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<p>The third case study examined the orange-striped oakworm moth, a native pest of native oaks. Dr. Graziosi explained why clonal nursery stock in urban landscapes creates genetically uniform stands with low resistance, compounded by urban heat effects. He outlined a practical decision framework: managers should distinguish aesthetic damage from actual harm using a 25% defoliation threshold and recognize that late-season defoliation is less damaging. Btk (<em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em> kurstaki) as a foliar spray is effective against young larvae with minimal impact on natural enemies.</p>
<hr />
<h2 id="youtube-timestamps">YOUTUBE TIMESTAMPS<a class="headerlink" href="#youtube-timestamps" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>0:00 Introduction and speaker credentials
1:28 The disease triangle: pest, tree, and environment
3:02 The spiral of tree decline
6:07 Native vs. non-native pest and tree interactions
7:22 Example 1: Emerald ash borer (EAB) — overview
8:23 EAB life cycle and damage symptoms
10:48 EAB generation time and temperature effects
11:57 EAB spread across North America and firewood
13:47 EAB in Georgia and native ash species diversity
15:26 White fringetree as alternate EAB host
16:43 Global trade and non-native species introductions
18:20 The invasion curve: detection, eradication, and control
21:32 Why EAB is not a pest in Asia
22:34 Chemical control methods for EAB
23:57 Importation biological control: parasitoid wasps
28:01 Native natural enemies and the goal of balance
29:42 Example 2: Crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS) — overview
31:47 CMBS biology, life cycle, and overlapping generations
33:47 CMBS invasion timeline and early detection
35:02 CMBS and the invasion curve in Georgia
36:06 CMBS host range expansion in North America
36:42 Urban heat island effects on scales
37:28 Chemical control options for CMBS
38:31 Natural enemies: lady beetles and lacewings
42:04 Balancing chemical and biological control for CMBS
42:25 Example 3: Orange-striped oakworm moth — overview
43:53 Oakworm life cycle and seasonal timing
44:51 Why urban and clonal trees are vulnerable
46:35 Natural enemies of the oakworm
47:56 Control decisions: damage thresholds and Btk
49:19 Presentation wrap-up and key takeaways
50:01 Moderator comments on CMBS expansion in Georgia</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Timestamp</th>
<th>Topic</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>0:00</td>
<td>Introduction and speaker credentials</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1:28</td>
<td>The disease triangle: pest, tree, and environment</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3:02</td>
<td>The spiral of tree decline</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6:07</td>
<td>Native vs. non-native pest and tree interactions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7:22</td>
<td>Example 1: Emerald ash borer (EAB) — overview</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8:23</td>
<td>EAB life cycle and damage symptoms</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10:48</td>
<td>EAB generation time and temperature effects</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>11:57</td>
<td>EAB spread across North America and firewood</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>13:47</td>
<td>EAB in Georgia and native ash species diversity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>15:26</td>
<td>White fringetree as alternate EAB host</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>16:43</td>
<td>Global trade and non-native species introductions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>18:20</td>
<td>The invasion curve: detection, eradication, and control</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>21:32</td>
<td>Why EAB is not a pest in Asia</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>22:34</td>
<td>Chemical control methods for EAB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>23:57</td>
<td>Importation biological control: parasitoid wasps</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>28:01</td>
<td>Native natural enemies and the goal of balance</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>29:42</td>
<td>Example 2: Crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS) — overview</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>31:47</td>
<td>CMBS biology, life cycle, and overlapping generations</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>33:47</td>
<td>CMBS invasion timeline and early detection</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>35:02</td>
<td>CMBS and the invasion curve in Georgia</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>36:06</td>
<td>CMBS host range expansion in North America</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>36:42</td>
<td>Urban heat island effects on scales</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>37:28</td>
<td>Chemical control options for CMBS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>38:31</td>
<td>Natural enemies: lady beetles and lacewings</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>42:04</td>
<td>Balancing chemical and biological control for CMBS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>42:25</td>
<td>Example 3: Orange-striped oakworm moth — overview</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>43:53</td>
<td>Oakworm life cycle and seasonal timing</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>44:51</td>
<td>Why urban and clonal trees are vulnerable</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>46:35</td>
<td>Natural enemies of the oakworm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>47:56</td>
<td>Control decisions: damage thresholds and Btk</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>49:19</td>
<td>Presentation wrap-up and key takeaways</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>50:01</td>
<td>Moderator comments on CMBS expansion in Georgia</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr />
<h2 id="questions-answers">QUESTIONS &amp; ANSWERS<a class="headerlink" href="#questions-answers" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p><strong>Q: What is the disease triangle, and why is it important for understanding tree pest damage?</strong>