination
+24:07 How Pre-Emergent Herbicides Work
+27:00 Pre-Emergent Product Overview and Formulations
+29:00 Pre-Emergent Targets and Limitations
+29:38 Herbicide Activation: Sprayable vs. Granular
+31:07 Spring Application Timing by Georgia Region
+32:52 Residual Activity and Product Selection
+34:48 Fall Pre-Emergent Timing for Winter Annuals
+35:11 Split Applications for Extended Control
+36:21 Fall Products for Poa annua Management
+37:31 Herbicide Resistance: Overview and Mechanisms
+41:01 Poa annua Resistance in Georgia
+43:34 Fall Post-Emergent Timing and Sulfonylurea Programs
+48:55 Poa annua Control Programs by Turfgrass Species
+51:38 Sedge Resistance to Sulfonylureas
+53:44 Other Herbicide-Resistant Weed Species
+55:01 New for 2018: Halauxifen Products (RELZAR, Game On, Switchblade)
+1:01:22 New for 2018: Vexis (Pyrimisulfan + Penoxsulam)
+1:05:31 Solero (Mesosulfuron) from Nufarm
+1:06:27 Dismiss NXT (Sulfentrazone + Carfentrazone)
+1:08:19 Coastal: Three-Way Pre + Post Combination from Sipcam
+1:09:53 Conclusion
+
+QUESTIONS ADDRESSED IN THIS PRESENTATION:
+
+Q: What are the key characteristics used to identify grassy and broadleaf weeds?
+A: McCullough covers seed heads, ligules, flowers, leaf arrangement, pubescence, and leaf markings, with specific examples including bahiagrass vs. dallisgrass, crabgrass species differentiation, and day flower identification.
+
+Q: How do cultural practices affect weed populations?
+A: Research shows raising tall fescue mowing height from 1 to 4 inches reduced crabgrass from 95% to 0% cover. A Florida study found daily irrigation increased dollarweed five- to six-fold compared to as-needed watering.
+
+Q: How do pre-emergent herbicides work?
+A: Pre-emergent herbicides bind in the upper soil profile, are absorbed by germinating seedling roots and shoots, and inhibit cell division. They do not prevent germination — seedlings must first emerge and take in the product.
+
+Q: What herbicide resistance issues is Georgia facing?
+A: Widespread Poa annua resistance to dinitroaniline pre-emergents and sulfonylurea post-emergents, plus halosulfuron-resistant sedge populations. McCullough recommends combining modes of action for resistance management.
+
+Q: What new herbicide products are coming for 2018?
+A: RELZAR, Game On, and Switchblade (halauxifen from Dow); Vexis (pyrimisulfan + penoxsulam); Solero (mesosulfuron from Nufarm); Dismiss NXT (sulfentrazone + carfentrazone from FMC); and Coastal (simazine + imazaquin + prodiamine from Sipcam).
+
+#turfgrass #weedcontrol #pestmanagement #UGA #GTBOP #CEU #lawncare #herbicide #preemergent #poaannua

docs/green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/processing-log.md

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+# GTBOP Processing Log: Weed Control in Turf — Dr. Patrick McCullough
+## Conversation Snapshot — March 16, 2026
+
+---
+
+### Webinar Details
+
+| Field | Details |
+|-------|---------|
+| **Title** | Weed Control in Turf: A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates |
+| **Speaker** | Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia |
+| **Moderator** | N/A (pre-recorded presentation) |
+| **Webinar Date** | November 17, 2017 (pre-recorded November 10, 2017) |
+| **Series** | Green & Commercial |
+| **Duration** | 1:10:00 |
+| **Topic Area** | Weed Science / Turfgrass |
+| **CEU Categories** | Category 24 (Ornamental and Turf Pest Control) |
+
+---
+
+### Pipeline Stages Completed
+
+| Stage | Deliverable | Filename | Status |
+|-------|------------|----------|--------|
+| 1 | Corrected SRT | `GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt` | ✓ Complete |
+| 1 | Correction Summary | `GTBOP_Corrections_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md` | ✓ Complete |
+| 2 | Archive Package | `GTBOP_Archive_Summary_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md` | ✓ Complete |
+| 3 | YouTube Description | `GTBOP_YouTube_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md` | ✓ Complete |
+| 3 | Website Version | `GTBOP_Website_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md` | ✓ Complete |
+| 3 | Extension Agent Version | `GTBOP_ExtAgent_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md` | ✓ Complete |
+| 4 | Moodle Quiz | `GTBOP_Quiz_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md` | ✓ Complete |
+| 4 | Moodle Matching | `GTBOP_Matching_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md` | ✓ Complete |
+| 4 | Moodle Review Activities | `GTBOP_Review_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md` | ✓ Complete |
+| 5 | Prose Transcript | `GTBOP_ProseTranscript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.md` | ✓ Complete |
+| 6 | Writing Resources | — | Not requested |
+
+---
+
+### Stage 1: Transcript Correction
+
+**Source file:** 649 subtitle blocks, 2,596 lines. File read in full using six sequential chunks with overlapping boundaries per Bedrock Protocol. Coverage proof confirmed from early (seed head identification), middle (herbicide resistance selection pressure), and late (Solero product from Nufarm) sections before processing began.
+
+**Transcript quality assessment:** This transcript required unusually heavy correction — approximately 200+ individual corrections across 150 affected lines. Whisper struggled systematically with herbicide chemistry vocabulary throughout the 70-minute presentation. The dominant error category was chemical and active ingredient names, which accounted for the bulk of corrections. McCullough's rapid, confident delivery of complex chemical nomenclature consistently overwhelmed Whisper's recognition.
+
+**Dominant error patterns:**
+
+The most extreme case was the new active ingredient "halauxifen," which Whisper rendered five completely different ways across the transcript: "phyloxephen," "Chaloxifen," "hyloxipin," "heloxifen," and variants. The term "sulfonylurea" was garbled in nearly every instance as "sulfamilurea," "sulfamilia urea," or similar. Sulfentrazone appeared as "sulfentrizone," "Sulfentrosone," and "Sulfendazone." Carfentrazone became "Carpentersone." Halosulfuron was rendered as "hallow-sulfuron" and "how low sulfur on."
+
+Beyond chemistry, Whisper produced several semantically plausible but incorrect substitutions: "pre-inversion" and "pre-imversion" for "pre-emergent," "post-immersion" for "post-emergent," "paint mix" for "tank mix," "action greening" and "active greening" for "active ingredient," "wheat" for "weed," and "Long Care" for "lawn care." These are particularly dangerous because they could pass casual review.
+
+Grass species standardization was needed throughout (Dallas grass → dallisgrass, bahia grass → bahiagrass, turf grass → turfgrass, Bermuda grass → bermudagrass, etc.). Weed species names required correction including "Kalinga" → kyllinga, "Cyperis" → *Cyperus*, "spittercress" → bittercress, and "common Lestadiza" → common lespedeza.
+
+**Audio verification round:** Five items were flagged for audio verification. The user confirmed corrections for all five:
+
+- Block 42-43: Confirmed "metsulfuron and various warm season species" (Whisper had split the phrase awkwardly across blocks)
+- Block 74: Confirmed "disease is" was a clipped continuation of "species" from the prior block
+- Block 299: Confirmed "Siduron, Tupersan," — Whisper had rendered this as "Sidgeron 2%"
+- Block 439: Confirmed as a Whisper alignment artifact (timestamp overlap with filler text); timestamps preserved per protocol
+- Block 513/RELZAR: Confirmed trade name is correct as RELZAR
+
+**Verification metrics:** Block count 649 original = 649 corrected. All timestamps preserved. All sequence numbers maintained. No blocks merged or split.
+
+---
+
+### Stage 2: Archive Package
+
+**Narrative summary:** 385 words covering the full presentation arc from identification fundamentals through cultural practices, pre-emergent science, resistance mechanisms and Georgia field data, to all seven new 2018 products. Written in flowing paragraphs with scientific names in parentheses on first mention.
+
+**YouTube timestamps:** 37 chapters spanning 0:00 to 1:09:53. Density is higher in the first half of the presentation (identification basics, where McCullough moves through topics quickly) and more spread out in the resistance and new products sections, which have longer sustained discussions. All timestamps verified against corrected transcript content.
+
+**Q&A pairs:** 11 pairs covering identification (2), cultural practices (1), pre-emergent science (2), resistance mechanisms and management (3), and new products (3). Since this was a pre-recorded presentation with no live Q&A segment, all pairs are derived from presentation content. All answers traceable to specific transcript sections.
+
+---
+
+### Stage 3: Platform Optimization
+
+Three versions produced:
+
+- **YouTube Description:** 4,676 characters, within the ~5,000 character limit. Condensed Q&A from 11 to 5 highest-value pairs. All 37 timestamps retained. Hashtags added.
+- **Website Version:** Full comprehensive archive package identical to Stage 2 output, formatted for web publication.
+- **Extension Agent Version:** Reframed for county agent use with content broken into five labeled segments with time ranges, targeted viewing recommendations for partial-session assignments, and CEU category table. Noted the single-presentation format (no live Q&A).
+
+---
+
+### Stage 4: Moodle Activities
+
+**Quiz:** 15 multiple-choice questions. Difficulty distribution: 6 Recall (40%), 5 Application (33%), 4 Analysis (27%). Coverage spans all five major presentation sections — 4 questions on identification, 3 on lifecycles/cultural practices, 3 on pre-emergent science, 2 on resistance, and 3 on new products. Each question includes timestamp reference, difficulty label, explanation, and source location.
+
+**Matching exercises:** 3 exercises with 21 total pairs and 3 distractors (one per exercise).
+- Exercise 1: Weed lifecycle classification (8 species → 4 lifecycle categories). Includes a note about McCullough's dual classification of white clover.
+- Exercise 2: Pre-emergent herbicide products and characteristics (6 products → distinguishing features).
+- Exercise 3: New 2018 products matched to active ingredients and key characteristics (7 products).
+
+**Review activities:** 6 timestamp-linked tasks covering the full presentation. Each directs learners to a specific 3–7 minute video segment with synthesis-oriented prompts (listing, comparing, tracing, correcting misconceptions). Designed for self-paced Moodle viewing in the Weed Science certificate course.
+
+---
+
+### Stage 5: Prose Transcript
+
+**Word count:** 9,697. **H2 sections:** 8 major sections plus header and conclusion. **H3 subsections:** 30. **Speaker labels:** 1 (solo pre-recorded presentation — label at first appearance only). **Italicized scientific names:** *Poa annua*, *Cyperus compressus* (the only binomial names used in the presentation).
+
+**Section architecture:**
+1. Introduction
+2. Weed Identification Fundamentals (7 subsections: Resources, Categories, Seed Heads, Ligules, Flowers/Leaf Characteristics, Pubescence, Leaf Markings)
+3. Weed Lifecycles (3 subsections: Winter/Summer Annuals, Simple Perennials, Complex Perennials)
+4. Scouting, Early Detection, and Cultural Practices (3 subsections: Mowing Height, Irrigation, Seed Quality)
+5. Pre-Emergent Herbicide Science (8 subsections: Mechanism, Effects on Turf, Products, Activation, Spring Timing, Residual Activity, Fall Timing, Split Applications, Fall Poa Products)
+6. Herbicide Resistance (7 subsections: Growing Problem, Selection Pressure, Poa Resistance, Sulfonylurea Programs, Golf Course Trials, Programs by Species, Sedge Resistance, Other Resistant Species)
+7. New Herbicides for 2018 (8 subsections: Halauxifen overview, RELZAR, Game On, Switchblade, Vexis, Solero, Dismiss NXT, Coastal)
+8. Conclusion
+
+McCullough's presentation style is well-organized with clear topic transitions, which mapped naturally to the section structure. All 649 subtitle blocks accounted for in flowing prose. No paraphrasing or editorial changes to speaker's words.
+
+---
+
+### Presentation Content Overview
+
+This is a broad-scope weed science presentation covering fundamentals through advanced resistance management, aimed at turfgrass professionals across the spectrum — from lawn care operators needing identification refreshers to golf course superintendents dealing with resistant Poa annua. McCullough opens with practical identification skills (seed heads, ligules, flowers, pubescence, leaf markings) and weed lifecycle categories, then covers cultural practices with supporting research data (mowing height and irrigation studies). The middle third focuses on pre-emergent herbicide science — mechanism of action, formulation considerations, regional timing for Georgia, and split application strategies. The presentation shifts to herbicide resistance as a major theme, presenting field and greenhouse data from Georgia golf courses showing widespread Poa annua resistance to dinitroanilines and sulfonylureas, with a detailed walkthrough of a three-golf-course resistance management trial demonstrating the value of combining modes of action. The final segment profiles seven new products for 2018, with particular emphasis on halauxifen-based products from Dow and the combination product Coastal from Sipcam.
+
+The presentation is pre-recorded (November 10, 2017) with no live Q&A segment, making it a continuous single-speaker lecture. At 70 minutes with dense technical content, it is well-suited for the Weed Science certificate course bucket where it can be paired with other weed management sessions.
+
+---
+
+### Notes for Team
+
+**New Whisper correction patterns to incorporate:** This webinar generated a substantial batch of new patterns for the Common Corrections Reference — approximately 20 new chemical/product entries and 8 new weed species entries. Key additions include: halauxifen (5 Whisper variants), fluroxypyr (2 variants), florasulam, mesosulfuron, pendimethalin (4 variants), penoxsulam, imazaquin, isoxaben, oxadiazon, rimsulfuron (2 variants), indaziflam, and several product trade names (Vexis, TranXit, Game On, Basagran, Freehand). Weed species additions include kyllinga (2 variants), *Cyperus*, lespedeza, parsley-piert, bittercress, lawn burweed, hop clovers, and Paspalum. New Whisper substitution patterns: "action greening" / "active greening" → "active ingredient," "munigrass" → bermudagrass, "NTEF" → NTEP.
+
+**Speaker roster:** Dr. Patrick McCullough is already on the roster. No new speakers to add.
+
+**CEU / certificate course notes:** This session is tagged for the Weed Science certificate course. At 70 minutes it's one of the longer sessions. The Extension Agent version includes targeted viewing segments (4 segments ranging from 12–18 minutes) for agents who want to assign portions rather than the full recording. The review activities (Stage 4) are specifically designed for self-paced Moodle use in this course.
+
+**Stage 6 not completed:** No collaborative writing project was identified for this webinar. Stage 6 could be produced later if this content supports a publication project — the prose transcript is ready as input.
+
+**Open items:** None. All flagged items resolved through audio verification. All stages through Stage 5 complete.
+
+---
+
+*Processing completed March 16, 2026*
+*Pipeline: Stages 1, 2, 3, 4, 5*
+*Project: GTBOP Webinar Archive Processing (v4.1 instructions)*

docs/green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript.md

@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+# Weed Control in Turf: A Review of the Basics and Recent Updates
+## GTBOP Green & Commercial — November 17, 2017
+
+**Speaker:** Dr. Patrick McCullough, Weed Scientist, University of Georgia
+**Moderator:** N/A (pre-recorded presentation)
+**Duration:** 1:10:00
+
+---
+
+## Introduction
+
+**Patrick McCullough:** Good morning, everybody. This is Patrick McCullough. I have pre-recorded this for the meeting. Sorry I could not be with you today. I'm recording this on Friday, November 10th. And this presentation is going to cover weed control topics in turfgrass management. We're going to review the basics and also get some recent updates on some current trends and some new products that are coming out in the turfgrass industry for pre- and post-emergent weed control.
+
+---
+
+## Weed Identification Fundamentals
+
+### Identification Resources
+
+Just to start off, going over some of the basics here. Books for weed identification are very important for turfgrass managers to have. We recommend two specific books for turfgrass managers to have to help identify weeds in their turf. One is the *Color Atlas of Turfgrass Weeds*. This is a hardback book published by the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America. The other is *Weeds of Southern Turfgrass*. This is a UGA publication that you can get to the Athens bookstore. Both of these books are available online. You can buy them through the Amazon site, eBay, and various other online sites and vendors. But weed identification is very critical. We need to first identify the weed species before we can select appropriate control options. And having a good book to reference can help you key out a weed species as you see new species emerging in your turf.
+
+### Weed Categories
+
+Weed identification books are typically broken down into two main categories. The first is grassy weeds versus broadleaf weeds. Weeds are typically classified as either grasses or broadleaf weeds, monocots or dicots. There's also a third category that we often find in weed identification books, sort of a miscellaneous weed species section, and this is grass-like weeds. This includes everything from sedges, wild garlic, wild onion, plants like Star of Bethlehem. These plants typically don't fall under the category of grasses or broadleaf weeds, but they are in that third category of grass-like weeds.
+
+### Identification by Seed Heads
+
+Some of the key characteristics that can help you identify weed species, starting with seed heads. This is usually the first characteristic that I look for on a weed sample when we are trying to identify the species. Most grassy plants have a very distinct seed head that is indicative of a certain species. You can see here on this slide where we've got various seed heads on the top left there. That is dallisgrass where it's a group of alternating spikes on the seed head structure. The bottom left you can see crowfootgrass where the spikes join together at the main point at the end of the seed head stem there. So these are all very good characteristics that can help you quickly identify a weed species.
+
+Typically in turfgrass we don't always have seed heads present, especially during the growing season when we're constantly mowing off shoot growth and the seed head formation. But this is typically the best characteristic to quickly key out a weed species that you may have in your turf. Here's a good example looking at two Paspalum species here. You can see they have a very similar seed head spike there between bahiagrass and dallisgrass. These are two warm season perennial weedy species that have very different selective control options. We can get very good control of bahiagrass using herbicides like metsulfuron and various warm season species. Whereas dallisgrass, we need to have very specific application programs and certain turfgrass species. So getting the identification of those species keyed out can be critical. You can see bahiagrass has a B-shaped seed head where the spikes join at the base of the seed head versus dallisgrass that again has the alternating spike. So if you don't have that seed head structure present, it may be difficult to key out those two weed species in your turf. So a good example there where seed heads can help you identify the species of the weed.
+
+Here's a look at the *Poa annua* seed head. We're going to start seeing a lot more this here in the winter and the springtime. The panicle inflorescence where it's got multiple branches and this is also a great characteristic to determine *Poa annua* versus some of the other grassy weeds we may have present in turf.
+
+### Identification by Ligules
+
+Grassy weeds also have a very distinct structure on the base of the leaf blade called ligules. This is a structure that is found at the base of the leaf where it joins the stem. Grassy weeds have typically a very distinct ligule that can help you determine the species if you do not have a seed head present. Ligules can be tall, fleshy, white structures. They can be smooth there on the margins. Some weeds like barnyardgrass on the top right of this slide do not have a distinct ligule where that structure is absent from the plant. So if you do not see a ligule, very good chance it could be barnyardgrass in the summertime versus crabgrass that has a very similar appearance but has a fleshy ligule often with a fringe of hairs there at the base of the leaf. So ligules are distinct structures on grassy plants only, broadleaf weeds and sedges. We are not looking for ligules at the base of the leaf, but good characteristic to help identify grassy weed species.
+
+### Identification by Flowers and Leaf Characteristics
+
+Broadleaf weeds often have distinct flowers. They can have colorful showy flowers like you see there on the top left with weeds like oxalis. Other weeds like henbit, purple dead nettle, can have very small flowers but can be very colorful, pink to purplish in color as the plant matures. We can also use flowers to determine one species from another based on the color of the petals on the flower. A good example here are the two day flowers where the species on the left has two blue petals and one white petal versus spreading day flower on the right that's got three blue petals. So good examples there where flowers can help you determine the species on broadleaf weed and the colors and the size of the flower also can be a good characteristic to help you identify a broadleaf weed in your turfgrass.
+
+Broadleaf weeds, we can also take a look at how the leaves are arranged on the stems. Some broadleaf weeds can have sort of the alternate arrangement of leaves there on the stem. Some can also have the opposite arrangement where the leaves sort of join together at the base of the stem of the plant. So something else to consider as you are trying to key out weed species. This is how are the leaves arranged on the stem of the plant.
+
+### Identification by Pubescence
+
+Some weeds have dense hairs all over the leaves and the stems like you see there on the left with sticky chickweed. And then some plants have a few hairs or are smooth like you see with common chickweed on the right. Common chickweed typically has soft hairs on the margin of the leaf versus sticky chickweed, which is generally covered with hairs on the leaves and stems.
+
+Another good example where you can take a look at the hairs on the plant to help key out a grassy weed would be crabgrass. We have various crabgrass species that are found in turfgrass in Georgia. Smooth crabgrass gets its name because it is hairless. Large crabgrass is covered with hairs all over the stems and all over the leaves. And then southern crabgrass typically has hairy stems, hairy stolons, and has smooth leaves. So another good example where the hairs on the plant can help you identify the species of the weed.
+
+### Identification by Leaf Markings
+
+And then of course leaf markings, other characteristics to key out broadleaf weeds. White clover on the left with the white markings on the base of the leaf versus spotted burr clover on the right that has the purplish dot there in the center of the leaf. This is important because we're looking at two different clover species. One is a cool season perennial white clover versus the winter annual spotted burr clover. Looking at characteristics, identifying the plant can help you determine when those weeds will emerge, how they're going to grow, and how we can plan weed control programs around their lifecycle.
+
+---
+
+## Weed Lifecycles
+
+### Winter and Summer Annuals
+
+Right now we're seeing many winter annual weeds begin to germinate. We're already seeing species like henbits, weeds like annual bluegrass, bittercress, and hop clovers. These are true winter annual weeds that are germinating in the fall. They are starting to grow actively in landscapes and in turfgrass. These plants go to seed in the springtime and then they will complete their life cycle and then die out in the summertime. And this is a good example of the annual life cycle that these weeds will grow for one year and then go to seed and then die out.
+
+The advantage of this life cycle is that it is predictable. We know when annual bluegrass begins to germinate in turfgrasses. We know when crabgrass begins to germinate in the late winter and springtime. And therefore, we can plan management programs around when these weeds begin to emerge in turfgrass. And we can apply pre-emergent herbicides to prevent their establishment based on when these weeds begin to germinate in the soil.
+
+Summer annual weeds include species like goosegrass, crabgrass, foxtail, sandbur. Some of the broadleaf weeds that are true summer annuals include species like spotted spurge, doveweed, purslane, these are all weeds that germinate in the springtime. They resume active growth throughout the summertime. They go to seed in the fall and then they transition out and die out in the wintertime. So they complete their lifecycle during the warm season of the year.
+
+### Simple Perennials
+
+Perennial weeds are much more difficult to control in turfgrass than the annuals because these plants can germinate from seed, but they can also regrow from tap roots and below ground plant parts, stolons, rhizomes, and tubers. Simple perennials can primarily be reproduced by a seed. We can partially control these plants by hand pulling and digging them out of the ground. Pre-emergent herbicides can be effective, but they are often providing erratic levels of control because these plants can also emerge from below ground vegetative structures. So perennials are less predictable on their establishment and their growth. They are much more difficult to control than the annual weeds that we have in turfgrass.
+
+A good example of a simple perennial that is starting to emerge in turf in the fall. Weeds like wild garlic, wild onion, they are emerging from not only seed, but they are also starting to establish from below ground bulbs that stay dormant during the summertime. As temperatures cool down, these plants will then begin to reemerge and wild garlic can be a very troublesome weed and dormant turfgrasses during the wintertime. So typically, pre-emergent herbicides do not control plants that are emerging from below ground vegetative structures, such as below ground bulbs like we see with wild garlic.
+
+### Complex Perennials
+
+Complex perennials are the most difficult weeds to control in turfgrass because they are going to survive multiple years. They primarily reproduce and spread through asexual reproduction, which includes stolons, rhizomes, tubers such as with the sedges. These weeds include species such as white clover, Canada thistle, ground ivy, bermudagrass, yellow nutsedge, purple nutsedge. These are all perennial weeds that are going to survive multiple years in our lawns and landscapes.
+
+Management implications here, we can hand pull and dig some of these plants out of the ground, but it's often not a long-term control strategy. Because these plants can spread laterally, because they can produce runners, those plants can then create daughter plants and trying to dig those plants out of the ground, we often leave behind some of the stems and stolons that are present in a turf. And when they're growing in patches, sometimes the best way to control these species, especially in turf, is to come in with non-selective options such as Roundup and just treating the patch and then treating the area around the patch to ensure that you're getting all the surrounding stems and stolons that may have been created from that main patch of the weed.
+
+A good example here of a complex perennial is bermudagrass. This of course is a major warm season turfgrass species, but if you had Bermuda growing in the middle of centipedegrass, zoysiagrass, or fescue, or various other turf species, it can be a long-term invasive weed species and be very competitive with other turf species. And if it's not controlled early, bermudagrass is going to spread from lateral stems and it will eventually have significant competition that can lead to the need to renovate a lawn because selective control of bermudagrass is very difficult in many warm and cool season turfgrass species.
+
+---
+
+## Scouting, Early Detection, and Cultural Practices
+
+So it's important to routinely scout your turf. You know, identify weeds that may warrant control, but also note new weed species that may be present. Early detection is very critical, especially with perennial weeds. We want to get on top of these species as soon as possible, get them removed, hand pull them out, treat herbicides if needed, and prevent their spread populations because most of the time if a perennial weed is left uncontrolled it's going to over time spread, reproduce, and create a long-term problem for us. So detecting these weeds early on can be very critical. A good example would be something like purple nutsedge where if you have a few small plants it's important to get those controlled, get them removed because there will be significant reproduction below ground with tuber chains and that weed will continue to spread and be a very severe infestation over time if it's left uncontrolled.
+
+Also, as you are identifying new weed species present, it's important to evaluate turfgrass cultural practices that may need to be adjusted. Oftentimes, when we see weeds that are starting to emerge or new weed species, they are taking advantage of the lack of competition from turfgrass growth. And if we can make adjustments in mowing programs, fertility, modifying how much we irrigate, this all can enhance turfgrass competition to reduce the overall spread and the population of weeds present in our turfgrass.
+
+### Mowing Height and Crabgrass Competition
+
+A good example of a cultural practice that will influence the population of a weed species in a lawn is mowing height on crabgrass. This is very important in tall fescue where during the summertime, tall fescue typically declines due to summer stress and crabgrass becomes very competitive. But making a simple adjustment in the height of cut of a tall fescue lawn can significantly increase the competition of tall fescue with crabgrass in the summertime.
+
+So this is a look at a study that was conducted in North Carolina where they looked at four different mowing heights of tall fescue on the percent cover of crabgrass in that lawn. And as you can see when they raised the mowing height from one to four inches, they cut the crabgrass population down from 95% cover to basically 0%. So as they increased the height of tall fescue, it became more competitive. It was able to shade out crabgrass and they were able to basically prevent the emergence of crabgrass because the fescue was so competitive.
+
+So mowing height and mowing frequency can be very critical. This will affect the competitive growth of turfgrasses, can help cut down on weed populations and which over time can of course help cut down on the need to apply herbicides and various other management inputs. So depending on the species that you're managing, there is an appropriate mower and height of cut and mowing frequency to prevent scalping. So typically we want to remove no more than one-third of the total leaf area with the mowing. And based on the turf species that could be every five to seven days, five to ten days for grass like centipede that doesn't grow quite as quickly as some of the other warm season grasses. So something to consider is just make sure you are mowing at the appropriate height and the appropriate frequency during active growth. And this will just help promote the recovery of a lawn from a mowing operation and should help with promoting competition with weed species in your turf.
+
+### Irrigation and Weed Populations
+
+Weed populations are influenced by irrigation, how much we water, how frequently. Typically weed species thrive in areas that remain wet for extended periods of time. A good example there is weeds like dollarweed. This is a slide that shows the effects of watering programs either daily, conditionally, or as or when the grass showed severe wilt on the x-axis there on percent dollarweed cover. And this was a three-year field study in Florida and you can see there where they watered every single day. They had about five to six fold increase in dollarweed cover compared to when they watered as the grass needed it.
+
+So how much we water will certainly influence the pressure and the growth of weeds like sedges, which thrive in wet soils. White clover likes to have wet feet as well, so poorly drained, high irrigation programs will certainly favor and encourage the growth of those types of weeds in our turf. For weeds in the wintertime, *Poa annua* likes also to have wet soils. It's going to thrive in poorly drained areas. Making modifications in the frequency of the watering program, improving drainage, and also trying to relieve compaction, trying to promote the health of the grass by core aerification and minimizing compaction can also help reduce weed populations in your turfgrass as well.
+
+### Seed Quality and Planting Material
+
+Here's a picture of a tall fescue lawn that has a significant infestation of broadleaf dock. You would think that looking at this picture, there's a major problem with this weed species in this area. However, as we pull back from this picture, you can see that only that center plot, that center rectangle has broadleaf dock present. Whereas all the other rectangles of different tall fescue cultivars are weed-free. And this is a picture of a tall fescue NTEP trial where that specific seedlot that they seeded had seedlot contamination with broadleaf docks. So they brought that seed in when they planted that particular plot. And this is just a great example of the importance of planting high-quality certified seed so that we're not bringing in new weed species when we plant.
+
+And this is a look at a fescue lawn there where they bought basically the low quality seed and this can be an issue with a lot of the cheap seed that is sold in the big box retailers that may have noxious weeds present or unwanted species such as ryegrass or carpet grass present in the seed bag. So just taking a look at the percent seed, what's in the bag that you're purchasing, and just make sure that you are making a good investment when you are planting turfgrasses, not only from seed but sod as well. Looking at the sod before you purchase it, making sure that there's no weeds present can certainly be important so you're not bringing in weeds when you're planting a new field or new lawn.
+
+---
+
+## Pre-Emergent Herbicide Science
+
+### How Pre-Emergent Herbicides Work
+
+Pre-emergent herbicides are some of the most important tools that we have to prevent the establishment of weed species and turfgrass. Pre-emergent herbicides are applied prior to weed seed germination. So we need to get these herbicides out in high enough concentration before we see the emergence of winter and summer annual weeds.
+
+Pre-emergent herbicides are applied to the soil. They are tightly bound to the upper half inch or so of the soil profile and they are not readily mobile in the soil. So they are bound and they typically stay put once they finally bind to the soil. Pre-emergent herbicides are concentrated in the upper layer of the soil profile, which is important because that is where the weed seed bank is in the soil. Weeds are going to germinate and the young roots and shoots will absorb that pre-emergent herbicide out of the soil. It will then absorb that product through the soil water solution. And most pre-emergent herbicides are going to tie up cell division. So weed seedlings that germinate first, taking the herbicide will fail to establish a healthy root system and they will die out.
+
+Pre-emergent herbicides do not prevent weed seed germination. So the weeds must first germinate. They must take in the herbicide through the roots and shoots. And that is how we control weeds prior to establishment with the use of a pre-emergent herbicide in a lawn and landscape.
+
+### Effects on Established Turfgrass
+
+Pre-emergent herbicides typically do not inhibit the root growth of well-established turfgrasses. Usually turfgrasses that are mature have a deep and healthy root system that penetrate below the layer or where the presence of that pre-emergent herbicide is in the soil. A lawn that has a three to four inch root depth on it typically will not be affected by pre-emergent herbicides concentrated in the upper half inch of the soil profile.
+
+Where we run into trouble with pre-emergent herbicides and turfgrass rooting is when we have winter kill, when we have thinned out grass, when we have disease, and that grass is trying to re-root into treated areas. When it's spreading a lateral stem or a stolon, and it's trying to tack down a new root on that lateral stem, that's where we see the greatest potential to inhibit turfgrass rooting is when it's trying to produce a new root on a lateral stem when it's trying to peg down in a bare ground situation. But generally speaking, well-established lawns, there's limited to no risk on the health of the root system using pre-emergent herbicides at appropriate label use rates.
+
+### Product Overview and Formulations
+
+We have a wide variety of pre-emergent herbicides that are available to turfgrass managers. They're sold under a wide variety of trade names and they can also be found in various formulations, either sprayable or spreadable formulations. Some of these can be impregnated on a fertilizer with a weed and feed type of application. So some of these herbicides like Prodiamine and Pendimethalin, these are widely used for pre-emergent crabgrass control in the late wintertime and in the spring. We can also use these herbicides in late summer and fall to prevent the establishment of annual grassy weeds. So we can control annual bluegrass with a timely application of those herbicides as well in the fall.
+
+However, pre-emergent herbicides generally do not provide acceptable levels of post-emergent weed control. So once the weed has established, these products generally are not effective for controlling established weeds present in our turf. There are some active ingredients like isoxaben or Gallery which is very strong on broadleaf weeds specifically but a little bit weaker on grassy weeds versus some products like prodiamine which is very strong on grassy weeds but can be weak on broadleaf weeds. So these all have strengths and weaknesses, depending on the weeds that you're targeting with that application.
+
+We are using pre-emergent herbicides to control summer and winter annual weeds only. Again, these are weeds that establish from seed. And pre-emergent herbicides are most effective for controlling weeds that are germinating from seed only. We are not targeting perennial weeds with pre-emergent herbicides. We are also not targeting weeds that are currently present in our turf, generally speaking with most pre-emergent herbicides, because they are not effective once the plant has been established and is healthy and actively growing.
+
+### Herbicide Activation: Sprayable vs. Granular
+
+One of the concerns that we have is we have to get pre-emergent herbicides activated. We need to irrigate behind these treatments to get them off of the shoots of turfgrass and get them activated in the soil so that they will be available for absorption by weed seedlings. So one of the concerns is that if you cannot irrigate and you don't have timely rainfall, going out with a sprayable formulation could lead to potential failures because it's not getting into the soil and it's not getting activated as readily as a dry granule formulation.
+
+We can have herbicide losses with a sprayable formulation where it fails to get to the soil, either through photo degradation or breakdown by sunlight, volatilization where it's lost through a gas form, and then of course clipping collection and traffic. If we actually physically remove that herbicide from the area, of course it's not going to be in high enough concentration to provide effective weed control when the product gets into the soil.
+
+Dry granular formulations, spreadable products are much better if you do not have irrigation or we're in a drought situation. These products can get to the soil much better and they are not moved and there's much less potential for losses using a granular product compared to a sprayable product if you cannot water behind the treatments.
+
+### Spring Application Timing
+
+Typically, we are looking at pre-emergent herbicide applications in March in most parts of the state of Georgia. The application timing is going to depend on soil temperatures. So in the springtime, we typically get our pre-emergent herbicide applications out when soil temperatures reach the low 50s in the upper two inches of the soil profile. And this is going to vary based on where you are in the state. So obviously the southern part of Georgia is going to warm up much earlier than the central and northern part of the state. And these dates are just general guidelines for when we should be targeting getting those applications out for pre-emergent weed control.
+
+A very good website to track local soil temperatures, air temperatures, and growing degree days is georgiaweather.net. GeorgiaWeather.net has many different weather stations scattered throughout the state, and it is a very good resource to get local soil temperatures to help time management inputs such as pre-emergent herbicide applications in the spring and the fall. So georgiaweather.net, you can go in, type in your location and it will give you the closest weather station to your area and a great way to track local growing conditions so that you can more effectively time pre-emergent herbicides in the spring.
+
+### Residual Activity and Product Selection
+
+Pre-emergent herbicides used in turfgrass all have different lengths of residual activity. Some of these herbicides are going to last longer in the soil at labeled use rates compared to products that have a moderate or short activity such as products like Siduron, Tupersan, pendimethalin, dithiopyr. These typically are going to last a few months in the soil based on labeled use rate. Products like prodiamine, oxadiazon at labeled rates are going to last four to six months depending on the conditions, soil temperatures, and factors that are going to influence the residual effects of a herbicide and the degradation of the herbicide in the soil.
+
+But something to have an appreciation for is that there are pre-emergent herbicides that you can use that will provide four to six weeks of residual weed control. And that may be all you need if you need to come in and seed or sod in a treated area. There are some products that will not last quite as long. And then there may be cases such as in lawn care where you want the longest control possible. So going with a Prodiamine treatment may be more appropriate there where you're trying to extend the length of residual control throughout the growing season.
+
+### Fall Pre-Emergent Timing
+
+Winter annual weeds, we typically target getting pre-emergent herbicides out in September in most areas in the state. South Georgia, typically we start looking at pre-emergent herbicide applications around the first week of October. This is when soil temperatures start to dip below 70 degrees. So as we cool down, winter annual weeds begin germination and we need to get our pre-emergent herbicides out before those weeds start to emerge. Weeds like annual bluegrass, henbit, we can see them germinate in mid-September, late September, depending on where you are in the state. So this is just a general reference and a guideline to get fall pre-emergent herbicides out at various locations in the state.
+
+### Split Applications
+
+One of the ways that we can extend the length of pre-emergent weed control is to apply split applications of a pre-emergent herbicide. So instead of putting out all the product at once, we can make multiple applications at a six to eight week interval. A good example here is instead of applying Barricade or Prodiamine to one pound active ingredient per acre, putting that application into half a pound active applied in March and come back around late May or June with another half pound active per acre has shown to extend residual control greater than just putting out all the product at once. We are able to get better control of the late season flushes of crabgrass and other annual weeds by just splitting that application and going with a split program. Helps provide a fresh supply of that herbicide to the soil and can extend the length of control compared to just a single treatment of that total application rate all with one shot.
+
+### Fall Products for Poa annua
+
+Pre-emergent herbicides that we can use this time of year for controlling winter annual weeds such as *Poa annua*. There are many different products on the market. Many of the herbicides that control crabgrass and goosegrass also can provide pre-emergent control of weeds like annual bluegrass. So crabgrass preventer herbicide can also be used in the fall to control weeds like annual bluegrass. So we have products like prodiamine, pendimethalin. One of the most popular herbicides now in lawn care in Georgia and in golf course turf in parks as well is Specticle. The active ingredient indaziflam is very good, very active on *Poa annua*. And it also provides a different mode of action to the dinitroanilines that we are using for controlling crabgrass and other weeds with that different mode of action.
+
+---
+
+## Herbicide Resistance
+
+### The Growing Problem
+
+Some of the concerns that we have right now especially with annual bluegrass is herbicide resistance. We are seeing pictures like this where turf managers are telling us that control is just not what it used to be using the same product year after year. And typically what we're seeing with weeds like annual bluegrass that have received the same herbicide in an area for multiple years is segregation in the population. We are seeing a shift where we are seeing resistant biotypes emerging that are not responding to a herbicide that may have been used exclusively for a certain period of time. And this resistance issue is increasing with annual bluegrass, goosegrass, and other weeds in turfgrass. And something to have an appreciation for is that if you use the same products or the same herbicide mode of action year over year, you can cause a shift in the weed population. We're seeing this right now, especially with annual bluegrass and turfgrass throughout the state of Georgia where we're seeing resistance issues that are increasing in lawns, golf courses, sod farms, and various turfgrass areas.
+
+### Selection Pressure and Target-Site Resistance
+
+Herbicide resistance occurs through selection pressure. This graph shows in year one where all the green plants present are controlled by a certain herbicide. However, that one plant in orange survives that treatment. It is a naturally resistant biotype that does not respond to that specific herbicide. That one plant in year one could be one in a thousand, it could be one in a million, but over time with selection pressure, using the same herbicide over and over, that one plant will spread, it will go to seed. And over time, year two, year three, four, and five, we are shifting that population. And we are giving the opportunity of that resistant biotype to spread, reproduce, and it is not being controlled by the use of the same product over and over. And then by year five, you've got a very serious problem where you are now dealing with a weed population that is resistant to that specific herbicide. And this is something that we are finding in turfgrass throughout the state. We're seeing more and more weeds with this issue that are not responding to a pre or post-emergent herbicide.
+
+Typically what is happening here is resistant weeds have an altered target site where the herbicide simply just does not bind the way it normally does to a susceptible population. So the target site where that herbicide normally binds on the right of this slide, that herbicide is obviously not going to bind properly and therefore it is not controlled. And this is the most common form of herbicide resistance in a weed. It is a naturally occurring trait in that specific biotype. So we are not causing a change in the plant by using a herbicide, but what we are doing is selecting for biotypes that have that mutation present that prevents that herbicide from binding properly to get effective control.
+
+### Poa annua Resistance in Georgia
+
+This is a big problem right now for us in Georgia with *Poa annua*. Annual bluegrass is one of the most difficult weeds to control, probably the most troublesome weed for us in turfgrass, especially in the wintertime. We are seeing widespread resistance to dinitroaniline pre-emergent herbicides. This includes some of the active ingredients like pendimethalin and prodiamine. Some of the other herbicides that are group three mitotic inhibitors include products like Dimension. This is widely used for crabgrass but it has a similar mode of action to the dinitroanilines and what we're seeing in Georgia is that *Poa annua* populations that are resistant to pendimethalin and prodiamine are also cross-resistant to Dimension as well. So that is a concern because these are very popular pre-emergent herbicides.
+
+Here's a look at Barricade resistant Poa and some of our field research where we went out with Barricade at the standard timing. This is Prodiamine. And you can see we're getting very significant failures in control with that pre-emergent treatment of Barricade there where it just looks like we sprayed water. There's just no response at all. What we are doing is testing plants to confirm resistance in the field. So what we are doing is growing these plants out hydroponically and exposing them to various concentrations of a pre-emergent herbicide. And what we're typically doing is coming in and cutting the roots off the plants and then sticking them in the tanks that have hydroponic solutions with or without the pre-emergent herbicide present. And if a weed is resistant to dinitroaniline herbicides like Prodiamine, it will grow a nice healthy root system in the presence of that herbicide in the hydroponic tank. And this is what we're seeing where weeds are growing right through pre-emergent herbicides like Prodiamine. We're growing a nice healthy root system there versus the susceptible biotypes on the right that are completely controlled by that treatment, which is showing very susceptible root systems there, growing in the presence of that pre-emergent herbicide.
+
+### Fall Post-Emergent Timing and Sulfonylurea Programs
+
+Fall is a great time of year also to come out with post-emergent herbicides to control annual bluegrass. That is when winter annual weeds, poa, henbit, hop clovers, that's typically when we get the best control. When these plants are at the seedling stage, they are most susceptible. Certain products like Katana, Monument, some of the sulfonylureas can provide very good post-emergent control early in the fall and then it has enough residual to get through peak winter annual weed germination periods. Here's a look at Katana, which is applied in the fall and this picture was taken in March. You can just see the pressure of the annual bluegrass that sort of surrounds that plot there. So this can be a very good treatment to control seedling winter weeds at that fall timing. Typically getting these treatments out around mid-November, sometime around Thanksgiving or so, can get very good post-emergent control of the seedling weeds and get you through that peak germination period that will hold throughout the season.
+
+However, again, we are seeing sulfonylurea resistance like this, where we come in and we're getting just segregation. You come in and you get complete control of some plants and other plants are growing right through those treatments. And this is a widespread problem now in turfgrass throughout the southeast, specifically with sulfonylurea herbicides, triazine herbicides, and the dinitroaniline pre-emergent herbicides as well.
+
+What we're seeing is sort of classic target site resistance with sulfonylurea herbicides with annual bluegrass. Here's a look at a resistant biotype that we tested in the greenhouse on the top versus the local Griffin biotype on the bottom there, susceptible population to Monument. You can see where we started these rate titrations. With the resistant biotype, the standard labeled use rate is half an ounce of product per acre. We went up to about a 300x rate and there was simply just no response there from the plant. So this is a classic target site resistance where no matter how much herbicide you apply to the plant, because there's an altered mutated target site, it is just not going to bind properly and there's no response from the plant.
+
+### Resistance Management: Golf Course Trials
+
+So what we did was looked at some resistance management programs for controlling annual bluegrass last fall. These were done on three different golf courses that had expressed concerns over herbicide resistance issues. And I think this kind of tells a nice story to show some of the plans and programs that you could use in warm season grasses to combat herbicide resistant Poa this fall and winter in your turf.
+
+At these three golf courses we applied Barricade at the standard pre-emergent timing. At golf course one and two, we saw that we had resistance problems where we were not getting good control. At golf course three, we had susceptible Poa, so we had actually very good control at that third golf course. However, when we switched from Barricade to a different mode of action, which is Specticle, we got basically good to excellent control at all three locations. So rotating modes of action, rotating chemistries from a dinitroaniline to a different chemistry, Specticle was a great tool to get that dinitroaniline-resistant Poa control at golf course 1 and 2.
+
+We also found simazine resistance at golf course one and three. However, golf course two did have simazine susceptible *Poa annua*. We also tested Revolver, which is a sulfonylurea herbicide. At golf course one and three, we had susceptible Poa to that mode of action. However, at golf course two, where simazine was working, we had resistance issues there using Revolver. And what we found was that when we came in with a combination of the Revolver with Simazine, having those two modes of action gave us complete control of Poa at all the golf courses that we tested.
+
+Really the take home message here is that rotating modes of action can be important, but for post-emergent Poa control in Georgia, especially in bermudagrass and zoysiagrass turf, coming in with two modes of action, combining a sulfonylurea herbicide with a triazine herbicide, two different chemistries that offer different modes of action, can help control biotypes with suspected resistance issues to one of those modes of action. So the combination, this is a fairly cost-effective way to help combat resistance issues and help prevent the spread of biotypes with herbicide resistance as well.
+
+### Poa annua Control Programs by Turfgrass Species
+
+So for controlling *Poa annua* in centipedegrass, mid-November, early December, timings of Katana, which is a sulfonylurea herbicide, can work very well with Simazine. We can also use rimsulfuron, which is TranXit, in non-residential areas with Simazine at a quart per acre. Having that simazine in there is a nice kicker to using sulfonylureas. It is about a $5 per acre treatment and can provide a second mode of action in the mix with a sulfonylurea to help combat resistance. Curb can also be used in non-residential turfgrass at that late November timing. One and a half pounds active ingredient per acre can also help control *Poa annua* at that timing, and it provides a different mode of action than most other post-emergent herbicides used in turfgrass. And then pre-emergent control, obviously, in September, the first week of October, depending on where you are in the state, dinitroanilines, rotating Specticle as possible in lawns and landscapes is a very good program to prevent the establishment of Poa in turf.
+
+Here's a look at centipedegrass that was treated with the tank mixtures and you can see using simazine with Katana, using it with rimsulfuron, it has shown to be safe at that application time again in late fall. So as the grass is slowing down we can use those combinations safely as long as the centipede is healthy and is not growing under pressure from disease or other stresses. Those tank mixture combinations can be very effective for controlling Poa and can be safe in that species.
+
+For controlling Poa in bermudagrass and zoysiagrass, again sulfonylurea herbicides applied with simazine is a great program. We've got a lot more sulfonylureas that are safe for use in these two turf species, products like Revolver, Monument, Katana, Tribute Total, those are all sulfonylurea, ALS inhibiting herbicides, but having that second mode of action in there with Simazine can make a big difference whether or not you're successful for controlling Poa. Curb also again non-residential sites one and a half pounds active ingredient per acre and then pre-emergent control if possible in the fall is going to set you up for success for controlling Poa in those lawns.
+
+### Sedge Resistance
+
+We're also seeing resistance issues now with sedges. This is a look at *Cyperus compressus* annual sedge, which is a true summer annual, goes to seed. We are seeing problems with multiple populations found throughout the state of halosulfuron-resistant sedge, and it's also cross-resistant to other sulfonylureas. So rotating modes of action there, coming in with sulfentrazone or Dismiss, having Basagran as a tank mix partner can also help combat resistance issues with ALS resistance sedges that we're seeing in the state.
+
+There is also other sedge species that have confirmed resistance to post-emergent applications of sulfonylureas. Products like halosulfuron or SedgeHammer, we have seen resistance with yellow nutsedge and various other sedge species that we can also find in turfgrass. These have been reported in various cropping systems throughout the southeast.
+
+Ways to combat resistance with sedges, again using Dismiss, which is a different mode of action. Sulfentrazone, 10 to 12 ounces of product per acre in a tank mixture with sulfonylureas can help control resistant biotypes and help delay the spread of resistance in sedge populations. Basagran can also be used. And we do have some pre-emergent herbicides that will control certain sedge species. Products like Ronstar in non-residential turf. Products like Echelon and Dismiss that contain sulfentrazone going out in late springtime with those treatments can provide pre-emergent control of sedges, such as annual sedge, yellow nutsedge, and certain kyllinga species as well. And then we do have other pre-emergent herbicides that are labeled in warm season turfgrasses like Pennant, Tower, and Freehand that also have very good activity for pre-emergent control of sedge species.
+
+### Other Resistant Weed Species
+
+Other herbicide resistant weeds that we have found in turf include goosegrass, which has — we found multiple populations with resistance to pre and post-emergent herbicides that are popular in turfgrass. Spotted spurge, ryegrass, plantain, southern crabgrass. So this is an issue that will continue to be a problem for us in turfgrass. Something that turf managers need to have an appreciation for is how weeds develop resistance to herbicides and what we can do to be proactive in preventing resistance from becoming a long-term problem. And sometimes we don't have alternative herbicide chemistries that are safe and selected for controlling resistant biotypes. And that creates great concern for us. But we are now seeing more and more weed species with resistance issues. It's just something that you need to have an appreciation for, especially for weeds like *Poa annua*, where it is just so difficult to control now. We need to have multiple programs and rotation of herbicides and the modes of action that are going out in weed control programs.
+
+---
+
+## New Herbicides for 2018
+
+### Halauxifen: A New Synthetic Auxin
+
+All right, new herbicides that are coming out here in 2018. The first one is a new active ingredient from Dow called halauxifen. This is a synthetic auxin herbicide group 4 broadleaf product that provides post-emergent control of annual and perennial broadleaf weeds. It has very fast activity. Halauxifen is a fast active ingredient. We typically see the response in susceptible broadleaf weeds within about five to seven days. Very rapid browning and necrosis of the tissue on the plant. It has favorable characteristics for turfgrass and also sod production where it has rapid degradation. There's no composting issues so it has a favorable characteristic for us in lawns and landscapes.
+
+### RELZAR (Halauxifen + Florasulam)
+
+The first product that's going to be released from Dow that contains halauxifen is going to be called RELZAR. This is a combination with broadleaf herbicide with a different mode of action, florasulam, which is found in the product Defender. This will be released as a WG formulation in the second quarter of 2018. It's going to be used in all major warm and cool season turfgrasses for post-emergent broadleaf weed control. And they're going to keep it simple. It's going to have one labeled use rate, which is 0.72 ounces of product per acre. That's going to be the standard use rate for all labeled turfgrass species. And this will be a good tool, I think, for us in Georgia, because it's going to include centipede, bermuda, zoysiagrass, fescue. So if you're managing lawns with mixed species or if you need to make up a tank and spray multiple lawns of various turf species, this product will have a nice fit for that use.
+
+Again, this product has very rapid activity. This is four weeks after treatments for controlling common chickweed in the winter time where many broadleaf weed products are slow with cold temperatures there in the winter. Very rapid knockdown control with RELZAR applied in the winter for controlling common chickweed. Very active on broadleaf weeds as well in the summertime, weeds like buttonweed, matchweed here in St. Augustinegrass and it should have a good fit for use in the summertime for controlling weeds like doveweed. Some activity on common lespedeza, but it's not going to be a standalone product. But there's going to be some weeds like plantain and dandelion, which can provide very rapid knockdown control with a single treatment.
+
+### Game On (Halauxifen + 2,4-D Choline + Fluroxypyr)
+
+Game On is another new product from Dow that's going to contain halauxifen. This is a three-way combination with 2,4-D choline and fluroxypyr. It will also be released in 2018. They're going to primarily target Game On for use in cool season grasses. Most warm season species like centipede and St. Augustine are going to have sensitivity issues to 2,4-D. So it's going to be a cool season grass, tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, ryegrass product. We can use it in bermudagrass and zoysiagrass and this product provides very rapid knockdown control of perennial broadleaf weeds and I think it's going to be a strong new combination product for us in turfgrass.
+
+Here's a look at dandelion four days after treatments with Game On. Very rapid necrosis discoloration there of the plant and we see broadleaf weeds like dandelion and plantain twist up within about seven days. So very rapid control of susceptible broadleaf weeds to these active ingredients. There can be some bermudagrass injury from Game On, which can last two weeks or so at labeled use rates. There can be some off-coloring, especially during spring transition, but this treatment will probably have a good fit for mid-summer applications after the bermudagrass has resumed active growth, it's greened up, and it's healthy, should have good tolerance to those treatments.
+
+RELZAR and Game On have shown very good activity for controlling doveweed, which is a very problematic weed for us in Georgia right now. You can see here the percent cover with RELZAR on the left and Game On there in the middle, compared to Celsius. Very comparable levels of activity to Celsius and therefore controlling doveweed in the summertime. And you can see what the non-treated is doing on the far right where the population is going to increase over time. So new tools in the toolbox for controlling problem weeds, especially doveweed, which I think is going to be one of the most promising uses of these new products coming out from Dow here next year.
+
+### Switchblade (Halauxifen + Dicamba + Fluroxypyr)
+
+The next new product that contains halauxifen that's going to be released in late 2018 is called Switchblade. This is a three-way combination product similar to Game On, except they replaced the 2,4-D choline with dicamba. So it's going to contain the new active ingredient, halauxifen, has a rapid knockdown control, dicamba and fluroxypyr. This will be labeled in most major warm season turfgrasses including centipedegrass and cool season grasses. It will also have a St. Augustinegrass use on the label as well. And again, very good three-way combination for controlling many troublesome perennial broadleaf weeds and turfgrass.
+
+### Vexis (Pyrimisulfan + Penoxsulam)
+
+The next new active ingredient that's going to be released in 2018 in turfgrass is called pyrimisulfan. This is going to be a combination product with penoxsulam and sold as a trade name Vexis. This will be released again in 2018. This product is a combination of two ALS inhibiting herbicides. So the same mode of action as sulfonylureas. And it will come out as a granular product. So it's going to be a spreadable product. Likely going to have a fertilizer carrier on it. The potential uses is going to be for warm season grasses. This combination product, Vexis, will control broadleaf weeds. It does have good activity on many sedges as well, but it's weak on crabgrass and goosegrass and some of the grassy weeds that we have in the summertime.
+
+But the advantage of using Vexis is going to be the root uptake. You don't have to have dew on the plant for it to stick and provide control. So you can go out on dry turf, spread it, and both of these active ingredients have significant root uptake and you can still get very good weed control with this product without dew present.
+
+Here's a look at some of our plots where we've researched Vexis over the years with the fertilizer carrier. We have seen very good control of winter annual broadleaf weeds in our plots. Weeds like parsley-piert, cudweed, some of those types of weeds that are starting to emerge right now. Vexis has very good activity on those species. And then of course the fertilizer can give a little greening effect following those treatments. We have seen some erratic levels for controlling annual bluegrass. So I don't think this is going to be a very good Poa herbicide, but the strength is going to be primarily broadleaf weeds in warm season turfgrasses, especially winter annual weeds with those fall treatments.
+
+Here's a look at Prodiamine in those plots where we got very good Poa control, but basically released lawn burweed. We've seen that Barricade and Prodiamine when we select for annual grassy weeds, we can actually enhance the establishment of some of the weeds that are not susceptible to that mode of action. Lawn burweed, as you can see in those plots, is not controlled by Barricade applications. So using a product like Barricade with Vexis or different broadleaf herbicide is going to be important if you're targeting both grassy and broadleaf weeds in the fall.
+
+One of the advantages with Vexis is that it has very good activity for controlling sedges. Here's just a look at some of our research in the greenhouse where we looked at the control of biotypes that are susceptible and resistant to sulfonylurea herbicides. And Vexis is there on the right with its experimental code number there. Very good activity on susceptible biotype to sulfonylureas. It also has some activity for controlling resistant biotypes there on the right. You can see the activity on the ALS resistance sedge, and this product is showing good activity for partial suppression. I think multiple applications may have a nice fit with other chemistries for controlling the sedge populations with resistance issues to sulfonylurea. Although this is the same mode of action as the sulfonylurea, Vexis has one of the active ingredients from a different chemical family and that difference in the binding is giving partial control of resistant biotypes to sulfonylurea herbicides. So another tool in the toolbox, I guess, for managing resistant weeds in turfgrass.
+
+### Solero (Mesosulfuron)
+
+The next new product is a trade name called Solero. The active ingredient is mesosulfuron. This is a product being sold by Nufarm that was released about a year or two ago. This was developed by Valent over the years. It's now sold by Nufarm. It is labeled for all major warm and cool season turfgrasses. It controls annual and perennial sedges, comparable levels of control to Monument and Certainty for controlling perennial sedges and kyllinga. It also does have some activity for controlling broadleaf weeds. So just something to have an appreciation for. Solero is out there. It has comparable levels of use or use patterns as SedgeHammer, halosulfuron, for use in both warm and cool season turfgrasses. It has very good activity for controlling many different sedge species in turf.
+
+### Dismiss NXT (Sulfentrazone + Carfentrazone)
+
+Dismiss NXT is another new product that was released in the turfgrass industry this year. This was brought to the market by FMC in their line of sulfentrazone products. This is a combination of sulfentrazone, which is the active ingredient in Dismiss, with carfentrazone, which is the active ingredient in Quicksilver. And the benefits of using carfentrazone in the mix with this product is the speed of control. We are getting rapid control of sedges, kyllinga with Dismiss NXT. It's labeled for most major warm and cool season turfgrasses. And we are using Dismiss NXT on the same spectrum of weeds that we use Dismiss for. So the sedges and kyllinga, certain broadleaf weeds as well, does have some activity on goosegrass. But Dismiss NXT provides rapid control of kyllinga, seven days after treatments like you see there, very fast takedown and response of Dismiss NXT.
+
+However, we are not seeing a significant difference in the levels of control, long-term control, with Dismiss NXT compared to straight Dismiss. So the speed of control with Dismiss NXT, I think, is the major advantage here, but in terms of it being better than Dismiss, we just do not have data to support that claim. But still, good product, rapid control, and sometimes getting that response from the weeds can make your clients happy, can make homeowners happy, and that rapid activity is certainly nice to see after you make those applications.
+
+### Coastal (Simazine + Imazaquin + Prodiamine)
+
+And finally, we are testing a new three-way combination product that should be released next year from a company called Sipcam. This is a three-way combination product for simazine, imazaquin, and prodiamine. A product called Coastal. This is going to be simazine and imazaquin, which is going to have post-emergent activity for controlling broadleaf weeds and sedges. They will also control *Poa annua*. So having two chemistries in there for post-emergent Poa control is nice. It has two different modes of action. And then Prodiamine, which is Barricade for the residual pre-emergent control of weeds in there as well. So it's a pre-emergent plus post-emergent treatment.
+
+We have seen very good control of winter annual weeds like clover, *Poa annua*, and various other winter annual broadleaf weeds in our test plots. As you can see here from Coastal and with the Prodiamine in the mix with those spring treatments we can get very good crabgrass control as well throughout the year. So I think we're going to start seeing a lot more of these combination products that are combining multiple chemistries that provide both pre and post-emergent weed control, different modes of action as well there to combat resistant weeds and Coastal is going to be the first of many of these types of combinations that will be coming out for the turfgrass industry.
+
+---
+
+## Conclusion
+
+So with that, I conclude my presentation. Thank you for your attendance and hope to see you guys sometime soon. Thank you so much.
+
+---
+
+*Transcript processed for UGA Center for Urban Agriculture / GTBOP Archives*
+*Source: Corrected SRT (Stage 1) — GTBOP_Transcript_2017-11-17_WeedControlTurf.srt (649 blocks)*

docs/green-commercial/index.md

@@ -13,8 +13,9 @@ Webinar archives for commercial and private pesticide applicators in the ornamen
 
 | Date | Speaker | Topic | Stages |
 |------|---------|-------|--------|
-| Jan 15, 2026 | Dr. Ignazio Graziosi | Tree Pests | 1–5 |
+| Nov 17, 2017 | [Dr. Patrick McCullough](2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/index.md) | Weed Control in Turf | 1–5 |
-| Jan 15, 2026 | Dr. Ryan Klein | Urban Tree BMPs | 1–5 |
+| Jan 15, 2026 | [Dr. Ignazio Graziosi](2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/index.md) | Tree Pests | 1–5 |
+| Jan 15, 2026 | [Dr. Ryan Klein](2026-01-15-klein-urban-tree-bmps/index.md) | Urban Tree BMPs | 1–5 |
 
 ---
 

mkdocs.yml

@@ -69,6 +69,24 @@ nav:
   - Green & Commercial:
     - green-commercial/index.md
 
+    # ── November 17, 2017 ──
+    - "McCullough — Weed Control in Turf (Nov 2017)":
+      - green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/index.md
+      - Archive Summary: green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/archive-summary.md
+      - Prose Transcript: green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/prose-transcript.md
+      - Transcript Corrections: green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/corrections.md
+      - Platform Versions:
+        - YouTube: green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/youtube.md
+        - Website: green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/website.md
+        - Extension Agent: green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/platforms/ext-agent.md
+      - Moodle Activities:
+        - Quiz: green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/quiz.md
+        - Matching: green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/matching.md
+        - Review Prompts: green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/activities/review-prompts.md
+      - Downloads:
+        - Corrected SRT: green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/downloads.md
+      - Processing Log: green-commercial/2017-11-17-mccullough-weed-control/processing-log.md
+
     # ── January 15, 2026 ──
     - "Graziosi — Tree Pests (Jan 2026)":
       - green-commercial/2026-01-15-graziosi-tree-pests/index.md