### Matching Exercise 1: Pest Ecology and Interaction Scenarios
**Timestamp Reference:** 7:22 – 42:25 (spans all three case studies)
**Type:** Species ID / Ecological Scenario
**Instructions:** Match each pest in Column A with the correct ecological description from Column B. Two items in Column B are distractors and will not be used.
| 2 | Crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS) | | b) Native pest of native trees; clonal urban plantings increase vulnerability; late-season damage less harmful |
| 3 | Orange-striped oakworm moth | | c) Non-native pest attacking native host; co-evolved natural enemies in Asia keep populations low; firewood spread primary pathway |
| 4 | EAB parasitoid wasps (from Asia) | | d) Generalist predators that arrive late in season; do not maintain sustained populations on host trees |
| 5 | Lady beetles (twice-stabbed, bigeminal, Harlequin) | | e) Specialist biological control agents introduced by USDA; attack only their target pest; two species target larvae, one targets eggs |
| 6 | Green lacewing | | f) Non-native pest of native pines; larvae create pitch tubes on trunk |
| 7 | White fringetree | | g) Commercially available predator of CMBS; larvae are the most voracious stage; adults need sugar to feed; requires multiple releases per season |
| 8 | Blue ash | | h) Alternate host in family Oleaceae; serves as population reservoir for EAB even after ash trees are gone |
| | | | i) Native ash species showing some resistance to EAB; will die eventually but takes much longer than other ash species |
| | | | j) Native parasitoid that specializes exclusively on CMBS in North America |
**Answer Key:**
1 → c, 2 → a, 3 → b, 4 → e, 5 → d, 6 → g, 7 → h, 8 → i
**Distractors:** f (no pine pest discussed), j (Dr. Graziosi stated no effective specialist parasitoid for CMBS has been found in the US)
**Timestamp Reference:** 22:34 – 49:05 (control discussions across all three case studies)
**Type:** Timing-Practice
**Instructions:** Match each control method or strategy in Column A with the correct pest and application detail from Column B. Two items in Column B are distractors and will not be used.
| # | Column A | | Column B |
|---|----------|-|----------|
| 1 | Soil drench for EAB | | a) Target young larvae (early instars); minimal impact on natural enemies; often requires reapplication |
| 2 | Tree injection for EAB | | b) Apply in spring before leaves emerge |
| 3 | Trunk injection for CMBS | | c) Requires professional applicator; effective delivery method for systemic insecticides into ash |
| 4 | Soil drench / soil injection for CMBS | | d) Not a viable option — crapemyrtle absorbs systemic insecticides through the trunk very slowly |
| 5 | Foliar soaps for CMBS | | e) Recommended chemical methods; multiple products and brand names available |
| 6 | Btk foliar spray for oakworm | | f) Used to target crawlers (young mobile nymphs) |
| 7 | Importation biological control for EAB | | g) Specialist parasitoid wasps from Asia introduced after USDA risk assessment; attack larvae and eggs |
| 8 | "Don't Move Firewood" campaign | | h) Prevention strategy resulting from EAB invasion; also helps contain Asian longhorned beetle |
| | | | i) Apply systemic insecticide in late fall after leaves drop for maximum CMBS uptake |
| | | | j) Biological control using native generalist predators that fully suppress EAB without chemical assistance |
**Answer Key:**
1 → b, 2 → c, 3 → d, 4 → e, 5 → f, 6 → a, 7 → g, 8 → h
**Distractors:** i (no fall application timing was described for CMBS soil treatment), j (Dr. Graziosi stated native natural enemies alone are not enough for EAB and biological control has not been fully successful yet)
**Source in transcript:** EAB chemical control ~22:34–23:42; EAB biocontrol ~23:57–27:30; CMBS chemical control ~37:28–38:30; CMBS biocontrol ~38:31–41:44; Oakworm control ~47:56–49:05; Firewood ~13:02–13:46
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### Matching Exercise 3: Spiral of Tree Decline and Disease Triangle Concepts
**Timestamp Reference:** 1:28 – 6:06 (framework), applied throughout presentation
**Type:** Timing-Practice / Concept Application
**Instructions:** Match each factor or concept in Column A with its correct classification or description from Column B as presented by Dr. Graziosi. Two items in Column B are distractors and will not be used.
| # | Column A | | Column B |
|---|----------|-|----------|
| 1 | Soil compaction | | a) Inciting factor in the spiral of tree decline |
| 2 | Defoliating insects | | b) Predisposing factor; described as "often the number one issue for many trees" |
| 3 | Wood-boring insects | | c) Contributing factor in the innermost spiral |
| 4 | Armillaria | | d) Contributing factor; a fungal genus in the innermost spiral |
| 5 | Genetic potential of the tree | | e) Predisposing factor in the outermost spiral |
| 6 | Drought | | f) The outcome at the center of the spiral diagram |
| 7 | Urban environment stress | | g) Predisposing factor; described as stressful for the tree |
